3. Urban planning as a process
โข Cyclic as a whole and consists of a large number of cyclical processes
โข Doesnโt occur in isolation
โข Complex exercise at any scale
โข Involvement of all stakeholders is a must
โข Requires thorough research and investigations for execution
4. Planning in a cycle
โข The cycle covers all areas of planning and brings them together into a
coherent, unified process
โข It is vital that our plans be practical, well focused, resilient and cost
effective
โข It is vital to learn from oneโs mistakes in the planning and attempts
must be made to avoid the mistakes in future planning
โข Cyclic planning enables management of different projects upto a
desired level of complexity
5.
6.
7. Planning approaches
โข Mid 1800s โ mid 1960s : Master planning
โข Mid 1960s โ early 1970s: Systems view of Planning
โข Early 1970s onwards: Participatory planning
8.
9. Master planning
โข Comprehensive planning
โข Deals with production of maps and blueprints showing development
that is or will occur
โข Provides a description of the development that will take place to
achieve a desired future end state
โข Survey-analysis-plan
โข Product is a master plan
10. Systems view of planning
โข Planning is seen as management of a system or systems
โข The cities and towns are seen as systems that require management
โข The planning itself is seen as a system because it is a distinct activity
โข Interaction between two systems is involved: Planning system and the
system that the planning system tends to control or manage
โข Based on the science of cybernetics
โข Product is a structure plan: written guidelines for development
โข Focus is more on methods of achieving planning objectives and their
alternatives
11. Why the shift to Cybernetic based planning
โข Advancement in technology and reliance on cybernetics
โข Town planning has become more complex as it consists of many
disciplines now
โข Quantitative revolution in 1960s
โข Criticism of master planning process
12. Participatory planning
โข Planning is not limited to certain individuals or authorities or boards
โข Involves all stakeholders
โข Community and public approval and advice is sought
13. Schematic summaries of the planning process
1. Brian McLoughlin (simplest)
2. George Chadwick
3. Alan Wilson
15. Important steps
โข Goal formulation:
Goals and objectives are identified. The objectives and goals are prioritized based on importance.
Final targets are set.
โข Forecasting, Modeling and Design:
All possible or feasible alternatives and solutions are examined. Modeling and forecasting
techniques are used. Optimal alternative is chosen and detailed design is carried out of the
alternative selected.
โข Evaluation:
Plan is evaluated in terms of benefits. Preferences are organized. Cost-benefit analysis and public
input required.
โข Implementation:
Final approved plan implemented. Capital Investment is key.
โข Reviewing and Updating:
Plan is not implemented to perfection. Flaws will be present. Regular monitoring and periodic
reviews have to be carried out to identify shortcomings of planning. Planning strategies need to be
updated accordingly.
16. Planning process steps
1. Problem identification
2. Determine Goals Objectives
3. Survey and data collection
4. Analysis and Synthesis
5. Policy and Plan Formation
6. Implementation of plan
7. Monitoring and evaluation
18. Definition
โข It is that part of city planning that deals with type, location, intensity
and amount of land development required for various functions of
the city
โข land use planning is used to provide an idea or proposition of how
land should be used as towns and cities develop
โข The result of this planning is a land use map or plan. The land on the
map is colored according to nature of use. Pertinent text, graphs and
tables are provided to support the map and to give a description of
relevant and recommended standards
19. Land use classification
โข Residentiary uses
โข Commercial (trade) uses
โข Educational uses
โข Recreational uses
โข Governmental and Administrative uses
โข Health and welfare uses
โข Religious and cultural uses
โข Assembly uses
โข Transportation uses
โข Burial grounds
โข Utilities and Municipal service facilities
20. Processes in city development
โข Concentration: Differential distribution of population and economic
activities in the city and the manner in which they are focused on the city
centre
โข Decentralization: Activity is located away from the centre of the city
โข Segregation: Population is distributed into groups according to conscious
preferences in associations. Land use is also segregated. Segregation can be
voluntary or involuntary.
โข Specialization: Similar to segregation but applies to activities in the
economic sector
โข Invasion: A process through which a new activity or social group enters into
an area
โข Succession: The process of invasion culminates into this process. The new
activity or social group replaces the activity or social group that formerly
occupied the area.
21. Land use models
โข Mono-centric or concentric model
โข Sector model
โข Mutliple nuclei model
โข Hybrid model
22. Concentric
โข Created by E.W. Burgess in 1925
โข Assumes that transportation networks
are radial.
โข Based on the idea that land values are
highest in the centre of a town or city.
โข Distinguishes four uses: Residential,
Retail, Industrial and transportation.
โข Central business district (CBD) forms
the centre of the city or town while
other land uses appear in concentric
circles around the CBD.
โข Distance away from CBD is important
23. Sector (hoyt) model
โข Created by homer hoyt
โข CBD forms centre around which all other land
uses are clustered.
โข Factories and industries are located along
transportation routes
โข Direction with respect to CBD is important
โข High income households are located on
higher ground or along an environmental
amenity
โข Low income households located in low lying
areas and industry basins. Transportation
costs to jobs minimized for poor households.
โข Particular land uses grow radially outwards
(wedges) from City centre.
24. Multiple Nuclei model
โข Developed by two geographers:
C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman in 1945
โข Basic concept: cities donโt grow up
around a single core but have
several nodes
โข Decentralization of CBD is present
โข Recognizes that different activities
have different accessibility
requirements.
โข Specialized cells of activity would
develop according to the specific
requirements of certain activities
25. Hybrid Model
โข This model recognizes that
urban areas are a combination
of the distinctive features found
in the sector, concentric and
multiple nuclei model.
โข Some land uses are aligned to
major transport axis while other
are concentrated in nuclei.