Please View the SEQ Booklet taken from the follwing website http://social-studies-resource.blogspot.com/. What a great resource. Credit to the Author.

1. Arriiroar'no Chdnoe and Strnno Rcrevr 9'dnaon o! o ot' bl oro
is .< bc!drse bv cntic'par,r9 i hange rld sldv'.9
smq@de d_ bor roaard lo l4 chdl€nqp< of the llrure w h cont den" "
'er*trr. r" t"l" orruture
roNard ookinq n antcpaton
"i".*..r ..,;;";"" , .r,. "nd make dec aions lhal are
-;;i."".. "J.i.
':;,;-". ,.;;" .-."r hi.;r ucr-. <.pp, n
'.-*"'e .-o^,- !ro 6'aidlpe^ouooe o^ | oro h'de 'o
""..* trn." onoi"" o
::;;","i;".:;;" .". oooldp ro FP
.."*m nimat- q.o'pFr'o dr'' o.'du"re"
;;;;";i"i". ., a o",h.FJ'.e'"nd
o"Fn"" o-r b.r,, 'noo,obda-o o b 6 o' € a o
'-'"J*u'",
ii.a*"r''.i'x""<J'Faioo-elqUo''qpn'plAo'qo'p-J
l.*i- ir'"".*' r'"* I"t"""ri ro o. *',"t i. 'iq"t p'opre 'han *'rcr '< popurd' so tar/evpl
'u't'"' s ft rhen slon deus'ons irev
-"i i'J" i' ii"""'r' *oones, a'e dbre ro lor tle good ol ln€ roLnlry' lhe'pbv su<irrnrnq
'
popula'
tt'is ;e
maoe
ca,.y the
touqh and 'Prs
iri--.. ..* '. *.'. p
*.i. -- r"*"- " ao" o d; o- !!d nd oi ! bdlr b 0
.:-;;,; ,.""""-"".
;";";, *- - *" i c d po rld paoc no o i odoo'" b d e'1' o re' o o
";,'i"; 'eoo' >e'o'oo€Dp do
iii-p"n""r "--" " " l" -nlinue lo prosperand lace up io the crralenses thal mqhtcome 'ts
",.";* is"q"p-.
q''o.ep'r 'ocorqo Fln"n th'sF
[1"*-" -o *.^ ", Rewaro d 'ypor" ro wo'r nard Lo help sinqdpor
''*.'. orinc Dt" .'w"s
rr"' p{
dereloo dnd Jav rh;dd o' rhe lompontion 'hP'ebv susb'n rq sinsaoor' s rulJe suc("'s
. d . 'En rc 64rd! I o'd
;d-.;'n; -,. p'- -,oFra-"q Joooo-. 'or.!''F'e'
i".,""i- v-. "., "ro.oo,"",-^boo
cuiicuar
r,,"i"i","J rn"" ror exampe hardwo ,is stude;ts who exce! n trier srud es rhis co esD€cia Lv
3nd
,"i",1""" ,-" **a. rt" t"m or Ed!;ve schola.sh p and Medt Bu6ares s
;;odant ".
in peooe Lnled" sinoaoore wher€ there is a need to deveoo each ofhe' cilizens to the
lul est of his ab Litv
'A slake for Evervonc. Opportunities forAll'is 01lolsrei'e
anolhe. imponanl gu dinq prncp e
Trls E $ffi by allowlng ttie people nore opportuhities lo partic pate in important
de.i5 on ma.ing -rronger oo.a i builr bcrween the ocople and thP cou ry Ths *"1 lclp
ro reep rre peipe "crviry involved * h the sorerinentnd ' 'ppodNe o' the dP'isiors
."u" i,v tt'" !*.-.*i t-t sustai.ins sinsapore s rlluresuccess Th s means aLlownq
;"";@ -r"'! qe ;b."d
"*bv oz Pdo ^o rd
";- o o"*" a-nq a m+: .e sF o o-lo 9r d o'
--,.
*o
consuLled the publc on the ssue of hav nq cas nos es part olthe Rs
1(bL-1!9 "q"r"s p"p4ft9! 1" lr,*d ;+ .1! E governmenl Do vou aaree? Expall
td,trsw4
government s
mponanl wlh ageino popualion n
because as the caretaker nirslv€ to make aws and

2. inkoduce measurcs to orolect the inl€€sls olthe senor dlizens and lo orevenl them irom beinq a
ouaerro ttejit on .no ts resources. Forexampe the govehmenl has nlroduc€d measur€s such
as |re cPFjd reief pub ic hous ng :nd the Inbunal lor the Mainlenance of Par€nls to supporl lhe
agenq popuaton. The CPF sacompusorysavngsschemeforal empLovees cPFmemberscan
wi|rdras ther savngs on reaching the age of s5 years However thev mlsl eave a mnimum sum
n tllen Reftemenl Account sa that lhey can recelve a monlh y sum lom lhis accolnl iiom age 62
Ih s s to ensure lrl3!!t?L!!al9!!9!&
The oovehment also introdlced lhe Tribunalforthe Maintenance of Par€nls Farentscangel lhe
ou; ep o+". "n, c s-pporkonrhF . o'e ^ ore doroeo suooorns en o- ce
or oonq o hF go.e o dF ol ede
parents grcndparenls or qreet g@ndparenls and lhose who aie conirbulng lo lher own or their
eldery dapendants'cPF retiGmenl accounts Ths s 1o encouraoe more oeoole lo take care ol lhe
aoed and lo orepare tor lhen own relirement The govemment aso provides plblic housinq
schemes to en.ouraoesinoaooreans to lake care oflhetr oarenls Firsl_lime buve6 of gov€rnmenl
ralscan getahousing gGntiltheybuyanattr tiLeareawherelh€rparedts ve
Eg i preparnglhe counlryto.ope wilh agerng popuLalon
The communily has an mporGnlroe
I.eq!F.f-nl !t!! !:r: !! raleo -r< r.:__gj!J,c
oro. ite o, oona 'uopo f ono:o a '' cr ro eelpe
"degovernmenl enabed-ooo.p'hFd organzllions lo tun communitv based
subsid€s ftom the vountary welfate
seruices for senor cilzeis Some community orqanizallons also offer rree health checks and
Ecreal onalactivl es for sen or cit zens These h€ o (hem lo remain ohvs Gllv menlaLv and soca v
49!jve.
c. -.,o. d pan no H' r' ro &!e
- .-- ltv "and nol relv onqlhe -u r ''o qh.otlllreo qoov€rnmenl's resour.es are
"i."u
personsl€sponsib oovernment becauselhe
lmiled The ndvdual s encouraged lo ma nla n a heaLlhy leslyebywllchLnghsdiel exercsng
reguary golorreguarmedca checkups and be linancLa y prepared for life in then old aoe Bv
attend ng ia ks aid read n9 relevonl rn.nc a p ann ng malerials rie can earn more aboul €tremenl
2(al To wha( extent has lhe sov€rnnenrs efiods n anlcipatnq
conlribuled to sinqapore s economEptosperly? Exp a n your
Refer lo 1{a) tor mosl ot the expanalion Beff n m'nd haL rrls queshon siressed on
conrrbutng lo singapore's econom c prosperity
) You need to brnq n relevant examples such as Ihe
on how this foresqft ol the governmeil etc etc can
managing heallhcaE in Sii9aPorer
subsides supponseryces
helplu in meeling lhe needs or peop e? ErpLa n your answer
Med sav€ s one way lhal manages healthcare n sinqapore This is because by rav,ng a
Medisave accaunt, the jndivi.lual shares the casts ol health.arc with the governn@t
and lightens the sbvemhent's butden of Paying fot heallhcate seNices fhis hetPs
the people to neet theh own healthcare fin.nciat needs. sin]apore lakes the stand lhal
ndvdua plays an important r.le in managng healhca@ To encouraqe sel_re ance lhe
as a savngs sclreme 1 endourages singaporcans to b€
€spofsibe forther own healh A €rGin amount of noney (6 - 3'lt irom worke.s Cenl.a

3. far do vou aqree thal the govemments decis on
dL. io;conomicraclors? Expla n vour aN*
"i#K#ii1*ffi,n ,oo,tat'npolicv"sp'onptedbvth"!""""!'::e,',*P!!':^!!,li.ii
l::i,11ffi1;"J;:;;,;;;ii; .i., ir'""] '*ia -i o*"*g" I:'19 "19 1ll.1."iJ:j::",',::
l:ffii:'1"';i;"";.-li:i:'"; i;; iiii"iiv i'"* ,tt-t' rn""-:-"ll','l:: :::::"":,::i""*:'j::
J:;;:' ;;;:;;i,q,e;;", - ."^,-,":,+.+:**::j*t+;1#:H#j"l
!i:""];;i'i',1ffi;';:
::'-, a-
+geg+--],
r!!s.t rsllgE 3 od ' d'rolc 'o +r'aL on o -6_'ou.'r
.1'i3:.1';::,,ii^:l:?""i:f:,1
^ -s

