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Secular Growth Trends in Greece: Childhood Obesity, a Social Phenomenon George P. Chrousos Athens University Medical School
Secular Growth Trends
 
 
Secular Trends in Obesity Mascie-Taylor and Goto, 2007
90th Centile Abdominal Circumference in cm Brambilla IJO 2007
Obesity Epidemic in Childhood and Adolescence,  the First Reports, USA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Country, Year Criteria of Definition Age  group Prevalence of OW and  OB % Increase of OW and  OB %   (time interval) Australia, 1995 IOTF 4-6 7-11 12.8,  3.6 14.4,  5 (1985-1995) OW:38%,  OB:190% Brazil, 1997 IOTF 6-9 10-18 17.4 12.6 (1974-1997) OW: 250% China, 1997 IOTF 6-9 10-18 11.3 6.2 (1991-1997) OW: 7.6%, 38% UK, 1994 IOTF 4-11 11.2,   2.1 (1984-1994) OW: 44.5% Germany, 1997 IOTF 5-6 12, 2.8 (1982-1997) OW: 44% Japan, 1996  120% of standard weight 6 12 4.5 9.5 (1970-1996) OW: 185%, 188% USA, 2000 CDC 2-19 27,  13.7 (1971-2000) OB:  (6-11)  283%, (12-19): 154%
Prevalence of BMI ≥85 th  and ≥ 95 th  Percentile of 15 y of Age:  Consensus Statement, 2004 Speiser, 2005
Secular Trends in Height and Weight, Males, Greece, 1978-2001   Height, Boys Weight, Boys Chiotis, Ann Clin Ped Univ Ath 2003
Secular Trends in Height and Weight, Females, Greece, 1978-2001   Chiotis, Ann Clin Ped Univ Ath 2003 Weight, Girls Height, Girls
Secular Growth Trends in Greece, 1978-2001, Conclusions   ,[object Object],[object Object],Differences in males, 1978-2001, aged 18 Differences in females, 1978-2001 aged 18 3 th   percentile 50 th   percentile 97 th   percentile Height +2 cm +1 cm +3 cm Weight +4 kg +6 kg +15 kg 3 th   percentile 50 th   percentile 97 th   percentile Height - - +1 cm Weight - - +7 kg
Secular Growth Trends in Greece, 2001 in Relation to USA, 2000 Differences in males, aged 18 Differences in females, aged 18 3 th   percentile 50 th   percentile 97 th   percentile Height +3 cm +1 cm +1.5cm Weight +6 kg +7 kg +6 kg 3 th   percentile 50 th   percentile 97 th   percentile Height +3 cm +1 cm +1 cm Weight +2 kg +2 kg -4 kg
BMI curves, 2001 Boys Girls
BMI Curves in Relation to   BMI 25 or 30 Boys Girls
Evidence from Greece, Males, 2001:   BMI and prevalence of obesity in  10.925  subjects (5.537 males) of Hellenic origin aged 0-18 years, living in the Athens area ,[object Object],OW: 25<BMI ≤30, extrapolated OB:  BMI>30, extrapolated Age years Normal% OW% OB% 0-1 87.05 2.88 10.07 1-6 79.95% 10.88 9.17 7-12 72.10 18.48 9.42 13-18 67.5 20.63 11.80 Total 72.11 17.48% 10.40%
Evidence from Greece, Females, 2001:   BMI and prevalence of obesity in  10.925  subjects (5.388 females) of Hellenic origin aged 0-18 years, living in the Athens area ,[object Object],OW: 25<BMI ≤30, extrapolated OB:  BMI>30, extrapolated Age years Normal% OW% OB% 0-1 81.68 9.16 9.16 1-6 88.68 8.00 3.31 7-12 81.82 14.49 3.69 13-18 81.87 14.48 3.65 Total 83.22 13.05% 3.73%
Other Reports from Greece ,[object Object],[object Object],Krassas, 2001 Age Normal% OW% OB% 6-10 69.1 25.3 5.6 11-17 78.4 19 2.6 Total 73.7 22.2 4.1
[object Object],[object Object],Other Reports from Greece Manios, 2005
Associated Nosology
Metabolic Syndrome   Χ ,  1988 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Increased cardiovascular risk
NCEP Definition (National Cholesterol Education Panel) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IDF Definition (International Diabetes Federation) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WHO Definition (World Health Organization) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NHANES III (1988-1994) Metabolic Syndrome Επίπτωση Age (years) Prevalence Park et al., 2003 Total: 4.2% OB: 28.7% OW: 6.1% NW: 0.1%
Risk Factors Arterial Hypertension ,  Obesity ,  Insulin Resistance,  Dyslipidemia, Chronic stress (real or perceived) Metabolic Markers  Cholesterol ,  LDL, HDL, Tg, Lp(a), Apo-A1, Apo-B,  Glucose ,  HbA1c, Insulin, Albumin  Adiponectin , hsCRP Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Type II Cardio- Vascular Disease Background Age ,  Gender, Developmental History (SGA, LGA) ,  Diet, Physical Activity,Genes
G E N E T I C B A C K G R O U N D , R A C E SOCIAL & DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT  &  CULTURE PERINATAL &  DEVELOPMENTAL PARAMETERS UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: +Body fat, - - Lean mass, + Visceral fat O BESITY RELATED DIABETES OF THE  YOUNG CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE METABOLIC SYNDROME ( PRE DISEASE)  3 of:  IR, IFG, IGT  Hyperten si on  Obesity  Dyslipidaemia SECONDARY  METABOLIC  ABNORMALITIES: Hypoadiponectinaemia Urine microalbuminuria Liver disease BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGY Chronic stress Eating disorders Depression CLINICAL PHENOTYPE (OBESITY)   DIETARY BEHAVIOR   PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Published pediatric papers concerning the metabolic syndrome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Methods:  Children & Adolescents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data from a Childhood-Adolescence Obesity Clinic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data from a Childhood-Adolescence Obesity Clinic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data from a Childhood-Adolescence Obesity Clinic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pervanidou, ECOG 2007
p< 0.001 N=31 N=36 N=36 N=35 Metabolic s. Prevalence across BMI z-score Quartiles among Males 100 % Metabolic Syndrome 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
% Metabolic  Syndrome Metabolic s. Prevalence across BMI z-Score Quartiles among Females p< 0.001 N=55 N=56 N=55 N=56 100 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
100 % Metabolic Syndrome 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Metabolic s. Prevalence across Insulin Quartiles ( μ U/ml) among Males N=25 N=24 N=27 N=25 P=0.018
100 00 Metabolic s. Prevalence across Insulin  Quartiles ( μ U/ml) among Females p< 0.001 N=48 N=50 N=50 N=50 % Metabolic Syndrome 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
 
