The document discusses characteristics of fascist governments through examples from Nazi Germany and other regimes. It covers 14 key aspects of fascism: 1. Powerful nationalism was used to unite citizens behind the government through propaganda and symbols. 2. Human rights were often disregarded, with oppressive laws and cruel treatment of opponents. 3. Enemies were blamed for issues to promote nationalism and unity against a common foe. 4. The military was highly valued and funded at the expense of citizens' welfare. Control of media, suppression of opposition, and obsession with security and crime/punishment helped fascist leaders consolidate power.

2. 1. PowerfulandContinuingNationalism
Nazi Germany
 Nationalism in Nazi Germany was a
prominent ideology that was used to
motivate the citizens to embrace the
fascist government. Using tactics to
manipulate people, such as group
focus, symbolic representations like the
swastika or Nazi salute, and many
others. During a speech Hitler made,
he said “Germany will either be a world
power or will not be at all” and this idea
of Germany’s economy and reputation
being at stake was used to unite the
people and give them a feeling that
they needed to fight together for a
cause.
Mussolini (Italy)
 In fascist Italy under the power of
Mussolini, there was a symbol that
gave fascism its name. The many
sticks surrounding a core with an axe
head was a prominent symbolic
representation for the new political
party, and the idea the people
embraced was the desire for Italy to
have glory. Back in the Roman times,
Italy was powerful and Mussolini
wanted to restore that power. The
citizens of Italy embraced this and
nationalism became stronger than
ever.

3. 2. DisdainfortheRecognitionofHumanRights
Nazi Germany
 Nazi Germany was known for the
variety of cruel treatment they
committed to the Jewish people during
the Holocaust. According to the Nazi
belief system, the Jewish people were
not people at all, and should be treated
like animals or other lesser beings.
When the Nazi’s removed the Jewish
from their homes, they were put in
cramped quarters, travelled like cattle,
and in some cases killed all those who
were “not useful” anymore. This is a
severe denial of the premise of human
rights, because these people were not
treated fairly or equally.
Suharto (Indonesia)
 In the fascist government in Indonesia
under Suharto, many anti-human rights
laws and regulations were put into
place. When his government’s power
was threatened, he made all protests
illegal and criminalized some of his
largest opponents. Indonesia’s media
was also controlled, and suppressed
any information of demand for more
freedom. These actions negate human
rights, and is a key component of a
fascist government.

4. 3.IdentificationofEnemies/ScapegoatsasaUnifyingCause
Nazi Germany
 Similar to the previous example, the
Nazi regime blamed all of Germany’s
issues due to the loss of the first World
War on those who practiced the Jewish
religion. Hitler stated that “The struggle
for world domination will be fought
entirely between us, between Germans
and Jews. All else is facade and
illusion.” By saying this, Hitler was able
to unite the German people against a
common enemy which promoted the
nationalism the Nazis wanted the
citizens to embrace.
Suharto (Indonesia)
 In Indonesia, Suharto created a “New
Order” which used the Chinese as
scapegoats. The fascist government
had both a fear and hatred of
communism , and so turned on the
closest “enemy”. A variety of anti-
Chinese laws were put into place, such
as closing Chinese schools, regulating
Buddhist temples and adoption of less
Chinese sounding names.

5. 4. SupremacyoftheMilitary
Nazi Germany
 According to Hitler’s beliefs, having a
strong military was a key component of
having a strong country. His army
made a series of innovations and
techniques, including Blitzkrieg. The
military power was enormous and had
roughly 550,000 in the army, navy and
air force. The intense military focus
took a great deal of time and money
from the German people, and it broke
the Treaty of Versailles, but Hitler felt it
was too important and ignored the
treaty.
Suharto (Indonesia)
 Indonesian President Suharto was
originally a Major General, and so
military focus was immensely important
in the government he set up. In his
“New Order” administration, the military
took the place of civilian rule. This
means that seats in Parliament were
set aside for soldiers. Anyone in the
military was given a great deal of
respect and more government funding
went to building the military than
helping the Indonesian citizens.

6. 5. RampantSexism
Nazi Germany
 Hitler was a man who believed women
had specific, defined roles in society
and that they were inferior to men. The
main focus for women during WWII
was to be mothers and keep a good
house for their husbands. It was
enforced to such a degree that it was
taught to girls in schools and there was
tax cuts for women who had at least
four children. There was even clothing
restrictions for women in Nazi
Germany.
Mussolini (Italy)
 Under fascist regimes women were
urged to perform their traditional
gender role as wives and mothers and
to bear many children for the good of
the nation. Mussolini instituted policies
severely restricting women’s access to
jobs outside the home (policies that
later had to be revised so that
important factories could have enough
employees during war), and he
distributed gold medals to mothers who
produced the most children.