4. resDonsb r! s the host mDonant laclor
@ration H ow lar do you agree lith lh s slaleolllLqlPqin v9u!4!!!9l!
4 (a): surelyyou o.e w€ll€quiPPed ro dnsw€r su.h d quation bv how! on le6i vou b€rter b€
The sToP AT TWO po icy was more a hindraice than a help to our economc
develoPmenl DoYou agree? ExPlain {13)
No do nol agree The polcy was actualy a hep 1o olr econom c deveopmeil This is because
S'nodoofua; ,nitiallv rar'nq a rdpid popularior g'odh 'n lhe 1950s W(h r 'aprd oopulatio"
oro;;sinaaoorewaila''nq o so-ialaldpol'lralprobensrsa'osuhorrlal
"',oo ooo.':ror or. lhF'-oo d F''rdo_oao-s qp'o'r'o o99e' r-
,r ttr q o por r d r.o- ad4< o'ooc lro'
*r^"m-es,*'-
STOP
" l "
;;a;u;; nvestosr,m i esl no in s noaoore r rhat had haoD€ned. s noaoore wr tace a rack oi
lunds to devello seconomv Thus the oolcvwas ar€soundino success
Yes agree that sinqapore s po icy was merey a h ndrance This s because a lot of the counlry s
rcvenu; a.d efiort has ro be channelled inlo providhg for the elde v instead of focusing on
other importanl areas ol developnent such as economv, educalion and derenceThe STOP AT
TWO polcy discourages couples ffom havlng bables such lhal our rep acemenl levelfel beLow the
dea repb;ement Ere or 2 r with lhe popu al o. nol eplacins lselr, Sin!.eleiqls !!! lnqllllic
imp€nd nq oi.bem of an aoeno ooouLaton bv 2030 twasthls a hftrance as aoeiio ooouatonwl
;n v o,ove to be dra nina on the countrys resourdes s nce most ofthe.ountrus revenue wi I now have
tobeahannered nro
Ren?nbz. vou need to 9ve borh tdei of rhe 5rory
Governanco in SingaPore
s a Agoin, sureyyou kno{ th5 bynow!
Ls an ageing pop!alon more delimental ihan beneiicia Sngapore?EPlanY.ur
t13l
An ag€ng popuaiion s delrimentallo singapore This is becaus€ as singapore's aqeing
populati;n increases, there is an increased stress on medical inlrasttuclute and
govemment reso!rces which will increase govel,nen! spending and lead ro lewet funds
iot our econonic developdat. Singapote woutd hence face decline and stagnation drc
ro this divergqce of resources. As peop e grow o d they w llbe mo.e prcne lo c€dan aqe
Gated healrh probl€ms This ncudes loss of hearng falng eyesght and rheumalsm Much
morc medical resouEes have to be generated lo accommodale these issues irore commundv
based setoces such !s day ca.e cenlrcs afd home nursing care wl also be needed to he p
fam, esLookafterod€rrelalves A arg€ poolol wellare slatfwi a so be needed to lake ca€ of
rhe ncGas.s number of seiior c tizens singaporc s pub ic areas wilhave to be equipped wlh
more raciies s!lab e for sen d clzens ke suopod hand bars n pubLic toiels.nd ifts al MRT
twoud aso mean a reduclon on our econom c codpeitveness This is because an ageinq
population makes us r6s aliracltve lo tnvesrors as they p.efer younqer worke6 who are
more energaric and productiv€. There woud arso he insutficrenl tat-pnts t sustain
developnerr i/NCs wilrnd I more expensve lo recrut Sngapo€ais due lo ou, smal abou.

5. d nolbe
sze and we aG less anradive because ofiis sm! ler donsumer mariel s nqapore wou
:hLe10 comoele w'ili other nalionswlh vounoerand
affecl ou oroducliviwand hence moacl nur orooress
n#*-:rentrml"t"" h"s contribuled more to snaapores p'osress Due to a
;; i;; bi^" rri p opo",on or '0"
;:i;.;, "." '":" ;';.' o"ne ,a r; qap;- c dc oF dopFo c ooo oropoorF
-r,""" * .r. ""- '. atp" e ure t
^i" rn" p.ovdes i;valabl€ "eioerence lhal loc6 blsinesses reouie n order to
""""*t""
i.""" v,"".": "i;;;q;"d"r"- . . 761 rhd d F
'o'd 'o 'e ''d
;, ^:.; .; " *. * ,". ^i,.'""0 "",
-^-:.;: oolnsJFe "odonort r-'<u-eao'
"-,b, .
;" " ;;;". ".'.; -u, oh" ^d.b.":
i. ";'--.-' "r"..,b-d.noaoo- ^dr" ''.
conldbutlo to s na&oEs mmoelitv€ness and orcqress
Chaoter 3 - lltanaoho Healthcare
16 To wha(e{entwas promolinq a hea thv ifestv e among S ngapo@ans effect ve
manaqing healhclre nS ngapore?Expain ioul
tterh e do.. Dd a.olc n .a'dq-9 6rr
-, i",i-,i'.i
"i -r,.", *." 'oo:"1 es,o 'npnaq';":-e np"o rona'ndrnF F<oo bi o
,.l^r.r'." or'"ioo ."" o"- 6rhd' ep'opFcl'
sooo 'crn rr^e
"i"'--.. medra
rhdt mav rcdu'e rhP
.'""".* ,i..,..a ." tt'" nd'v dud s a;d w" iTpa'r ldvourablv on rhe sovc'nm'nt as thav
ne;d notsubsidisero a lalge exr€nt
;;_ i." ,",,..- on or Med<a'. - naacano 6.th a c n 1d"po e rhF
""-'-*. *tr-*t"*" * the leople share fte costs ot hdallhtdrc * h the qovcrnmeni
;;;;:;,:;"r;' ro rorrtm rr." qo'iemr-'. bu,dcn or pcl'ns 'o' hpahhcare <ani-es
healthcdre b;(ome ; sl.r€d irv hcrebv rhe govP'1merl need not dcp4d o1
r:'sina Lares to Dav lor ris fq 1 'esponib
r !
'","i"ii.",lpr
onrio-ion' "n 'o h.rv6d.cFd o(nq
,^;.;;,;;;
n".,.- " -.
".* .a-*" ,
diemoiherapy(or cancer patienls) aid medicaiion lo contro hiori bood prcssure
r. Resructurino nc" G- r ''qapot "
o orq ro pero -rn '
-." '.a -,.i.t. ^o
- ; .. " " -" "' h idou'o spLrhopitals ro 'mprovewdv dpp'nderce onquahtv orsedi' e
l_etr nandqemenl
ir€ govp'nnent
and c;nlnue ro cut dow" on -rncccs<arv cosr' ln tlB
ro. help rhen m'n'mised. -o F ne1 noeprdrc a''e -'o po Jed
i^"".i-".'s""a *.a* or d,'cro q orere' -"
qh c nonp ol olD''o o n"'"oFd b ha
;. .,.... 'o"n
-,"
'hoso'"rsooroo o e o' Hoor"
d_d -.o, qo.o ra roo.hF.ar 'an!ra'oq rlrio q6^ '!

6. h ndran€ (han help lo lh€ Brl sh
i"*. rn"r rn" e'l"t NHS is more ol. hndrance.s the lnancLa .onlrbltons to |re
Naionar fsurance contbdons has ndreased snce 2oo3 That ncreased the buden for
everuone .nd r did n lhe qualtv ol lhe NHs Ali are requiGd ld
cont;ibule bul nota Equre medica lreahent so lhe compusory conlribulion can be a ong
tern linancia burden afd lhe sluaton s worsened as lhe contbutbn rncrcased
.ne'eoo, nes "_Nl. . r"fl.e,p-ol 'd nrh€.I'ats-1"rcr a B o 'l
"", b' i" -ar,m B al ^h s no^ pa,nq'o r .l' - ' o b'
rreared abroJd There ae many slores aboul Brlans undeFequipped and overburdened
D,,"o ee b€.c rF 1"B s 'l, 1<l'o'oorF hFato d
*.--.-".
"noFaoed " "prorh€B
i pdop''^|d^or'
'B
hearth.are n many situalons lhe NHS s always avarlab e lo prov de lhe ftst hand bas c
r€arhenr and t ever lhe oalents a€ nol satsled, |rev can lurn io prv6te but more costLv
med alh€ p .Referlo your lexlbook for lunh€r delais ll
Thercro,e. lhe Aritsh NHs s lery b€ierclal to lhe people. especlalv the owerincome
whal exlent is try.g (o conlro spending on lreathcare a drfllcull.hallenCe of he
Hea lh SeNice n Brlain? Explain youranswer
Trying lo 99!trql$e!di!!,qlhc4L1h@I9 is a difiicu t
challenae oithe NHS in Brlain. This is because under lhe welare system lhe
govl is expecled lo make heathca.e avalable to everyone free ofcharge
Ths meanl lhal peope do nol havelo pay forlhe medca lrealments lhal
they receive when lhey are atlended lo by doctors al c nlcs or
hospilas Even though the Brtish govt has put in more monev nto the
NllS. I ls nol enough to meellhe needs aflhe peope Brlan s
expenencino an increase ln the demand lor heallhcare wth the srowing
fumber oithe eldeny Popualion growtlr has sLowed down and the
numberof peope payng tares also reduce overlime Togetherwlhthe
advanceme.t n medicalscence and slate_ollhe an medlcai equipmeni
used n clrnc and hosptals the costs oihealhcare are sp 6ling Ths
requires a ncrease ln NHS spendinq by the go!'1 This s going out or
contro Whef heallhcare costs ncrease the qolt has lo co ec( more
laxes lo payfor heallhcare Thus to contrcllhe increase rn spend ng bv
the qovl in heallhcare there was an increase nlheNatona lnsurance
cont butions in 2003
ncrcasind efticiencv s a dificu I challense as the NHS n
Brilaln This is because lhe grownO numberofelderlv wil def.leyrequrean
ncrease in the demand ior heathcare Atthe same lme peope
expect belter treatmenls The NHS has Srown very alge bul lhere are stiL
nol enough resources lo cope wilh lhe demand Forexampe there are

