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Presented by:
                Vikrant Sabat
                Karan Shirsat




                     K.J.Somaiya Polytechnic , Vidyavihar
                                               Mumbai-77
s
 What is Earthquake?

   Types of Earthquake
   How Earthquake Occurs?
   Causes and Effects of Earthquake
   Seismic Waves
   Seismic Performance and Design
   Improving Earthquake Resistant Of The Minor Building
   Shear Walls
 Advantages of Shear Walls

   Earthquake Resisting Structure Techniques
          Base Isolation Method

          Energy Dissipation Device ( Seismic Dampers)

          Keeping Building Up thrust

   Conclusion
 They are natural disasters of a generally
  unpredictable nature
 It is the shaking of earth due to the
  movement of earth’s crust
 A sudden, rapid shaking of the earth
  caused by the breaking and shifting of
  rocks beneath the earth surface.
There are two types of earthquake:

    Inter plate earthquake

      Intra-plate earthquake


  In both types of earthquake, during
  earthquake at fault strike slip(horizontal
  movement) & dip slip (vertical movement)
 Because of Earth's rotation and other
  energy factors different shells or the rock
  layers constantly move or slid past each
  other.
 Different continental mass fragments of
  lesser densities float and move overriding
  the denser rock layers.

             This causes earthquake.
 Earthquakes are
  causally related to
  compression or
  tensional stresses .



 Volcanic eruptions,
  rock fall, landslides,
  and explosions can
  also cause a quake.
A fault is nothing but a crack or weak zone inside the Earth. When two blocks of rock
or two plates rub against each other along a fault, they don’t just slide smoothly.

As the tectonic forces continue to prevail, the plate margins exhibit deformation as
seen in terms of bending, compression, tension and friction. The rocks eventually
break giving rise to an earthquake, because of building of stresses beyond the
limiting elastic strength of the rock.
SIESMIC WAVES


 They are of two types:

    •   Body waves-
        o ‘P’ waves:- travels through
          solids and fluids.
        o ‘S’ waves:- travels through
          solids



         surface waves:-

        Slowest and damaging
 Ground motion

 Landslides

 Ground displacement

 Liquefaction

 Tsunamis

 Aftershocks
Earthquake Do Not Kill People




Improperly Designed Structures Do!
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
 Ability of structure to sustain its function
  viz. safety and serviceability at earthquake.


               SEISMIC dESIgN

 It is Authorized engineering :-
        Procedure
        Principles
        Criteria
  To design structures subject to earthquake
  exposure
 Size of building
  “Simpler the Plan, Better the
  Performance”



 Construction materials

  “R.C.C. preferable than
  P.C.C”
“Strong-column, weak-beam”



 “Horizontal   Band necessary
 throughout the masonry”


       “latur earthquake
          incident”
“ Avoid soft storey-continue walls in
 ground storey”




           Bhuj incident
Earthquake resistant structure
Special care is needed in construction to
ensure that the elements meant to be
ductile are indeed provided with
features that give adequate ductility.
Thus, strict adherence to prescribed
standards of construction materials and
construction processes is essential in
assuring an earthquake-resistant
building.
1.Regular testing of construction
materials        at       qualified
laboratories (at site or away)
2. Periodic training of workmen
at professional training houses,
and
3. On-site evaluation of the
technical work
 Vertically oriented wide
  beams
 It carries seismic loads
  down to the bottom of
  foundation
 Provides large strength
  and stiffness to buildings
 Thickness generally
  varies from 150mm to
  400mm in high rise
  buildings.
 Should be symmetrical
 in plan along both the
 axes
 The opening provided in
 shear walls should be
 symmetrical
 Effective when located
 along     the      exterior
 perimeter of building
 Efficient in terms of:-
        Cost
        Effectiveness
        Construction


     Helps in minimizing the effect on non-
    structural elements. E.g. Glass, Windows

 It is said that:-
        “We cannot afford to build concrete
  buildings meant to resist severe earthquakes
  without SHEAR WALL”
 Base Isolation Method