 
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in 420 Greek Children and Adolescents Assessed for Simple Obesity :   preliminary results
Depression & Obesity: age 14-19 Shape up America, NHANES III Martin & Moore, 2002 30% 20%
Obesity and Depression ,[object Object],[object Object],Obesity and Life Events 2/3  presented with one or more stressful life events during the last year
24 H SAMPLING OVERNIGHT DEXAMETHASONE TEST A. B. PLASMA CORTISOL 8 am 8 pm 8 am TARGET TISSUE SENSITIVITY TARGET TISSUE RESPONSE CORTISOL CONCENTRATION HS N R THRESHOLD FOR HARMFULNESS -D -D +D +D NS CS NS CS 24 H CORTISOL DARK
Influence of Circadian Clock on HPA Axis SCN Circadian Center PVN CRH AVP ACTH F/B TARGET TISSUES Stress Other Inputs - - A circadian rhythm indirectly regulates the functions of all organs/tissues through modulation of glucocorticoid actions. Circulating F/B Target Tissue Effect Time Circadian fluctuation
«Συμπάσχει η ψυχή τω σώματι νοσούντι και τεμνομένω, το δε σώμα τη ψυχή» “The soul suffers when the body is diseased or traumatized, while the body suffers when the soul is ailing” Aristotle
«Παχέες ταχυθάνατοι μάλλον των ισχνών» “Obese people die earlier than thin ones” Hippocrates
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Stress System and the Metabolic Syndrome _________________________________ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PREGNANCY FETUS ,[object Object],[object Object],   Nutrition /Stress ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],LGA SGA Visceral Adiposity Metabolic Syndrome
[object Object],   visceral fat ,[object Object],[object Object],Melancholic Atypical Metabolic Syndrome    visceral fat ,[object Object],[object Object],   cortisol     catecholamines    insulin
    70-75 Προσδόκιμο Ζωής (1998)     75 - 80     65-70     60-65    55-60    under 55     NA
Age adjusted death rates for CAD by country and sex, age 35-74  (British Heart Foundation, Statistics Database 2003)
 
 
Greek Trends: Athens GMA ,[object Object],[object Object],Real  Expected

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Παρουσίαση καθ. Παιδιατρικής Γ. Χρούσου