7. lnsufiicienl doctots nurses and faci I es in hospitals for surqe'es
Th!s Io
...'r.*r o.* I
a d'1 -r 'l'arc op n'PS o
jn rdorlo. o ovoinq """p". selr'6 s r o 1.u r 'na reroP loo !P
'r.a
""eo
I
n ease n demdrd;ver r-- vpo " po rosndr peoplc'Fltw.. ooohave to
sl;n;;s w thin the N Hs F; example the people or B'ilain onen
;;itr.r a Lona iime before.ecevnq medical trealment' Thls the _o
* i"o'-i'.".'q,"'". qitor'"o'r. r '
s"i,in s"t'ths " 'rleng' 'o'r'onr
r ne.,trc r e.,o'o.u" o- p'ov o nq quar r. eN ce ro
.,,*. o6LdFon h'irotn
", " " ;* d o t plrn o op !6, ourr'rv,eN re D ourrinq tr'
;",i."*,;d. "'-".-."
;;e.' ol lne Dd r"lrs d' lr " rop p o r/ 'll'-ase m'a'L'e' how
.:","inq"r'' 'e" r".0oo 'orlqa dI qdtu'careo{ Lh hd6'ge
the o5i fdctor You.selfl)
2(b) Encouraqinq sel!.e iance s to manage Sinsapore s hea ht**y.t"",I j
aaree with ths statement'
Ths is somewhal s miar to o!r Prelm paper. Reie'to vour prelim exam handoutror
answers ltwas qiven oulwhen we wenl throlgh the sEQ section
Chaptei4: Conllict in Multi_Ethnic Socielies
CND: d n sri]
ro rhe onn
does the lack of oPPoduntlles ror unNec ry edu.atLon.onrrbure
I
"' sn d6'ad d 6
,-- r",.li t*-* r;eairned rhe tPnsons beMeen rh! r:ro orcyor
..- ir,! 't'" -rai'
i".rrit"rr '.t o.v @ 'ntensi'Gd
;;ii;;;;"8"J---ij c.n was b*ed m fr*r.q,'''the,::alTl':::,1:i:
d
r FoJc
;;; ffi-:;" -;, or rar 5 io.i- dnd <n oeqd'rLoe' crYo
"hc
-iL -* "" .*."r-". q ,r+i.o...*
;;-".i;it;h",;."
""
+m*.4 aas -0, p.oolo re.o,ha' nb-'. n'q.
,i.i* n-, .. o_o -6.ou.c o po r€ Fdd" lonou or'o ran
.-^.' -."rrr,- rr" n rhe -' "^ le5 e
,; ,i." - ;;'; . r"
' /o rh<'hF
o '' €
,; ",.i ;.'. r"r' truden>r'oa''eao-dc
.drces;iie more sinharese voulhs were abl€ to enler the universties
Ref€r roydur sec 3 f e(aLlrR - 4 in dsrdop .€h€hber2) fo' rle orher fa'ror3
l(b) consequendes of the .onfict n sri
seforc lhe connd SriLanka seen as one ofthe roLe mode countrv for manv deveiopng counlries
;;-M ;;i; Yew n the l e5os wanted lo model sinsapore aner sr Lanka This altracted a ol
of ioreo- nr"'- en q ro
e-'*i"-,-"o!."..rt lo'e'q.Interuenrion Th6lon '4bc$Fdn hb(i hd6€c d
13m cdnmun ^"
lies ed lo the nvolvement or Lndia One or(he reasons was lhe Tamls n Sr Lanka

8. Quc ls llc !!!lllq! rore sn nvestors ost conridence n sri Lanka rhev were arraid or os ng lhe r
irveslm€ni in Sr LafkaTlrey decLded lo ook e sewhere lhan Sr Lanka lor nvestmentsThe
economy suflered bady due to lrr s
Eefore tlre poiaid many lob opponunites were avelabe n sr Lanka as louasm rndustry was
rlruirg flregn countres and loca s were rnvesling n s. Lanka Due lo Julv 1943 conl cl manv
facroras and .ompanes were burni rrlany busnesses especaly by foregn€rs cosed down lher
Thrs meantthat llrousands ol taclory workerc and planhtof work€rs ost the rlobs
Belore lhe conflct one of the malor source ol revenue for SriLanka came trom lourism Tou sm
thus was a key p aver in lhe qrolvth of lhe economy Due lo th€ .oin d counrries discourased ther
pedple irom travelng io Sr Lanka Toursls w€.e a os heslant lo come to Srl Lanka Thls llrerc was
a d6slc fal ln lourish'induslry resu llng n unenploymenl and os1 !r in.ome for Sri Lanka The
€conony was affected badly
larkans
Sh Lankan Dnveh aDt ofthen hames Esr'rate.r 65 0r0 Sn
shtt rcrnain as efugees A HSZ (Hi.Jh Secunty zonas) was set up by lhe S, Lank.n amvta k"ep
a'rtrh€rl7E lhe ao.ess is c.ntrclled In lhese.tu.s fhe Sn Laokan a,ny.ccupied tarye p.t1s
at lhe Ianitdaninated ateasn the nanh and easl atSn Lankaand h 1995 nany Ianlts tted ||hen
lhe Sti L.nkan amy cane 1 ilany peaple naslly T.nts arc stiltliving in oveEt.Ndad canditions
in Egugec catnps at wth etaliv.s an.J hen.ls.fhts leaLn.nt af the Tanlls increases h.sntiq
.anbbuling t. the vialence tn sn Lanka
Anolher outdome ol lhe conlLicl was loreign intery€ntion The conil.t betueen the Sinhaese and
Tam commuiles ed lo the nvovement of nda One ollhe relsons was lrre Tamls n SriLanka
had comelrom lnda nlhepast SoneTamls nSriLankahadfedto nd a lo take reluqe nom the
lghnng whl€ some Tam s n lnda provd€d suppod and shel€r lo lh€ LTTE
qovernmenl d€cided to inletoene Il senl ils ioeiqn minsler to sr Lanka 1! medale n a daogue
belween lhe Sinhaese and the Tamis The dalogue, however failed n Odober rsaT wh€n the
Tani T$ers faied to ruLy su(ender their w€apons the lnd an lroops took conlrc
F6no.r.berlgsTloDecemberl9S3mostorthecashesnlhenonhafdeastorsriLankawer€
q'orF"drl'e c i o"
Tefsons behv€en lhe snhaese and the Tem s ed to thc formation or the LTTE The
unwlingnessoflheSnhales€edqovernmentlomeetllreiilalpeaceluldemandsoftheT!mis
resuLled nthe formllion ol Libelaton Tigeu of Tam EeLan LTTElelthalonyamedstrugge
aqansl the sr Lankan sovetument would enabe them lo acrrieve lrre lormalion ol an rndependeni
Tenl homeland in the nonh and east of the country Besdes atl.cknq lhe S nhaese lhe Taml
IigeG aso altacked Tamilmembers ofthe poLcefor.e TamlmenbeG a.d supponers of lhe rulng
parly and lami polltcans who did nol supponthe proposed separele stale vmenceddnolcome
ony nom the Tamils The Snhaese.Lso showed ther hoslily lowards lhe Tamls sometrmes
rhroughvi!enceThereweremanyncidenlsofviolencebeiveenl93landlga4DurnqlheJuy
1933 rols 13Sirraesesoldersw€rekledbytheTan Tigers rhe rols spa.ked a dng.tued
confict beftveen qovernmenllorces and the Tami ligerc
'Ihe !]]9I9-!9iE!5 !!!!!9!tC of lhe conai.l s the fomalion of LTTE. FoGigi nledenton led
na nly lo a como.onise ol Sr Lankassovercontvwhlearned.onlictledlomassvebGakdown n
Law and order n sr Lanka The ndian government intefrened manly due lo the unrcsl n lhe
counrry Thus Lnlemsollhe mpact amed conficlwoud have atlecled a lol more peope whicrr
hake ir a moG hahlul efiect lhan torelgn nleru€nlion ror lhe vioence ol armed contli.l spur€d
greater vloLence and h.sliily wh ch ed to many p€op e being k lled a.d p.operly d€slrcyed vioen.e
aso hampe€d loursl adva s nc€ touism w.s one ol lhe man income earne.stor sr Llnka, re
la r n lourisl arvas led to a oss of lobs n sr Lanka and a laLl n earn ngs

9. lrie Un versity adm ss dn c.iteri! respons b e ronlibuln9 o
'n
Lafka? EXPL. n You.nswer
Pefz. ro 5ec 3 f'
"!
'our
to the callrolc cause n
i llii",n",n.,"" lh. rn.q s mo,e or a threat as the RA was radical and woud no reslate
-d.nqorn.-r6atb€o.opd o'I'P'p br o
"-..'"" 1""'i; i,- .'-"" .r-o
,,:;.': ";" ;'. ,.","."
"r
a ok -' r;'o' o"t iotaF81<u" '-,odF coooro rd
Fd
bno
..,,...,* "- . @ oFo qro ro d PoF'ra-n a lhF 'o ' or d"r'r '
iliilii.li o"-a"irn. Jrc"rnl ; ioo rhus such lrorent acts drsrupt peace and stabiritv as werr
-i ..,iri- ""x",.t,r" c,ihorics hoser€vPnqelul rd'd< suppo*d blomes awarenc<sro
priqhi rRA was idise
bv lhe ts'{ sh
u.,.-,.'. *"n .a*t *t' "l<o reluJ rn o' Cdtho ^
r,.y u" 6n" u"t "r uiot"nc. L"ads to anothera.d therewould not be anv p€ace
":lil"ll" ,".,"" ", ,". asains h' ccrhorir
,r'"" **,"*-*" '^^ rhe hole *ord ro fte o'scnminrt'on
-". ;,;;;;;i,;i";;
"ii1.i.i ; * *- a-' . "
or
'
ii",.i.'"r"."'"' "rr,.q o-' dd b rhee'I Ia' d-d
i'n€, roms of d "" '
'i".'".1 ir'" rdr *" t'ao to raise r;solvethe problem in a peacerurmannerasthevare i'
Lr"ii"J-x'"qJ.. o"r"-ui"rce itto
'publicitv" shich would be an embaiiassment to the
ir'" p"oii"i,v". rr,. rar *t"o a rav or hope or an avenue to th€ cathoLics to 'elease th€ir
lij' r""*, "o*,0"*,n" ooLcvorminoritvrepresentaron
Expla yo!r answer t12l
n sinsapore? n
and coheson ln Sngapore This is
idod6-o tinonw,eo'.."nruton ensures socralequaltvarc nade known to the sovemnent
beM;;;*rems aid reeds or be ninontv groups sociat equatjtv and cohesioA in
iiii i",ia n'., *ag'*a tneir inielesrs. rhis e,sures
qrp<,ro'/qo,P o.c
t.,*'i*'".
.,i"Li-,.,* a-.,,a,n".no,r. oo.o l'e"- o'_"' ou' orv"on oo , ocvP
-nd,nc 'o DReorernu or CoD(vo Go c61o'oaodqof o^n'eo"'a'orio o-6
l'..en.,
.'-",", q".p ,<" F.ed l-. ron nt
qroupsl ri e.ises tat no raca or relisLous sroup s dcadvantased
".a a d "iqo
as a resuLl or a aw that s
n-<ccd n PJ Lmenl Ine -P "n. re. rhc a "" r o"e d r"
GRC syslem ensureslhallhe n norty raclaLgroups are eprei'n
B"ld!g4ja!!!?!!€d!! *
socia equ:itv.nd coheson ii slnsapore This is because
ta-;" " *tionar identitv, we a.e united throush the strons bonds and will
"nslres
"h-.
be more dindlul of the imporlance ot racial hamonv and the need to maintain lovallv lo
singapor€. For nstance m! limc aLism promoles equaltv amonq races where everyon€ has $e
--n,",r.t".* r.qro'e..ooatqouot-p'.'^one',re6-a'adu'd
.-,>- ol
"'iond oe
r" a. , gooo da-'
"
sdcarcohesonlcomrlonoractcessuchassingrngnalronaanthenandtakngthepedgenculcale
oy.ry and nalional pnd*lrLcri rn lurn lostersdda cohesion in mur elhnc Sngapore Moreover