 Energy Dissipation Device
   – (Seismic Dampers)


 Keeping Building Up thrust
 Introduces flexibility to the
  structures
 Building is rested on
  flexible pads (Base
  Isolators)
 When earthquake strikes
  the building does not
  moves
 It is suitable for hard soil
  only
 L ea d -R u b b er
  B ea r i n g : -

    Frequently used for base
     isolation
    made from layers of rubber
     sandwiched together with
     layers of steel
    Very stiff and strong in the
     vertical direction
        Flexible in horizontal
     direction.
      S ph er i ca l S l i d i n g
    I sol a ti on : -

     It uses bearing pads that
     have a curved surface and
     low-friction         materials
     similar to Teflon
     During an earthquake the
     building is free to slide
     both      horizontally     and
     vertically
     It will return to its original
     position after the ground
     shaking stops.
• In India base isolation technique was
  first demonstrated after 1993 Killari
  EQ
• Two single storey building were
  built with rubber base isolators resting
    on hard ground

• The four storey bhuj hospital building
  was built with base isolation
  technique after 2001 bhuj EQ
 These are used in place of structural elements such as
  diagonal braces

 Acts like the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars

 When seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers
 absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.
    Viscous Dampers (energy is
  absorbed by silicone-based fluid
  passing between piston cylinder
  arrangement)
     Friction    Dampers (energy    is
  absorbed by surfaces with friction
  between them rubbing against each
  other),
     Yielding Dampers (energy is
  absorbed by metallic components that
  yield).
 Viscoelastic Dampers (energy is
  absorbed by utilizing the controlled
  shearing of solids)
 Recently discovered
 technique of Japan



 It has found to be
 survived even in extreme
 earthquakes
CONCE P T
 When the quakes strikes the
 system dissipates energy in the
 building cores and exteriors
 The frames are free to rock up
 and down within fittings fixed at
 their bases
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake
Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile
Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
Forces
While Earthquake Are Inevitable, Each earthquake Need Not
                          Convert
      Into A Disaster… As What Comes In Between Is
            The Culture of Safety And Prevention


  Let us Work Together to Build a Culture of Prevention !
Earthquake resistant structure
Earthquake resistant structure

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Earthquake resistant structure