7. 6. ControlledMassMedia
Nazi Germany
 Propaganda was central to Nazi
Germany. The only permitted books
and broadcasts were monitored and
controlled by the Nazi forces, as well
as the various propaganda posters that
plastered Germany. Hitler’s speeches
were heard by everyone in the country,
and the inspiration they provided was a
form of manipulation for German
soldiers and citizens alike. As well as
the war propaganda, there was many
anti-semantic writings to enforce the
hated of the Jewish culture.
Franco (Spain)
 Francisco Franco of Spain strictly
controlled and influenced public opinion
in order to coerce support of his
policies using control of the media and
propaganda. Posters of his face were
plastered across every window in
Spain, as well as messages that his
rebellion and new government
promoted unity and Franco’s “superior
leadership qualities”. Any negative
portrayal of the fascist government was
censored by the media control, so
people only heard and saw what
Franco wanted.

8. 7.ObsessionwithNationalSecurity
Nazi Germany
 Another reason the military force
needed to be as prominent as it was, is
that Hitler had great paranoia over the
allied forces, and for good reason. The
Gestapo was the German secret
police, and they imprisoned or killed
anyone suspected of helping the Allied
forces or Jews or being against the
Nazis in any way. National security was
a priority for Hitler, and he insured that
fear kept his country secure.
Mussolini (Italy)
 In Mussolini’s fascist Italy, everybody
who was proven to have "committed or
expressed intention to commit actions
directed to violently subvert the social,
economic or national order or
undermine national security or to
oppose or obstruct the actions of the
Government" could be sent into exile to
remote locations by this secret police
force. The citizens feared the threats
and so obeyed the government.

9. 8. ReligionandGovernmentareIntertwined
Nazi Germany
 Hitler despised not only the Jewish
religious group, but Christianity as well.
In a speech he said “The heaviest blow
which ever struck humanity was
Christianity; Bolshevism is
Christianity’s illegitimate child. Both
are inventions of the Jew.” In the
opinion of Hitler, God did exist and
created the “pure” Aryan race so that it
should not be tainted with interracial
mixing. This combination of Hitler’s
religious beliefs in the actions of his
government made Nazi Germany a
great example of a fascist government.
Franco (Spain)
 During the thirty six years where Spain
was controlled by the dictator
Francisco Franco, there was a strong
connection to the Catholic Church. He
outlawed anything that did not agree
with catholic beliefs, including
contraceptives, homosexuality, practice
of any other religion, prostitution, and
divorce. At this time church and state of
Spain were one body and it was the
responsibility of both to enforce Spain’s
change towards unity.

10. 9. CorporatePowerisProtected
Nazi Germany
 Adolf Hitler needed the support of the
wealthy and powerful in Germany in
order to gain and keep his place in the
government. To maintain this support,
Hitler protected those who had great
corporate power so they could continue
with business as usual. There were
changes, such as all major sectors of
industry now had some state control,
but employer associations also
developed which gave owners power
similar to Parliament in that they were
able to create working conditions and
wage laws.
Mussolini (Italy)
 Benito Mussolini once said “Fascism
should more properly be called
corporatism because it is the merger of
state and corporate power." What was
meant by this statement, it that the
state now had control over a majority of
industry, and the controllers of industry
now had more power in the state.
Mussolini needed the corporations, and
so it was important that all those in
power, remained in power.

11. 10. LabourPowerisSuppressed
Nazi Germany
 When Hitler came to power, one of his
first acts was to abolish trade unions.
This action made the power of the
average worker in Germany to almost
nothing, but at the same time he was
supported because many unemployed
Germans now had jobs that were once
occupied by Jewish people. Workers
could not quit without government
permission, because Hitler was using
everyone he could to help build the
strength of Germany. In Nazi Germany,
workers were heavily suppressed but
happy to be working in any condition.
Franco (Spain)
 In Franco’s Spain, he created a
document entitled the Labour Charter.
The purpose of the Labour Charter was
to address the Spanish workers, and
first and foremost it stated that all
Spaniards had the duty to work, and
the state was to assure them the right
to work. Although the decree called for
adequate wages, paid vacations, and a
limit to working hours, it ensured
labour's compliance with the new
regime by labelling strikes as treason.
This kept resistance to a minimum and
enabled the fascist government to
control Spain more easily.

12. 11.DisdainforIntellectualsandtheArts
Nazi Germany
 Hitler was not a man who despised art,
for he himself originally wanted to study
art in Vienna. While he did not succeed
in his endeavors, Hitler still had love for
the arts and felt that Germany needed
better architecture and culture. He
wanted to preserve a great deal of the
architecture even in the cities he
attacked, because he respected it.
However, any Jewish art was not
considered to be art. Hitler had great
disdain for anything created by a Jew,
and could never have respect for their
creation.
Suharto (Indonesia)
 Before the death of Suharto, a group of
prominent military men, politicians,
academics and students calling
themselves the "Petition of Fifty"
questioned Suharto's use of the
national ideology Pancasila. The
ideology is one that Suharto came up
with, and it had five main principles all
focusing on characteristics of fascism.
These were intellectuals and Suharto
suppressed them through media and
put some of the prominent leaders in
jail.