10. sociarcohesron No one has an advanlage over as English sanofnalv€ arcuageforal ethnc
groups Hen.e. rhrough rhe above ways buidinq a naliona idently can effectvely fosler socal
etlin d s nqapore
rcfers lo the l ne and prace rhat peop e come logerh€r Th s common space provdes opporonties
for sngapo€ans lo nteracl Through this inleraclion, undeEtanding anong singaporeans
from lhe difierent races can bedeepened and the more open communicalion takes place,lhe
ess the chance of fights between peope, lherefo.e helpinq to ensure
Educational nsltulofs such as schools and teniary rnst(utons are opef to €very Singaporean
reqardess of lhen race, language or rcigon. Sludents rrom d fierent reces and Gigons sludy
logether Thedaiy nleraction lhatlakes place among studenls durng essons:nd schoo actvtes
provd€san opponunitiforfrendshipsio beculivaled and slrcnglhened The imp ementalion ol Co
n schoos heps lo promole coser bonds among youlhs from a races Trr€
variety ol aclvl es conduct-Ad durng CCAS prov des opporonites for sludents to work close y wi|i
Sludenls trom difteGnl races come logelher lo pay qames and work
on atask Triis herpsto buid reamwork amon! rem
Here are tliree areas rhar have mpacred Nor.hern rreafd as a resun or lrre
Calho c conflicl poltcal nslab lny econon c deciie soca segregal on
Expta n yoLr answer
Poilca nstabllv
Poirca nsrabirly rias beef very derrmenrar ro This s because rhe
gavemnent now has to lace senous thrcats fron the terotjsts. thE ts devasiatirg tol
N ketand as conriiued fishrjig teatts ta danag* to propeny & toss of tives. li has
also niliErised the conflict & preven6 a peaceful solution to the Naahem hetand
6sue. Th€ Catho 6 decided (o padcpate n civi ighls marches lo put pressure on lhe N
reand govemmenl The slualon worsened when a peacelulmarch nr9T2wassholalby
rheBrirshArmyTheAloodySundayresulrednl3cvrransd4dTheCathoichomeswer€
a so sometmes perror'bombed by Prorestanr mobs Busnesses aid pubswhclr be onged ro
Po ce who witnessed these ncldenls
dd notdo anrhinq to srop Ihem t hevefalh nlhe Nodhern
reand governmenl Some de.ded lo slppod m ilanl groups such as. the IRA who are
prepared to useforce and v olen
The con,lcr has aso affected Nonhem ker.nd's eclnomic stabfty oomestic, foreiqn
lnvestment and lourism decrined .s peopre were arraid ror their safetv and tosr
confidence in the economy of Northern kerand, as Nodhern keland lost irs €conomic
competitiveness down tor Northem lreland. Shoos aid
pq!! wlrich beong€d 1o Celho ics were aso burnl and bombed and the ocarpolce did nol
do an,4hifq to stop t Fore on-owned lactores shul down when vb ence inc€ased operatng
cosrs in Nodhern keland. The consianl threar ol cosl ol securly aso
resulled nlhe ossollounsmrevenueforNodhernl€landseconony Fufthermore thehgh
cosls or mainrenino the Bnlish Armv and orovid na compensaron ror the vcrims of lhe
contlcl aso added a huge strain on ls economy
Soca Seoreoalon
N rcland has aso suftered lrom socalseqr€galon as a resut ofihe Prolestanl Catho .
conflid People in Nofthern lreland have grown up in an atmosphere of tens on and
violence. This has led lo the lack of understanding between the cathotics and
Protestants, making it harderlo achieve peaceful solutions despite peaceagreements
in1993.TheProteslanisandCarhocsreceiveddfierenleducalon€achplasngthe.own
and condemning the deeds oflhe other Both Calho ics and Prctestanls have prejudrced or
fa se op nions and vews abour each other lor exampre, Protestant ch rdGn miqht think rh.r
II

11. ar catholcs supp.n lhe IRA or s a member ol lh€ LRA SimilarLl] some rsh calholc
chrdren rhnk ttut a LBril sh sodi€rs are bad or.ruel Ch dren like these
wilOrow up wilh
prcludces and stereotypes of th€ other groups probably passno it down lo th€r n
'
BXV
you aqre€ lhat lhe confLict ln sri Lanka was due to the snhaa
surelyyouo.edn zxp..t n rhis by nowt oth€& se, vou know wherero look
," .o^@ !--lr,
. "ra!r
Chapler s Bond ng Sinqapore
AQS
1 (a) To what eneni was ihe un vers ty admissron dteia polcv the cause
'r Lc a T pcr o d 5rb
Aqdin youore dn zxp.d in tils bynow Othe.wis€, ydu
itu) Hqs'e three wav= n wrr crr sinsapoG can encourase socra bond nq am.ng Sinqaporeans
a) Erhn c Lntearalion poLicy n pubichousng
b) opoo''on i'es prcuded bJ €du.rtonal ns rulons
.r Rae oaved br nterPaoa confiden.ecr.es(Rccs] oaoo'F"n''o"r'o
n*. ',**,^".t o'qa'oq
^"."
ord ffe€nL rar a gdups a drm.uft.halenqe'n
m!ti-ethn c sinqaPore?
vardqnq p. -oron or ofl.F oo.p b odooF Ihs is
r""",i:"*r" uir or ,.aeiir,.oi.g 'a monq the ta.al qrouo< can crcaie s-spL'on a-d
Dle lcaa'nq ro outo'eal. ol
s can be;,{ly tro.e. *t'.r tre pe'repiions ol d'trerelt rac'al sroups d'e nol
'qa;-.
mari'aiea property.,ror i,.stance. lhe ant PAP campaLgn orsanized bv some uMNo eaders n
1e6a;ou;d mh;tp res amonq slnsapore Malavs towerds the PAP Even with 'easslrances
nosnrdbeen'q oi a'" " 'or I ee a "doc'ao"roo'ooer' and't
/ ** -; - o opc ad cD6rd o
-.
dffer€nlEcL! sroupscanbeabgthGatloSnqapore
TransnalionaGrorsmisalsoabigchal€ngetosinqaporesmuli_elhncsocetvThissbe'ause
itlinG"t tt*iut uo.a. or sinqapore rhis th.eat must be handled 'arerulrv as it 'an
cause social division wher race and religion mav be used lo creata disharmonv among the
ditfercntethnic qroups. For nstance dunnglheJemaah samLvah {J )aresls n 2001,th€rerc€
mred reaclons;mo;q lhe peope n snsaporc rhese showed an u.genl need 1' ensure lhat
snqaporesso.ia doh,sonwasiolaftectedbyfteJ arcsts Hence lheaboveclearvshowshow
iransnarona letronsm can be abq threatlo sng.por€
Manaqno perceotions ol differenl ieiaous orouos s aso a bg ch.l€nge to siigapore This is
b*"" dlr{**n" religious b€liefs and pE.tic6 e s$6 that €n d4te tereion

12. afrong the people in Singapore. lr relig ous issues were n01 hand ed carelully, hoslilily and
distrusl dou d occur, lhus afiectins the relauonships among the dlfferent reliqious graups
FornslancerheMaraHeroghriotsnl950Ledlovroence.deslrucionanddearhsTrreMaaysrei
lhat the Brlish eqa system was unratr to Mus'ms and eta aled aganst (h€ ELropeans and
Eu,asians Hence the above c eady shows how mproper managemenl of d ff€renl €ligous qroups
can b€ a bLothreallo snqapore
2b Buildng a naliona idedtly js crlca n mafaging ethnc diversily rn Snqapore Do you
asree wlh th s sratemenl? Exp a n your answer
Buldno. nationa denlitv s crtca n managrng elhnc dverslty n Sngapore
rionaL identity, we are united lhrough lhe strons bonds and will
be more mindful of tbe importance o{ acial hamony and the need to maintain loya ly to
sinsapore. For nslance mull4aq!"tr0 pEmoies eqlaity smons mces wherc everyon€ has thF
opporlunly (o sLc.eed lhrough merl €gadess oJba.koround sinceeveryone rsseen asavaued
memb€r of sngapore. a sense of nalonal dently as singaporeans s crealed whch alows for
socra coheson connonoraclressuchassngngnatonaLanlhemandlaknglhepedge ncucate
lDyalty and nalion:lprd€.wrrLch nlurn fosler socia coheson nmu$€|rncsno.pore Moreover
w lh bi noua sm Eng ish s used as the anquaqe inkinq lhe d ff€rent elrrn. sroups lhus r.slernq
socalcoh€son No one has an advanlaqe over il as Enqlsh s a non nel v€ anguageroral e(hic
qrcuDs Hence throuqh lhe above ways buiding a nallona idently can eftectvey fosler soca
cohes on n mul-ethnc sngapoG
sarequard no the nleEs!! ai !!c 4t!!r is a so crlica n manas ns elhnrc d v€rsily Ln
sngapore lhis is because ithelps slngaporeans to cope and competewith each olheron an
equal rooung, thus promoting a healthy social .ohesion in Singapore.,The poLlcy ol!]lre!1!
represenbton rrrrough the Presd€n(ia councl of Mnorily R€hls (Pa/Rc) and Grcup
Reprcsenbldi Consttuency lGRC) alows for llre con.ems and needs ol mrnonty qroups lo be
known lolrre govenmenl.@
'nade
qta_Ie&]! slq lq!t! St!! Self-heLp,-gl!!!! Lke lh€ CDAC and Meidaki help m€mbers or
lhenowncommuntywhoa€essloronat-atoSeiadandsupporllhsensu€slh3tpeoperfom
rhe m norly groups s lbe ab e lo mprove then socia lnd econom c pos liois n the socely Hen.e
rhrough rhe above ways, salequardng the nlerests of the minoity g@ups can eneclv€y rosl€r
socarcohes on in mu I elhnicsnqapore
relers to lhe lme and place ihat peope com€ logether Ths common space p.ovdes oppoirunties
fo. Snqaporeans 1! nte,acl Tbrough this interaclion, undeGtanding amonq Singaporcans
lrom lhedifierenl Eces can be deepened and thc more open communication takes place, the
ress rhc chance of fighls belween peopc, lherefore helping to ensure socia cohesion.
Educal on. nsrrur ons such as schools and led ary nsllulons are open to elery s ngaporean.
regardess ol their race. anguage or GLigoi Studenls irom dillerenl races and re gons siudy
rogerh€rThedaiynteracronrhalrakesplaceam!ngsludenlsduringLessonsandsdiooaclvtLes
provides an oppoduiiry fdr niendshlps ro becurlvated and slf€ngllrened
Th€ mplementalon ol cocuiricur Aclivlles n schools heps to promote coser bonds amon!
youlhs irom aL ra.es The varely of actvlies conduci€d durng CCAS povdes opponlniles for
stud€nls lo work closey wth and understand one another Sludenls irom dfieEnt,eces come
roqerherro pllysamesaid workon stask Ths he ps to buildleamwork among lrrem

