An introduction to globalisation and it's influence on population health.

1. Globalisation and
Health

2. Starting points

3. Starting points
Although globalisation is not just about economics it is
worth taking a couple of minutes to consider some basic
economic ideas.

4. Starting points
Although globalisation is not just about economics it is
worth taking a couple of minutes to consider some basic
economic ideas.
Economic markets- the environments and systems by
which we trade an do business with each other can be
divided into two basic types.

5. Regulated Markets

6. Regulated Markets
In a regulated market the price and cost of
goods sold in the market is controlled by
governments.

7. Regulated Markets
Almost all economies have some form of
regulation.

8. Regulated Markets
Almost all economies have some form of
regulation.
Some parts of the economy are more closely
regulated than others.

9. Regulated Markets
Almost all economies have some form of
regulation.
Some parts of the economy are more closely
regulated than others.
In many European countries, health and
education are mostly funded through taxation
within a heavily regulated market.

10. Free Markets

11. Free Markets
A free market is the opposite of a regulated market.

12. Free Markets
A free market is the opposite of a regulated market.
In a free market it is competition between
sellers/providers which determines the price
and cost of goods.

13. Free Markets
A free market is the opposite of a regulated market.
In a free market it is competition between
sellers/providers which determines the price
and cost of goods.
There are few, if any, examples of completely
free market economies operating at a
significant level.

14. What’s the difference?

15. What’s the difference?
Essentially the difference is a matter of
ideological interpretation of the degree of
regulation/non regulation within a market

16. What’s the difference?
Essentially the difference is a matter of
ideological interpretation of the degree of
regulation/non regulation within a market
A third proposition is the ‘mixed economy’.
In this model services and goods are offered
by both state and private sector providers.

17. What’s the difference?
Essentially the difference is a matter of
ideological interpretation of the degree of
regulation/non regulation within a market
A third proposition is the ‘mixed economy’.
In this model services and goods are offered
by both state and private sector providers.
Health services in the UK, for example, are
provided largely by the state with a small,
but growing, private sector offer.

18. Basic Features

19. Basic Features
Regulated
Free Market
Market
Competition promotes efficiency
Control of market competition
and reduces costs
Subsidies to industries at risk from
Only efficient producers survive
external competition
Trade barriers to reduce market for Market forces determine trade
external competitors agreements
Social conditions assumed to
Social and business impact
improve when there is increased
considered
competition

20. What is globalisation?

21. What is globalisation?
Many people think of globalisation as the extension of
economic markets across national boundaries.

22. What is globalisation?
Many people think of globalisation as the extension of
economic markets across national boundaries.
Initial concerns focused on the extension of markets and
the lifting of trade barriers between different countries
and regions

23. What is globalisation?
Many people think of globalisation as the extension of
economic markets across national boundaries.
Initial concerns focused on the extension of markets and
the lifting of trade barriers between different countries
and regions
More recently attention has also focused on global
communication, cultural and demographic movements.

24. What is globalisation?

25. What is globalisation?
A couple of definitions:

26. What is globalisation?
A couple of definitions:
•ʻthe flow of information, goods, capital and people across
political and economic boundariesʼ (Daulaire 1999)

27. What is globalisation?
A couple of definitions:
•ʻthe flow of information, goods, capital and people across
political and economic boundariesʼ (Daulaire 1999)
•ʻthe process of closer interaction of human activity across a
range of spheres, including the economic, social, political and
cultural, experienced along three dimensions: spatial,
temporal and cognitiveʼ (Lee, K 2002)

28. Benefits of Economic Globalisation

29. Benefits of Economic Globalisation
• Increased trade opportunities for poorer
countries

30. Benefits of Economic Globalisation
• Increased trade opportunities for poorer
countries
• Cheaper goods for wealthy countries

31. Benefits of Economic Globalisation
• Increased trade opportunities for poorer
countries
• Cheaper goods for wealthy countries
• Expansion of markets

32. Three Dimensions

33. Three Dimensions
In addition to economic globalisation we can also
think of globalisation in terms of:

34. Three Dimensions
In addition to economic globalisation we can also
think of globalisation in terms of:
• Space- travel and movement of people

35. Three Dimensions
In addition to economic globalisation we can also
think of globalisation in terms of:
• Space- travel and movement of people
• Time- the increased ease and speed of
communication between people living in
different regions

36. Three Dimensions
In addition to economic globalisation we can also
think of globalisation in terms of:
• Space- travel and movement of people
• Time- the increased ease and speed of
communication between people living in
different regions
• Ideas- the exchange of ideas and
subsequent cultural exchange that takes
place

37. Economic Globalisation

38. Economic Globalisation
Generally involves:

39. Economic Globalisation
Generally involves:
• Liberalisation of Trade Regulations

40. Economic Globalisation
Generally involves:
• Liberalisation of Trade Regulations
• Increased competition between
providers

41. Economic Globalisation
Generally involves:
• Liberalisation of Trade Regulations
• Increased competition between
providers
• Increased movement of people and
goods

42. Other views

43. Other views
Economic globalisation generally emphasises
the need to open up markets, moving them
closer to the free market model

44. Other views
Economic globalisation generally emphasises
the need to open up markets, moving them
closer to the free market model
But there are increasing numbers of
dissenting voices.
Even in the rich countries.