13. 12. ObsessionwithCrimeand
Punishment
Nazi Germany
 - From Hitler’s childhood, he had
always had a strict idea of what
punishment should be due to how he
was raised. His beliefs reflected his
laws and practice once he gained
power in Germany. Hitler’s secret
police, the Gestapo, had no mercy on
those who were accused of going
against any of Hitler’s totalitarian laws
and the punishments ranged from
imprisonment, to torture, to death.
Mussolini (Italy)
 Under Mussolini’s fascist regime, the
OVRA (Organization for Vigilance and
Repression of Anti-Fascism) was a
secret police force similar to the
Gestapo in Germany. They used violent
methods to punish those who had
committed or were accused of
committing crimes against fascism. The
death penalty was put into place so
killing the offenders was an option, or
sending them to exile or imprisonment.

14. 13.RampantCronyismandCorruption
Nazi Germany
 When a fascist dictator takes control it
is inevitable that he will appoint his
friends to positions of power. For
example in Hitler’s Nazi Germany, one
of Hitler’s very good friends, Goebbels,
was the head of media and
propaganda while all heads of the
secret police and death camps were
also friends of Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s
second in command Bormann was also
a good friend, and could not have
gotten his position if he was not.
Mussolini (Italy)
 When Mussolini took power in Italy, he
was not satisfied with the system of
government where several parties
cooperated to work, therefore he set
his goal as becoming the ruler of the
one party with the totalitarian state. In
order to achieve this goal, from 1922 to
1923, Mussolini destroyed the
oppositions that had authority. Instead
of the removed authorities, he placed
loyal fascists in key government
positions. Putting these loyal followers
in important positions is an excellent
example of cronyism.

15. 14. FraudulentElections
Nazi Germany
 Contrary to popular belief, the Nazi party
did not win the election with an absolute
majority. In fact, they only received about
33% of the vote. However once the
president was in power he appointed
Hitler to the head of the government and
they used a series of “emergency”
lawmaking protocols to create their
totalitarian system. Although the people
had been promised a vastly different
government during the campaign, Hitler
did keep a few promises. An important
one being creating a strong, self sufficient
country. The citizens of Germany did not
know the plan to exterminate the Jewish,
or the abolishment of rights, but they
wanted a better country and revenge for
the Treaty of Versailles.
Mussolini (Italy)
 When Mussolini created his fascist
revolution in 1922,it quickly overtook the
country and within two years Mussolini
was able to shut down all opposition from
the media and 80% of political parties that
had Italy's vote. With these parties
suppressed, the fascist controlled all
elections.

16. http://www.corbisimages.com/ Title Page
Pictures, hitler picture slide 2, jew camp slide 3,
http://www.google.ca/images?hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389&q=mu
ssolini%20fascism&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1899&bih=824 Mussolini Fascism
slide 2
http://www.google.ca/images?hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389&
q=Suharto%20anti-%20human%20rights&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1899&bih=824 Suharto Slide
3
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=je
w+star&p=3 Slide 4 nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=a
nti-chinese&p=3 Slide 4 Suharto
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=n
azi+military&p=1Slide Slide 5 nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=S
uharto+military&p=1 Slide 5 Suharto
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=n
azi+women&p=3 slide 6 nazi women
http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://i.ytimg.com/vi/l8choRkiQsI/0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://viivi.
net/index.php%3Fkey%3Dfascists&usg=__quylJEjePc0g9z3jZoTcOLs4bK0=&h=360&w=480&sz
=17&hl=en&start=80&zoom=1&tbnid=5cxhTNpTNwFo0M:&tbnh=156&tbnw=206&prev=/images
%3Fq%3Dmussolini%2Bwomen%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1G1ACAW_ENCA389%2
6biw%3D1899%26bih%3D824%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C1236&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=1614&
vpy=460&dur=23&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=120&ty=126&ei=N5LXTPaWLs-
bnwf5g43ZCQ&oei=LpLXTLCWGsyinAfh982lBQ&esq=3&page=3&ndsp=43&ved=1t:429,r:20,s:8
0&biw=1899&bih=824slide6mussoliniwomen
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q
=Goebbels&p=1 slide 14 nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/
Search#q=mussolini+italy&p=
1 slide 14 mussolini
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=n
azi+election&p=1slide15nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=m
ussolini++italy+election&p=2slide15
mussolini