13. Revision lvoles tr'Epress) Th e he : M a n aqi n q I nte rn atio n al Re ! atio n s
ideo ogical difiercnces lhe mal. cause of confi.i
(GEs)
countrieswith difiorent ideolooi€s are usuallv suspicious orone another as rhev
rear thal lhe other side wil lrv io chanoe lhe r wav of ile The confl ct between
Norlh and Soulh Ko€a tookpacewhen Nofth Korea suddenty invadedlhe South
wth the aim oI reuhiry ng the lwo sides. Nonh Korea is @mmunist whi sr Soulh
Koea Ls democratic. Trr s red to the USg6ivanizing the Uniied Nauons into
defending Soulh Korea, as theywere afEid lhai itSouth Koreaierl thjswoutd Lead
to an expanslon and spread ofcommunism inAsa Thereiore the Korean war
o@urcd because both colnties wilh difierent ideoloqies see thal lheir ideotooical
Conflict amona countries haopens because of disaoreem€nts over sfu
!9999999. This is esp@iallv it these scarce resources have an ihoacl on the
muntry's economic developme.t o. survival An exampe is the conilct between
lcea.d and Brlain ariiain and other European counties @re oveFiishinq near
lceandic walers lceland was very woiiied about this as she has few naru€
resourcs ahd depended on ihe lishing industry for he. s!tuNal. The conl rcl arose
when celand e{ended ils zone of conlrol over the fishing grounds cetand was
altempting lo co.hol the numbe. ot lrawleb in the waier m order lo prolect the
rishing supply Britain did not asrce wih tceands exlension and rerused lo
acknowledge lhe new boundary as it fetl lh.t rcetand had no riqht io enend their
sonF,e o co.,or B r! n. r; h,e"- . ,ni-.--
,r,,s rea ro
clashes between rceand s ".
Coasl Gua.d and Brilish iishins lrawl,ers Both bamed
ois
each olher fo. llre colhs cetand f na iy broke ofi dip omat c I es w lh Bria.
Conflictoverteiiilo.ies lReter to out schoofs Mid yeat exan papet

14. Twh:texeni G reqio;alsjlEis-glsltb dependenl on ASEAN
oopla on r 'o aivfun *e DN
oi,"-..^,""',d<F^era're
o rnsr
'e
aoo n ' onom !
aconomic srosth to the reqion ?'
q,rg h;i " 19:l.:t::lll^:l:::.."- ,^,," ."" ASEAN
rsearl i! idiiiG i. 'or6s a-oout "" nrn
are raoe w ^ I'e
;;;""' ."' '"' -'coop";red wr"'ac" orner ro'dc'r
,.; o;,.."N . " dso asraoisr"eo r6s wrl orns trres ad a Porn ASFAN
drrs^ o
Japan lot nstalfts ned
",.--. i,o" . n ,he; "ou'rts lave bere ireo I om'vpreo
;";;.;;-. i",.,
t""
'"0'"" rhe r€n{o' or rP'hlorosv
rr.. -r.- r"-. {sFA 's af6cnve 11 oa.orng rbo-r economrc growrh o lhF
;;,.;;;","*,"'@
anlit lnviiiiiand lrese investors have neloed to sustatn tre r*ions economc
s!ss$.
AseAN is not etf€ctive brinqing about economic qrowth to the region ll s
i.
poi .iro''pute',mong reabe count Fs nrl'
"."4*" ' L"-r-s -ror
,'"i^," '-"*r."lr" e.onom( o oqr,n me res or 'orF a-ol' r'orqoinq
"o'
;-n., dsolG beNee Srnqapo'e rro ,la'cv:d 's ovFr P6o d Brarca odoblems
todor
.. --r,l't.-*"0. rheie dFao'ee-elF choo'e Io dr' J' I en
ir,-uon -"qotraro* a.o ec1.g!. lhey.omelrmes ieeo'o see lne hFp oIolhP
r*.-.' ;' I'e Nd,o'nle| r'onal !o_i or -Lsu''lc l
'"i.."., -a oio .e _la.c" Ihic q' ow_ Ihal AcFAN rr_fs lFe powF lo dealw h
. . r" ." "'cn
.e' or,5 ss-es l;al ir"M n"a!:r !9l]Jrres ls J4r qL !9!ce ureqs Fates il
v In I n
ro.*.. err"-re rlrlqo.rc* wl"rchwir:gr'crrfp'K n" dqcEion pohncal
'"roi.
:i;t"4!e:eg'.. suot ;$]?ple rurmaie ' vesloB
6@
binqDsabgq!!!a!s!143lq!4[19-1!gCai9!
r.ro,nd reoton.l relatrons ihrough ASEAN is not the only medts ro dchreve
."""..i'" or"*rt''o, 't'" Forging brlateral and ihte.nalronal relalions
ro achie;" econom'c growrh Fot ")rmpl. sinsaDo'e s
"i. "t'", i.""'.
"qion.
;ilateral relations with chlfa have opened up new trading opportlnlles ls
bilaleraL retalons wlth Gemany have iacilllated lEnsler of skils and technoLogv
;en4een lhe 2 countLes Thus. bv estabhshino ooodwilihrouqh b laleral relatiqns
asLAN -ounrrFs t'au. o".r aore 'o .e.ure o'tFr 'raoe oeals a4! !9!a!i!!!!.
ol rE t'qhlv pe "ond ndr-te ot s- 1 reldrons'D seco'dlv
"..;+
riLernationat retatlo s torseo through Lhe ASEAN counure UN membetsh'p
6lso sionificart in bir;qing aboul economrc growln to the teg'on To
's ;en S,noaoo-.i.5 rcn6orF.J'r rgbq wa.ove Pp hpror'F
nFDandddrre
","-"te11 ",p"-. on econom( de,-oone1, r"
ou 1;E
i ro
I'noroores I ddrnq eE.ot rn. rs ne€loours 'n A5LAN dhlh I er pro_o"_
e o"no_c arowrn o .ne 'egrcn l!!3 !] lra!l!l!!! i:-E!r?!!!al-gclion
;6uoh th;r UN membershia, ASEAN counl.ies can be ensured afd oi oeace
]lllc!9@-liir i. t,," h" 1""
".

15. On (3) Her€ are {hree ways in wh ch Singapore can deter
iolaldelence
Which oilhese s the mosretiective way oiderenino aqgression?
Expa n Volranswer (JJ)
craqaoorcd.lenceindustrvI. a rnporalto-'Frpl A"ooror!ff; e
lo rey on olher peope for ourweapons we need to be abte 1o make the k nds ot
eq!ipmeni lhat are suitable forourpueoses. and to upOrade ourequiphent ke
ourFs-Erighlerjels Ourenemieswit lhen knowthal whatever rraooen our forces
w lbe welleqLioped and wi be a lormdabte opoositon lo them ifrhev lrvlo
attack fence thev wil rhl.k Nvice beiore anack.o S noaoore as thev knowrhar
lhev wllsufier heavv conseqLefces fthev werero afiack xs
llowever.lhe citizen armed force s also an etfecl ve wav otdeletrtnq
dl .r. rF c, r.5l ". at dDtc boo eo r -. rp. -,.e
miilarytra n ng, and even allerthey have fnished theirn tt me NS. they gel
more tra ning over lhe nexl lhirleen years So n addito. to its smat recular
armed lorces Sinoaoore has a taroe ooo of peoo e who are .eadv lo fiaht
I needed which means lhal t rs m l tar lv se f re ianl. so anvone lh f k nc ot
atlacki.o us wou d deinitelv have to th nk iwice
Total defence is an mportanl detetrent Srgaporeans have to be p.epared afd
sef relant n ant emergency The whoe popLtaton and noillsr the amed torces
have a pan lo pay I Singapores security Totatdetence is pan otoursef retance
lhrough: millary soca economc. civi and psychotogca defences l orcvides a
comprehensve and inlearated resoofse lo at kinds of threat and chatenoes
Flenc9oote!@
tEl 'a. - 1- p ,t14
h6, Ele l!!l!!Ie dton o -s( tne drmeo ro e
"t
Nalion s invovemenl in maiaging
youranswer usi s examp es
strcnaeAi;stioL.... '-
on (s) 'Ee]!Ec{EE!!! 6lhe on yway to ensure lhat Singapore,mainta is
her sovereianlv 'Do you agree? Expla n youranswer
(sss)
Self sLffiqiencv s in thewa! we can depend on ourseves Tt
;itzer armeo rorce
citzen armed force the lormAabe Srnaaoore Def
lormidabe SrncircE o@ncE norsrry a.d TolatDeierce
roe, - 6[.Ln,.ie.i ooeenq
onorF, c .F .. .j -qra .o e,pol - o d .,1d. o rrt d.o .r -nq6
L
tsence oolerll]ql4gqeslqs th Ee
!!!!!,-!419'llrql4Sqess!ls wi th nk tuice aboul alr&k na SinaaDore O;
altack 0g Sinqapore O;r