46. The Impact of Economic Transformation

47. The Impact of Economic Transformation
What happens when things go wrong?

48. The Impact of Economic Transformation
What happens when things go wrong?
• The collapse of western banking models
as a result of poor regulation

49. The Impact of Economic Transformation
What happens when things go wrong?
• The collapse of western banking models
as a result of poor regulation
• Financial Volatility (Mexico, Iceland,
Greece, SE Asia)

50. The Impact of Economic Transformation
What happens when things go wrong?
• The collapse of western banking models
as a result of poor regulation
• Financial Volatility (Mexico, Iceland,
Greece, SE Asia)
• Marginalisation of poor countries

51. The Impact of Economic Transformation
What happens when things go wrong?
• The collapse of western banking models
as a result of poor regulation
• Financial Volatility (Mexico, Iceland,
Greece, SE Asia)
• Marginalisation of poor countries
• Employment insecurity in all regions

52. The health impact

53. The health impact
Globalisation, in its economic, temporal,
communicative and cultural forms can have an
influence on the social context that influences health
status.

54. The health impact
Globalisation, in its economic, temporal,
communicative and cultural forms can have an
influence on the social context that influences health
status.
Improvements in communication, travel and the
opening up of economic markets influences local and
regional political relations.

55. The health impact
Globalisation, in its economic, temporal,
communicative and cultural forms can have an
influence on the social context that influences health
status.
Improvements in communication, travel and the
opening up of economic markets influences local and
regional political relations.
Here are a few examples of health related
changes linked to globalisation

56. Growth in the Number of Refugees
People displaced due to war, economic collapse or natural disaster (millions)

57. Growth in the Number of Refugees
People displaced due to war, economic collapse or natural disaster (millions)
50
48
40
30
30
20
10
0
1990 2000

58. Availability of Toxic Goods

59. Availability of Toxic Goods
• Tobacco

60. Availability of Toxic Goods
• Tobacco
• Alcohol

61. Availability of Toxic Goods
Tobacco related deaths
2000 2010
• Tobacco
2 million 10 million
• Alcohol
• Addictive
Drugs

62. Health and Safety Issues

63. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations

64. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit

65. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit
• weak health and safety regulation

66. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit
• weak health and safety regulation
• poor working conditions

67. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit
• weak health and safety regulation
• poor working conditions
• political instability

68. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit
• weak health and safety regulation
• poor working conditions
• political instability
• corruption

69. Health and Safety Issues
• Transnational corporations
• Exploit
• weak health and safety regulation
• poor working conditions
• political instability
• corruption
• conflict

70. Global Health Influences

71. Global Health Influences
• Changing Conditions
• Increased Travel
• Climate Change
• Transmission of infectious diseases
• Common Needs
• Interdependency
• Health impact of conflict
• Epidemiological Transition

72. Health in Transition
Global factors are increasingly recognised as
important influences of population health status.
We can see some of the changes taking place
already

73. Burden of Disease (DALY’s)

74. Burden of Disease (DALY’s)
1990 2020
Lower respiratory infections Ischaemic heart disease
Diarrhoeal Diseases Depression
Perinatal conditions Road Traffic Accidents
Depression Cerbero-Vascular Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cerebro-Vascular disease Lower Respiratory Infections
TB War
Measles Diarrhoeal Diseases
Road traffic accidents HIV
Congenital Abnormalities Perinatal conditions

75. Winners and Losers

76. Winners and Losers
• Winners
• Transnational Corporations
• Wealthy Developed Countries
• Countries with large low paid workforce (China, India)
• Losers
• Geographically Isolated Poor Countries
• Low paid workers
• Developing Countries
• Politically Isolated Countries

77. Bibliography
•Daulaire N (1999) Globalization and Health Development 42: 4;
22 – 24
•Lee K (2000) Globalization and health policy: a review of the
literature and proposed research and policy agenda In: Health
Development in the New Global Economy PAHO: Washington
•WHO www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/