  • 1. Presented by: Vikrant Sabat Karan Shirsat K.J.Somaiya Polytechnic , Vidyavihar Mumbai-77 s
  • 2.  What is Earthquake?  Types of Earthquake  How Earthquake Occurs?  Causes and Effects of Earthquake  Seismic Waves  Seismic Performance and Design  Improving Earthquake Resistant Of The Minor Building  Shear Walls  Advantages of Shear Walls  Earthquake Resisting Structure Techniques  Base Isolation Method  Energy Dissipation Device ( Seismic Dampers)  Keeping Building Up thrust  Conclusion
  • 3.  They are natural disasters of a generally unpredictable nature  It is the shaking of earth due to the movement of earth’s crust  A sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rocks beneath the earth surface.
  • 4. There are two types of earthquake:  Inter plate earthquake  Intra-plate earthquake In both types of earthquake, during earthquake at fault strike slip(horizontal movement) & dip slip (vertical movement)
  • 5.  Because of Earth's rotation and other energy factors different shells or the rock layers constantly move or slid past each other.  Different continental mass fragments of lesser densities float and move overriding the denser rock layers. This causes earthquake.
  • 6.  Earthquakes are causally related to compression or tensional stresses .  Volcanic eruptions, rock fall, landslides, and explosions can also cause a quake.
  • 7. A fault is nothing but a crack or weak zone inside the Earth. When two blocks of rock or two plates rub against each other along a fault, they don’t just slide smoothly. As the tectonic forces continue to prevail, the plate margins exhibit deformation as seen in terms of bending, compression, tension and friction. The rocks eventually break giving rise to an earthquake, because of building of stresses beyond the limiting elastic strength of the rock.
  • 8. SIESMIC WAVES  They are of two types: • Body waves- o ‘P’ waves:- travels through solids and fluids. o ‘S’ waves:- travels through solids  surface waves:- Slowest and damaging
  • 9.  Ground motion  Landslides  Ground displacement  Liquefaction  Tsunamis  Aftershocks
  • 10. Earthquake Do Not Kill People Improperly Designed Structures Do!
  • 11. SEISMIC PERFORMANCE  Ability of structure to sustain its function viz. safety and serviceability at earthquake. SEISMIC dESIgN  It is Authorized engineering :-  Procedure  Principles  Criteria To design structures subject to earthquake exposure
  • 12.  Size of building “Simpler the Plan, Better the Performance”  Construction materials “R.C.C. preferable than P.C.C”
  • 13. “Strong-column, weak-beam”  “Horizontal Band necessary throughout the masonry” “latur earthquake incident”
  • 14. “ Avoid soft storey-continue walls in ground storey” Bhuj incident
  • 16. Special care is needed in construction to ensure that the elements meant to be ductile are indeed provided with features that give adequate ductility. Thus, strict adherence to prescribed standards of construction materials and construction processes is essential in assuring an earthquake-resistant building.
  • 17. 1.Regular testing of construction materials at qualified laboratories (at site or away) 2. Periodic training of workmen at professional training houses, and 3. On-site evaluation of the technical work
  • 18.  Vertically oriented wide beams  It carries seismic loads down to the bottom of foundation  Provides large strength and stiffness to buildings  Thickness generally varies from 150mm to 400mm in high rise buildings.
  • 19.  Should be symmetrical in plan along both the axes  The opening provided in shear walls should be symmetrical  Effective when located along the exterior perimeter of building
  • 20.  Efficient in terms of:-  Cost  Effectiveness  Construction  Helps in minimizing the effect on non- structural elements. E.g. Glass, Windows  It is said that:- “We cannot afford to build concrete buildings meant to resist severe earthquakes without SHEAR WALL”
  • 21.  Base Isolation Method  Energy Dissipation Device – (Seismic Dampers)  Keeping Building Up thrust
  • 22.  Introduces flexibility to the structures  Building is rested on flexible pads (Base Isolators)  When earthquake strikes the building does not moves  It is suitable for hard soil only
  • 23.  L ea d -R u b b er B ea r i n g : -  Frequently used for base isolation  made from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel  Very stiff and strong in the vertical direction  Flexible in horizontal direction.
  • 24. S ph er i ca l S l i d i n g I sol a ti on : -  It uses bearing pads that have a curved surface and low-friction materials similar to Teflon  During an earthquake the building is free to slide both horizontally and vertically  It will return to its original position after the ground shaking stops.
  • 25. • In India base isolation technique was first demonstrated after 1993 Killari EQ • Two single storey building were built with rubber base isolators resting on hard ground • The four storey bhuj hospital building was built with base isolation technique after 2001 bhuj EQ
  • 26.  These are used in place of structural elements such as diagonal braces  Acts like the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars  When seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.
  • 27. Viscous Dampers (energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing between piston cylinder arrangement)  Friction Dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other),  Yielding Dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield).  Viscoelastic Dampers (energy is absorbed by utilizing the controlled shearing of solids)
  • 28.  Recently discovered technique of Japan  It has found to be survived even in extreme earthquakes
  • 29. CONCE P T  When the quakes strikes the system dissipates energy in the building cores and exteriors  The frames are free to rock up and down within fittings fixed at their bases
  • 30. IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision) IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision) IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
  • 31. While Earthquake Are Inevitable, Each earthquake Need Not Convert Into A Disaster… As What Comes In Between Is The Culture of Safety And Prevention Let us Work Together to Build a Culture of Prevention !

Notas do Editor

  1. Buildings with one of their overall sizes much larger or much smaller than the other two, or very large buildings, do not perform well during earthquakes.