16. Herce. ootenl al aooressors w lLth nk lvvice aboul altackino S nqaoore Our
lom dable SAF is made up oi pemanenl as well as national seruice men AIL
bodies maes in Singapore a€ €quned b go lhrough a compulsory 2yearc or
miLllary ira n ng to keep themseves lpdated in miilary wafare and strateqies b
times ol crisis these men are able to dele.d Sinqaporeirom anv ootenlal
aaaressoG Rese0Fl trainrnos ensu€ thattheir skils and knowledqe are alwavs
uodated a.d refreshed learlv ntimesofwar Sinaaporewilbe able lo rela n her
soverelontv as our m ohtv armv wi be able to defeat anv aaoressors
(Camnentabout sinqaporc's Defence industry an.r Total Defence)
Dioomacv is anotheawav to ensurelhat S noapore mainiains her sovereiantv
because onlJ bv b! ldinq mutua lrusl and respeclwllcoL.tries coooeralewth one
anolher Thiswil e.sure lhat Snaapore wilhave frendswhen I s conlro ed with
a crisis Exampes such as BLLATERAL relalons/ASEANI UN are
on (6) wh:t eyrenl was.6nfid.ver leriiories the most
the lraq I uwa I War (1990 - 991)lE,prnyolr
Conllict over territories was ihe main cause oi lhe Gulf Wat fherc wete lensians
aver the nqhts al undercoun<l alJesg!!99s ?!7jl as the bg!.ies tnhqited
lrcn lhe Bnltst were nol well'defrned l.aq claimed lhal Klwail was depelng the
Rumaila oilfield tlrat tedlorialy was of kaqL slde of lhe boder Kuwail.eflsed lo
compensate raq ior ts economc loss as t claimed llrat it had only driled oi i.om
their sde of lhe field raq aso claimed some oi Kuwails letrilory (Bubryan and
Warbah islands) and wanled lo ease the sands n order lo creale bener
tdnsporl possbillres riom lraq Kuwail refused as il ieared hE r49!rEl!!e! lie
door for lu.lher letrtorial dehands fiom lraq.FaiLng to reach any slilabe
aareement lraq decided to alla.k Klwaillow n back Ihe iands
H istorical resentmenl was a cause ol lhe Gulf War Alhough aticially ltaq had
rccaghi2e(1 KoNalt as a savercign country nnevet.eallv acceble.l lhe state of
6!!!?!!ltaqstillfelllhalKu||ail@ashlslaicallvoaftaflraaand||anledloeclainil
as ils otrn Despile q vrng up its claim on Kuwail after tac ng pressure from ns A.ab
neghboursandrecevnsa a.se slm of mofey frcn Klwait thereweleslil
severa inslances where lraq lsed m ilary powerlo threaten Kuwat over border
conflict overoilwas aiother calse oflhe GulfWar in lhe Middle East /rao was
ohaqpt vtilh Kuwart fat tananng the quala set by APEC as il caused atlp.ices la
plonnet llfellthat Kuwait s action was equivalent la waatno an ecan.ntwaron
naa and lett thteatenedby 8!!94 raq had hoped to pay offils debl through the
saleoiol fowever Kuwal had produced oilwel above ts assrgned lLmts Asa
resut raq osta lol of €venle as 90% ot ts fcom€ czme frcm oi sale Bvcaim no
lhal Klw3rltry4 l95!!!5thl9 [pI redlcinq the oi pnces. wh]ch lead to economlc
d ffculties for €o raq decldqdlg a@!L&l!d!

17. fo fli-mdroJtraqnq rpacrolre
Iaq lo4lc ao/o zqc-r'1 hF.F{_ L.p"' ,oLrrn.^'l
The lEqi m ltan/ capabiltv was badlv desl.oved as coaltion torces had ullised
stale ofthe an weapons in th-An campaign aganst lGq troops The heavy losses
suffe.ed by lhe lraq s resulted in a loss ofmorale among lhe €ma n ng toops
Polrca ingta,biltv in raa arose as Kurds tried lo ovedhrow Saddam as lheylell thal
hspowerwasof lhe decline. llowever Saddam deat harshly wllh lhe uflsngs
aqainsl him As a resul. lholsands of Kurds were massacred and amost one
milon Klrd sh refugees f ed lEq
suffe no of lraois was aso apparcnl ope.ation Dessen Slorm resulted n the
deslruclion ofa large part of kaqi nfrastruclure A so. lhe kaqi peop e suffe€d as
thev could not ca(v oul lheir da iy aclivilles due to a distupted supply oi eleclrc ty
They also suffered irom a sp.ead ol diseases as the water supply n lhe colntry
The Regianal an.t Envrcnnentai tnpact was anothet .tanaging resuft af the ||at
The GurWat crcaled an envionhental Rtastraphe and also resuted tn. sevete
dtsptacenent al fo.elan warkets which created areal sufietiho lat then lanilies ba.k
b9A9 The haqtforces set frre ta Kjwaitiol wells dunped about ll
nthan barets
af orl nta lhe Percian Gulf, thos oreatlv lhtealeninq nanne hle and cost n ians of
douarc ta pul oul the:le'jrc! 9E?! h9 9J tlbL fhe displacenent ol lateqn
wo&ers was so seve.e that nealy 2 nllan foeign vtarkeE fron
(nane sohe cauntries) fled taq when wa. brckE out Wokerc suppantng large
lanilies back hane sDffered sudden tass al incane and created.treal solfernlt lar
Towhal ertent s the worsened realiohsh p belween taq and Kuwat
dle to the econom c problems n lraq ? (H )
Ecanodic p,oblens ia haq trcs o e o rle d lo hr '6d io a ad .pr io1
belween lraq and Kuwail bul il was not Ihe mosl impodant ^o lEq suilercd
lremendous Losses durnq the lEn-l.aq War belween 1980 to'1989. Nol only did
raq lose a ol oi lves t.lso owed US$80 bilion in debls 1o ils neighbouring
couniries as we as US and Frafce The reconst.uclon oi the waFlorn lraq
required US$230 b lion lo rebuid the country Thercfore lEq started lo envy
Kuwat as I was a icher stale as wel as lhe fact lhal Klwall dd not want to
w linSy hep raq n ts.econsiruclon angered Lraq thercby worsening relatons
The issue of oil prcduction w as also anotherfactor that led
kaq had hoped lhar by ea.n ng more revenue rrom the sale

18. colnt es ove. prodlced such as Kuwat and llAE and they gnored lhe quola sei
bv OPEC and produced oil wel above lher assqned limts Oi prices fel as a
€slllandthsmeanlthal raq osl a lot of revenue. Ihus. lraq fel frlslraled when
the over productm ol oiL by Klwail caused lraq lo ose profits and lhs furlher
worcened the relalionship belween lraq and Kuwail
rRe,e, ro ou, s hoor 5 rorF( fo' the lastfaaa,)
ne,l{ryi'. trrmlcrinies ttrat came about as a resu I of terforism:
Wh ch do you lhink sthe mosl serous oulcome? ExpLar your
(tl
came aboLl because acls of teirorsm woud have create rl
suspicon and lension amonq difierent E.es and rclao.s n 2006 due 10 the
reirorsm becomins imh nenl n ihe nternationalscene S ngapore s Prlme Mlnisler
launched ihe Commun ly Engaqement Programme to ensure that S ngapo.eans
are betler eqlipped lo mantain socialcohesion and harmo.y nlhesoicrss t
aims lo brng togelher Slngaporeans from differenl communilies logether to
strengthen nleFcommuna bonds Thereiore the socia mpacl oi terforsm had
created an envro.met!.9[ dislrusl and misundersrandino thal _re-slilte!|[
aolernmenls havrno lowork out oo ces lo helo mainla n harmonv
The nell impodanl faclor s oolitical impact Due 1o ler.orism. oovernmefls had lo
l ohten varous conhols such as stellino uo border secur lv to ensl€ lhal lenorsts
d! !S!9!19!1!!l!!qC!!ry, The borde. securily measures involved qrealer checks
on travelers dentites and belongngs slowng down mmigralon cea.ance in lhe
prccess litrusile eg s aton a med al counter ng teiroism lrad been ntroduced as
well AE ! resu r or this poL lica m oacl or teroism. oeop,!_e- !!! 19!! 1!!rd
and the.e was ntefse securitv creatina a sense of sLspicion afd dislrusl amonast
The least rmporlant fa.lor s lhe economi. impacl The Seplember'llatlack had a
lremendous mpact on the US as weL as the wodd lnsu.ance company had lo
accounl for a tota loss LJS$40 bil of I relaUon lo loss ol propeny and rfe
Funhermore lhe s!11!9..truLqsrL1!!L4OLqL!!qE!!! tic li! tq!t!!
tE
atlack as peoole were afraid offvina Because oilhls the covemment had lo slep
n to orcvrde economic hep to the a ne nduslru to prevenl airline cornpanies im
S!!!LnLag!r! t[]!e !]U-lUC!lt!!e ?t!!O?l[ To add on Io the sever ly or the s llal on
the Balbombing took pace n 2002 Ths broughl aboul a huae loss n fcome
earned oi loursm Many Ba nese osl ther ivelhood and once again I was Ihe
governmenl thal had lo come in to Iry lo releve the economrc lradsh ps laced by
the Balnese Theretore lhe economc impact of lercrsm lrad creared a sl@lo
where lhe qovemments oJ afiecled counlnes had lq dilel! Lls reso!rces lo he p the