17. http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389&biw=1
899&bih=824&tbs=isch%3A1&sa=1&q=anti-
semantic+writings&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= slide 7 nazi
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389&bi
w=1899&bih=824&tbs=isch%3A1&sa=1&q=francisco+franco+pictures+on
+walls&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= slide 7 franco
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=G
estapo&p=1 slide 8 nazi
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389
&biw=1899&bih=824&tbs=isch%3A1&sa=1&q=mussolini+execution&a
q=4&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=mussolini+&gs_rfai= slide 8 mussolini
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=h
ate+jews&p=1 slide 9 nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=ca
tholic+francisco+franco&p=1 slide 9 spain
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389&biw=1
899&bih=824&tbs=isch%3A1&sa=1&q=mussolini+government&aq=f&aqi=&aq
l=&oq=&gs_rfai= slide 10 mussolini
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1ACAW_ENCA389
&biw=1899&bih=824&tbs=isch:1&aq=f&aqi=g10&oq=&gs_rfai=&q=hitl
er slide 10 nazi
http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#q=nazi
+workers&p=1 slide 11 nazi
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1G1
ACAW_ENCA389&biw=1899&bih=824&tbs=isch%3A
1&sa=1&q=fracisco+franco+and+workers&aq=f&aqi=
&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= slide 11 franco
http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1
G1ACAW_ENCA389&biw=1899&bih=824&tbs=is
ch%3A1&sa=1&q=hitler+and+art&aq=f&aqi=&aql
=&oq=&gs_rfai= slide 12 nazi
http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/SuhartoNAMLusaka1970
.jpg/180px-
SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg&imgrefurl=http://remembert
hem.wetpaint.com/page/SUHARTO%2BBiography&usg=
__cnaq8eeNMp3M8Ge2nGOeVxYEl4I=&h=200&w=180&
sz=14&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=h4utMqmoXs7c3M
:&tbnh=155&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522P
etition%2Bof%2BFifty%2522%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den
%26sa%3DG%26rlz%3D1G1ACAW_ENCA389%26biw%
3D1899%26bih%3D824%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1
&iact=rc&dur=303&ei=_p3XTK-
ECI6gnAeB79WZBQ&oei=_p3XTK-
ECI6gnAeB79WZBQ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=36&ved=1t:
429,r:21,s:0&tx=106&ty=74 slide 12 suharto
http://www.corbisimages.c
om/Search#q=nazi+torture
&p=1 slide 13 nazi
http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://home.comc
ast.net/~dsmjd/tux/images/mussolini_petacci.jpg&imgr
efurl=http://alancook.wordpress.com/2010/05/08/famo
us-last-words-before-
execution/&usg=__ru_tfKo2dA5ttwcr8ftCSZe2IO4=&h
=800&w=600&sz=91&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=
9qoZhAiLb1aJ8M:&tbnh=168&tbnw=126&prev=/image
s%3Fq%3Dmussolini%2Bdeath%2Bpenalty%26um%3
D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1G1ACAW_ENCA389%2
6biw%3D1899%26bih%3D824%26tbs%3Disch:1&um
=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=512&vpy=60&dur=1298&hov
h=259&hovw=194&tx=113&ty=177&ei=IZ_XTNOfMsef
nAenp7CYBQ&oei=IZ_XTNOfMsefnAenp7CYBQ&esq
=1&page=1&ndsp=40&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0 slide 13

18. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/
a/adolfhitle402760.html
http://www.annefrankguide.net/en-
us/bronnenbank.asp?oid=15956
http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/
a/hitler-quotes/
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/blitzkri
eg.htm
www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar07mar-23.pdf
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/w
w2era.htm
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Herman
%20/NaziParallelFascism_Herman.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler's_r
eligious_views
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic
/202210/fascism/219369/Corporatism
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year9links/n
azigermany/work.pdf
http://www.hitler.org/art/
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/
Holocaust/Gestapo.html
http://www.hitler.org/friends/

19. http://specialcollections.library.wisc.edu/ex
hibits/Fascism/Intro.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(In
donesia)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic
/202210/fascism/219386/Sexism-and-
misogyny
http://sitemaker.umich.edu/fascistpersonalit
ycult/francisco_franco
http://lindsey45220.tripod.com/
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/ar
ticle7260.htm
http://countrystudies.us/spain/22.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVRA
https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Fascism+13
-14+G+Jung+Min,+Samuel+%26+Paul
http://books.google.ca/books?id=aB75K5nf
uXkC&pg=PA290&lpg=PA290&dq=fraudul
ent+elections+mussolini&source=bl&ots=h
Y-
alMwafs&sig=dqAplbl81fIa7eItm__Jl4dWX
Ow&hl=en&ei=K8_VTNq3IY24sQOLzMW
NCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&res
num=4&sqi=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=o
nepage&q=fraudulent%20elections%20mu
ssolini&f=false