  • 1. Secular Growth Trends in Greece: Childhood Obesity, a Social Phenomenon George P. Chrousos Athens University Medical School
  • 3.  
  • 4.  
  • 5. Secular Trends in Obesity Mascie-Taylor and Goto, 2007
  • 6. 90th Centile Abdominal Circumference in cm Brambilla IJO 2007
  • 7.
  • 8. Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Country, Year Criteria of Definition Age group Prevalence of OW and OB % Increase of OW and OB % (time interval) Australia, 1995 IOTF 4-6 7-11 12.8, 3.6 14.4, 5 (1985-1995) OW:38%, OB:190% Brazil, 1997 IOTF 6-9 10-18 17.4 12.6 (1974-1997) OW: 250% China, 1997 IOTF 6-9 10-18 11.3 6.2 (1991-1997) OW: 7.6%, 38% UK, 1994 IOTF 4-11 11.2, 2.1 (1984-1994) OW: 44.5% Germany, 1997 IOTF 5-6 12, 2.8 (1982-1997) OW: 44% Japan, 1996  120% of standard weight 6 12 4.5 9.5 (1970-1996) OW: 185%, 188% USA, 2000 CDC 2-19 27, 13.7 (1971-2000) OB: (6-11) 283%, (12-19): 154%
  • 9. Prevalence of BMI ≥85 th and ≥ 95 th Percentile of 15 y of Age: Consensus Statement, 2004 Speiser, 2005
  • 10. Secular Trends in Height and Weight, Males, Greece, 1978-2001 Height, Boys Weight, Boys Chiotis, Ann Clin Ped Univ Ath 2003
  • 11. Secular Trends in Height and Weight, Females, Greece, 1978-2001 Chiotis, Ann Clin Ped Univ Ath 2003 Weight, Girls Height, Girls
  • 12.
  • 13. Secular Growth Trends in Greece, 2001 in Relation to USA, 2000 Differences in males, aged 18 Differences in females, aged 18 3 th percentile 50 th percentile 97 th percentile Height +3 cm +1 cm +1.5cm Weight +6 kg +7 kg +6 kg 3 th percentile 50 th percentile 97 th percentile Height +3 cm +1 cm +1 cm Weight +2 kg +2 kg -4 kg
  • 14. BMI curves, 2001 Boys Girls
  • 15. BMI Curves in Relation to BMI 25 or 30 Boys Girls
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. NHANES III (1988-1994) Metabolic Syndrome Επίπτωση Age (years) Prevalence Park et al., 2003 Total: 4.2% OB: 28.7% OW: 6.1% NW: 0.1%
  • 26. Risk Factors Arterial Hypertension , Obesity , Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Chronic stress (real or perceived) Metabolic Markers Cholesterol , LDL, HDL, Tg, Lp(a), Apo-A1, Apo-B, Glucose , HbA1c, Insulin, Albumin Adiponectin , hsCRP Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Type II Cardio- Vascular Disease Background Age , Gender, Developmental History (SGA, LGA) , Diet, Physical Activity,Genes
  • 27. G E N E T I C B A C K G R O U N D , R A C E SOCIAL & DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT & CULTURE PERINATAL & DEVELOPMENTAL PARAMETERS UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: +Body fat, - - Lean mass, + Visceral fat O BESITY RELATED DIABETES OF THE YOUNG CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE METABOLIC SYNDROME ( PRE DISEASE)  3 of:  IR, IFG, IGT  Hyperten si on  Obesity  Dyslipidaemia SECONDARY METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES: Hypoadiponectinaemia Urine microalbuminuria Liver disease BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGY Chronic stress Eating disorders Depression CLINICAL PHENOTYPE (OBESITY) DIETARY BEHAVIOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
  • 28.
  • 29.  
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. p< 0.001 N=31 N=36 N=36 N=35 Metabolic s. Prevalence across BMI z-score Quartiles among Males 100 % Metabolic Syndrome 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
  • 35. % Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic s. Prevalence across BMI z-Score Quartiles among Females p< 0.001 N=55 N=56 N=55 N=56 100 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
  • 36. 100 % Metabolic Syndrome 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Metabolic s. Prevalence across Insulin Quartiles ( μ U/ml) among Males N=25 N=24 N=27 N=25 P=0.018
  • 37. 100 00 Metabolic s. Prevalence across Insulin Quartiles ( μ U/ml) among Females p< 0.001 N=48 N=50 N=50 N=50 % Metabolic Syndrome 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
  • 38.  
  • 39.  
  • 40. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in 420 Greek Children and Adolescents Assessed for Simple Obesity : preliminary results
  • 41. Depression & Obesity: age 14-19 Shape up America, NHANES III Martin & Moore, 2002 30% 20%
  • 42.
  • 43. 24 H SAMPLING OVERNIGHT DEXAMETHASONE TEST A. B. PLASMA CORTISOL 8 am 8 pm 8 am TARGET TISSUE SENSITIVITY TARGET TISSUE RESPONSE CORTISOL CONCENTRATION HS N R THRESHOLD FOR HARMFULNESS -D -D +D +D NS CS NS CS 24 H CORTISOL DARK
  • 44. Influence of Circadian Clock on HPA Axis SCN Circadian Center PVN CRH AVP ACTH F/B TARGET TISSUES Stress Other Inputs - - A circadian rhythm indirectly regulates the functions of all organs/tissues through modulation of glucocorticoid actions. Circulating F/B Target Tissue Effect Time Circadian fluctuation
  • 45. «Συμπάσχει η ψυχή τω σώματι νοσούντι και τεμνομένω, το δε σώμα τη ψυχή» “The soul suffers when the body is diseased or traumatized, while the body suffers when the soul is ailing” Aristotle
  • 46. «Παχέες ταχυθάνατοι μάλλον των ισχνών» “Obese people die earlier than thin ones” Hippocrates
  • 47.
  • 48.  
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.   70-75 Προσδόκιμο Ζωής (1998)   75 - 80   65-70   60-65   55-60   under 55   NA
  • 53. Age adjusted death rates for CAD by country and sex, age 35-74 (British Heart Foundation, Statistics Database 2003)
  • 54.  
  • 55.  
  • 56.