19. eco.omv recover and lhis brouohl abour a linanci: .rr: n
aovernmentircmsoendinomonevlorotherourposes
'ncreased governmenl spend nq is lheworst conseaLer ee
L -r,or sr rlo^ xdoyo.igee L,pa. Jo-," s,e (lrss)
you,setf (No answer prcvided)..... _,:
On (11) "Fore gf inlervent on was more a hindrance than
a he pln tE tGq
rwr r, oltr.l jo rou dgrce -,pa,.rourri we (sss)
lwas a hindrance because the United Nations ileNention had brolahaupon
erven more oroblems which could have been avoided (Made mattersworse)
(Focused on the neqative consequences and retatethem to the potiricat,
economic and social impact whenever possible)
'Operation Desen Sbrm
Economlc and mlllary sanctions
- US s bombng campaign agafst the tEqigrolnd troops
Politrcal nslablily in Lraq duelo encouragement from coa itron eaders durng
Ope.ation Dese Storm
lA/eslern troops taken as hostages
I was a !9b as lhe ioreisn inreoenton had broughl aboutsome peace and
reso ltion (Focused on the advantages/ benefits and retatethem to the
poljlical, economic and social impactwhenever possibte)
Arab solulon lraq rcsponded iavou€bte to allempls by sooeArab teade.s to
cal fora reso ution to rhe..nlli.t
Operalon Desert Shield:sees more tha.30 coufl.ies lak fg paft in lhe coa rt of
by providing lroops mi aryequpment and money
use oi iorce managed to qet raq oul of Kuwal

20. on (12) elolo hpa or r r. drion.l le ro -
devastal nc on counlries? Explain your answer (YTS)
Teriorist acts brinq about an economic impact when there s a teiiorst altack
1ry991!at be ost buL dinosleropenv deslroved and businesses aflecled The
qovehment has to soend huae amounls of mo.ev to rebuLd the couftN. and lh s
neans lhat olher areas ol development I lhe co!ntry wou d be affected lhe a rlne
ndustry and tolrisfr were also badv h[. as maiv oeooe were af.aid of flvina
Moreover. the.q is oss of earninqs ior mafv oeooe invoved n the trave and
lourism lrade as man! lourisls avQd lravellino lo a counlr! thal has 9ltllered a
Ietro.isl altack Th s cou d lead to a ioss oi emplovtEll ?! ]4ell !5 !!!!qc !l
!!9rlesse!
Teiiorist acts put additional burden on the qovernnenl whch s expecled lo
he p ndivduas adversely afiecred by terforst acls
Tetrorsl acls can create a psvcholoqica lmoacl on the oeneral ooouLation Aiier.
letrorlsl act such as lhe Sepl '11 allack. people are shocked and mighl be feartulol
!ong about doing lhen daly aclvilles They nay be wor€d aboutJob securily as
therc woud be a ial in business/ nvestmenl/tolr sts elc Excessive iear and
pqGug-a.mav caLse a oerson to be ovenv susp_L9tals ?!d !3!1!9!!
that hs abillv to ead a norna lfe mav be comoromsed Fe.ce aifectina
Drodlcl v ly and effc ency al work or ever h s shess lelel and lhus qua!{t qL@
lnL ."n ro,er,e. rde he oLnr^ o5 ta_ a b' " orF
prcdLct&tv ^or[for.e
ferorisi acts resuli ln oss of innocent lives FahrLles lose oved ones and lh s
cadses !ule-!se, 9!Ig!!g Teiiorism can have an impact on communal
!9!e!9!S_E e qau l may cause susp c o. a!t!LG!sia! !t!!!gttic t?!!!s
ethnLc and relo ous grouos f u.checked. lhis cou d have the oolentia ol
deveopino into rols between difierent ethn c oroups Such tetrorisl acls aso have
lhe polential to cause cedain elhfc groups io fee la€eted as lhey mghl be
snged oll for ncreased secLrly checks or vewed slspcolsy by others n the
commun:ly Ths miqht calse a ieelng oi a ienalon and u.happ ness amonq this
qroupoipeope whch coud laLe a tolLon nalion b! ldina/rac a harmonv

21. Rev,sto" Nores f4EYpress) f h em e. S ustai n i n9 Ec o n a m ic Dev el op n enl
Here arelhree slraleqies used bV Sinqapore
opporl!n lies and overcome chalenqes n a
-Dive6itying the economy
Nurturing the gro!!,th ol smal and medlum ente.prises
r 1 '1- morl rroord. sror.o lo er5. e
cnqjpo-/o.
,ryh(h do
u<rarn 16'6 o.omr ce dlopne ,l d 9 ood s-q
'1
Eipanyoltq!9lyq
on (2) impact of q oba sation outweiqhs
wth ihe slalemenl? Explainyour
(AE)
frv it voutself (Similar to our Prelim eamiqation Gtobalisalioa brcraht aore
harm than sood)........
Qn (3) Towhatextent s Slnsapores abiLly lo suslarn lls econom c
aF.elopm-nrrn olob"l o ordduelo' F rrrrol F mdi
"
d1d vFd r F1l6 Dr.6 r<VT )) E Dld. /o. cn-Jer
(JJ
St!'lEs pay an impoda.l roe in S noapores economy Toda! SMEs make uo a
@ ToensurelhatsMEs
can conlinLe 10 conlribule lo the growth ofthe singapo.e economy. there are many
schemes n place lo assist lhem. Banks hale varous oan schemes cate. ng lo lhe
needs oJthe SMEs ln addtion lheAssociallon of Smalland lvled um En(erp.ises
(AsME)was sel up in rsa610 provde assistance to SIVEs New companies are
also granled lax exemplion on theirnrst $100 000 ncome for up tolhree years.
Nurlurno lhe arowlh ofSMEs promoles S noaoo.es deveiopmenl as these oca
businesses wlllbe able loqenerale emplovment for lhe cou.try.
Diversilvinq the economv ensu€s thal ihe S nsapore econohv €marns stabe n
the evenl of lhe downtlrn of one secior oflhe economv A slabe economv wolld
ensure susta nabe econom c develoomenl
Singapore aims to promole technooqy'ntefsve, higher value-added
manufact!r ng activ tes in the e ectro. cs. chemicaleng.eeing anrl eng neerins
rieds n addl@n. Singapo.e rs lenturng in(o areas like Llre Scences. whch
involves lhe study ofgenelcs afd developmenl of new medical treatmenls us ng
gene lherapy newdruSs and food prodlcls ihal have been geneticaly nodifed
Havlng v branl setuce sectors such as educaton. heathcare tourism afd ba.king
a so plays an mporlani role . increas.c SingaFores competilveness S noapore
s also be ng promoted as an eriucalion and hea thcarc hub Manyforeg.
un ve6iles have set !pUeir bralrcles !g!er Atthe same time people rn lhe regiof

22. t are coming to s nsapore ro seek medica l€almenl due to our hish standards oi
Venturinq abroad is anolher slralegy lo slsla n Sngapore s economLc
deveopme.t n a globa zlng world !ryith lm(ed 3nd and abour €sources
Sfqapore has to ook bevoid lls nalonal boundarv Ths s acheved lhrouoh
rea onalLzaiion. wh ch nvolves inleslinq in nearbv colnties thai have ab!ndant
land, lower abour cosls and new markets The S.gapore gove.nment and
Singapore based compan€s am to provde the lnfraslructure, expedise and money
lo develop fdlsl aLparks n host counires ln relurn,lhe host counlrles provlde
and and labou. iorSingaporean companies. Vent!.ng abroad helps to suslan
Snsapores economc deveopmenl as t opens up new markets and allow us to
overcome ourphysical im lalions such as sma a.d area
on (4) llere are lhree neqal ve effects
widen na ncome gap belvveen
envir.nmental.le.radario.
iil;;;i;;;ffi;;;;, serous etfecl ofolobalzation? Expla n
ql
(J
G obalisaron has raDrdv ncreased lhe income qalbe!4ec4h4lqlt a!!l
p99I natons t has esulted in rapld developmenl ln hany counlres
However t has aso nc.eased the spread ofpovedy n 6any other
countes The deveLoped nations are experiencing rapd income grcwth as
lhey own mosl of Ihe manufacllrng aclLvlies on the olher hand, the
deveLopng falions often iace kade barers mposed bylhe deveLoped
nalons They are not capable of prodlcing quaity goods which
command high p.ces and retch alge €ve.ue The situation ofa widen nc
income oao ooses a seious oob em lo the colnlries thal emb.ace
olobalzation as il nav adverselv affecl socialcoheson fnol prooenv
ma.aoed i ma! ead to manv olhersocia oroblems such as an ncrease n
tsowever globalizalon oflen leads Io a loss oflocalcuLture Globalsation
has rcsu ted . g obalbrands such as Siarbucks and McDona d dominating
lhe consumer markel n deveoplng countries These corporations wlh the r
standard zed melhods of operation have oltets lhal are denlica n
appearance n this w6y. these carporalons have created a homogenous
culture ac.oss the word and ercded the oca culture The loss of loca
cultLre ooses a se ous orcbLem to ihe counlrv because when the cullu.e 6
eroded I woud be d ff cU! !o re create Assuch lhe de.tilvorlhecount.v
destructive iorce to !he natural environment When
difierenl parls ofthe wo d many of them use

23. NatuE resources such aslimber oiLand melals al a Epid rale Atthesame
deveoping counvies are eaqerto ga n lhe economc benefits that cohe
with globaization Very ofien, the nat!€l envnonment suffe.s because
.r.6s. dd.etoping .o. rt es arA n o e
-or.p n6d w.h Fronoa,
dev€lopmenllhan envnonmenla proleclon. Envrcnmental deoradation
ooses a se.ious oroblem to the colnlr es concerned aswel as lolhe.esl of
lheword brino no aboul orobens lke olobalwaminq which has far
reachino conseqLences. Fulure oenerations w lsufier as a resu t ollhe
i.responsible actiofs oi lhe present qeneratiof
on (5) necessafr lo ensure economic
(uss)
on (6) Ercbi> nq niche induslres loeLralr/alion in devF oping
sper rir induslresd.ounlryisqoodat) c h-b--r^d,.o rtrrd
a.o10-1[,6adopro 6.o.orr d-v-too e I todrd.da/ou
asree? Expiain Vouranswer (USS)
rry ityoursetf (No arswer Frcvided)........
on (7) s able to help Singapore overcome chalenges
Do you agree? Expla n vour answer
(sss)
Lbqst!s3!s!9 s9!E Cnlole because berno lhe caretakers or
lhe cou.lrv- ihe qovernmeit must know howto pan and alocate limited €sources
and come uDwth Dractca and lono-teh soLulions ioi
chalenoes n a a obalisna world A Knowledge Based Economy {KBE)requnes the
S nqapore workfo.ce lo learn and appy knowedqe as Singapores competilveness
w I depend on its people s knowledge crealvit, and innovalon With R+D
Srnqapore is abe lo develop ils own talenl poo aod lechfoogles and create new
and belter prcducts The panfe.ship oi S.gapore ocal enterprses with natona
research inslilllions wllcreate new ideas methods and prodlcts lhat can be so d
in the world ma,kel. lnternallonal padnershlp bendee. S ngapore and China, tnd a
and Germany promole Science and technology exchanges. which n turn
strenglhen Singapore as a KAE. as vitaland useiu resources and infornalon are
needs the coopeEtion ofthe SMEs
- need brave new eade6 io venlure oveBeas
need the qhl lvpe olforeiqn talent
tEIEq4t!9 lllportance ofthe remainins parties above)
lr

24. on (8) 'GobaLLsation is more a hindrance than a heLplo S noapores
economic suNival ' Do vou aoree? Expain youranswer
Try ityourself (Similatto ou.Prelin exami.atio": Globalisatior brcught norc
harm than good but the focus ofyout answet sholld be very much
Sihqapo6base.l- Must look at Sinsapote's vulnenbilities Es Snall & Open
econonv and aDDIvlhe aclvanlaaes & Droblems oI qlobalilalion accodinal
' r iTFr€yement in the 6radards 6. ivinq i6 tl.e biqqedtimFa6l6l
9!9@lE4roF+dy99 ag€€@YoKs)
To whal extenl isdversifyng the ebnomy the mosl eilective wayto
ensure thal Singapore remains competitive in a globalising wond?
cGs
Readthesptendidanswetptovi.led......,........(Donthavetoptovideallthe
examples. Just pick o.e example for each splanationl)
on (10) givsifo rFqlhe€soFri6 rh+bes{ sl.€leqyl6ssuresinsap6ret
Explai+yH
'ln assessng iheefiectiveness of globalisalion. there is a greater
impacton ihe economy ihan on the environmenl.'Do yo! agree?
Expan yo!.answer (CGS)
Read the sptendid a,swer provi.ted,,, .,..,, ,....,.-(Don't have to provi.le all tha
exanples. Just pick one exanpte fot each exptanation!)

25. on (9) rAn ]RFl]rt€rrsli4th€ slsdarrls oi livic€j;ri€+€€€s+epa€t€i I
cl9bSliialrg!+yole9€!:4qF ro Jj|lwer- (ye(q
To whal enent s diversting the economy the most efiective way (o
6 rurc,tdr. nodporo p c .orpp tE n"9oo"h.r1q(o,o,
(ccs)
Readthesplendi.tanswerprcvided............-...(Don'thavetoprovideallthe
e1q'ples. Just pick 9!e exanpleforeach exptanation!)
Bindq{. p'o rr*3r6nPeo ai5wA
^x{do
co we;6'reman@m@"{ nton Eduy
siven rador aEdher6dors lNo h _l
9A
oesqi6ds qivei racro,. Alq orher bcrors tNo ni ro quesr onar
Erp ahs qivddracro,, qaotherhdors
l"-
4totutcrqLalL
rA srar) E!: :d up b b!rd !p sns:
ponord r!0 esard resois 0qt w be btr r n Maia 3a! aid

26. fheeta'e di!43 ritebe eMt s decrve lay ro marc !r!l
9E
.p,1,"trd
9A
SiBlteE Eanils le

27. s!
aqEemc s c-rat !ir dss coudros srqaDo4 [as aiso mmnred
AE
Deleopned ao3i.y (wDA) tr6 sb
oa! c .ur o(,!n + s
1l:,,H,ltil;'1,ii.'riiii:i l".,iT. "
aono 0s$* sm$ ao &Ls o€l4
b e,r' nq; oyDNirr
Lt

28. @btAgGbhrmlF":€adybh440%d
dl'h!str'.iGLd:shJ5!Fqneq
wr;rci! hd ce p irc
shs 'ihs s b msre sd tutc @
rddfi !F bn d b*aL* bnd rea o
qbi ie5 i De emtrr tse
A]]he'nkfJlDr
. -,... h1.n'd, he !
rridtr* --"n,ed
,;dvdr-mts src
., ,; , --"
rcLur! ras dm4 te Frc6 pb.
';fros
AsqEy INEA) rqdh.r
t h e re b re @!@j!stete!Eet!@!u
1,

29. an {r 0) 'D{FbA4€+" -.'{rJ5€4 r tqe+e$ s reqJ_eesr+._+!rp4
l'+€o!€qr3rew+zFs ta{€ }1Hqr;! +*b lo.(
I
Exl@qrgret ",l.l.$€i{,
1Y€r<9
n,sse rng tr- er-.r' sfu q obc i.at or her- r. q.ea.-l
'mpd ro I'aF.oror) llrlon r"-n.ro,nFrr Doo, .g.e".
"
Read the sptendid answer prcvided........----trbon t, lqqs)
eaoN@idaaike
exanptes. Just plck one exampte rot each expt,nation!)
I
Dcstrbes i sidelNo iik b quod ond $e sndt
Bo'hffi r. t{o h. d. ;sr.
';qJ.{,o
7 aars bt 4r exdandtan a, lstd,a
^wad
ndlcd is r buya podd;6c

30. rie daleropedcou ,6
a Gbbd'suq lrtiE?lra
,t) )

31. idemlaienomolsquadlyol
re eiiaroi: Eie,q, Aqeicy (EA) oipeds 8ieioy Lse to srcv ty
fhereto.e dobjtjqtb! has a oreat j4@e1 e! tnEquj,rla@1
ido ood 3... A .o ,r t.
-:'

32. Reursion Notes laEpress) Thene: Facinq Challenges and Change
an (l) To what exlentwas good leade.shPthe nost impodant
reason lorlhe R se olVenice? Expain yquranswer (UN)
Yes, qood leadershio was the mosl imponant.eason Vencewaslorlunatelo
hale had a number of very good and capabe lop leaderswho took steps lo make
herstro.g and weahhy F rcI. there was Doge Pieno lorceolo who brclghl peace
by reconciing the feudrng ciles negotrallng lrcalles wlh malor powers a.d
subdu nq lhe p rates n oamata Nen. Doge Enrco Dandolo. bv d reclng the
Founh Crusade n lhe 12ih cenlury and capil. izing on crclmslances. weakened
lhe Byzantine Empne and caplurcd Constanlinope Th s broughl lecognit o. irom
the other slales and he ped Venice to contrclsofre otlhe Lmpodant tetrilones
whlch had once beonged to the Byza.l ne Emp re Fina v Doge Petro Zani
lollowed a. exFansbnst poLcv and extended Vefice s controLoverthe
Meditetranean Sea As a resLll-due lo lhe work ofherlaLsiahted leadets
venicewas svstematicauv ttansfomed from a snall citv state into a hude
poweiul and weafthv matitime emone.
otlreriaclors forlhe rse olVenice such as lhe relorms in oovernmentlhal were
lnderlaken Frcm the l2i'cenlury onwards cha.ges were made lo the slruclurc oi
governme.l One chanqe was the crealon ofthe Grell councL made up olmen
lrom lhe mosl powerfu and nfluentia Iam es in Vefice This councilhad mutipe
roes io perlorm rncuding lhe eeclion oicapabLe members to aL co!ncls and the
pass ng oi aws ltwas aler reorganized. wth lhe formation oflhe Senale. n lhe
13"'cenlury so that il could focus on the more mporlantdules Forexample t
oversaw iorer!n relalons matters commerc al matters a.d lhe operalons oi the
Venelan fleel These changes we.e necesstaled by lhe newchallenges lhal wee
Dosed bv ven.e s qroMh To ma nla n a syslem ol checks and ba ances on power
held by lhe top ofiiciaLs. ihe Counc ofTenwasformed tcouldeven im l lhe
power oflhe Dose and deatwllh crlLca matleB such as lhose concernlng the
nlernalsecurily oflhe slale As a rcsult ofthese aovelntuental chanaes venice
bLiltup a svsten of daretnmentthat was well bteaaredto meetthedemands
ofthepeoble and the drowina citv-state. fhus this was an imponantreason
Various trade developments and expansion also payed an Lmpodanl parl ln the
ise ofVenLce Foe instance. Venlce displayed a hiOhly poslNe and aggress ve
aluludetowards trade lwas sk fu al obla n ng favourable ternrs oilrade
compared lo lls compet106 such as Genoa andsohad.iedgeoverlhem
Funhermore the Vef el ans showed an enterpns ng spir l whLch look them lo d sta l
nr: ni i3r lands . search of new routes and.ew ilems ol lrade as we I rs.ew
markets Ths helped venrce to erow n tEde Addilonaly ven ce nrade good use
of advances rn rna l me lechrology ( n the ire ds ol iav gal or and we:po.ryl
These qale venet an vessels lo voyage even nwinlerlhe ven ce s superb ship.
b! Idin! sk ls led to lhe construction oi vessgls ll9!!t9r! superor to those 91the{

33. f
competilors The arhed Venetian great Oalteyswere abte to ranoeludherthan
before rnd so help expand ts kade reach. Added 10 thiswaslhe states efticienl
manalemenl syslem lor alLvoyages made by Venel an ships
fhus.lhe sttonq, positive ahd aaarcssive aditude that Venice looktowatds
trcde, aided bV innovatians in mailime technolodv antl an efficient svst.m.f
hanaqenent of tra.|e, hetped oush Venice ahead of its tivats and to rise to
ProtuinenLe and ueatth.
I'was because oi ts i.dlstrial devetopment thal Ventce.ose up These
developments werc prompted by the expanston oiVenice s trade For nstance,the
'd- ,hob.ildila o-.ry -e rop-od.r-F^r)dndt --p pa.e d{h rt - o-mdlo
io'o6rioJl6rsirf d'l --ur) par-rrroFld er1eba,.ooneot 6n,c5
marillme lnduslry and power As Venelans grew wea lr er, they began to demand
forgoods such.sgassware Ths in tuh led to the growth ot manuiacrurnq
d.sl p l,rF$ rno sti" <,1as' ep rins o s,.dt
VA "- oi . edr o o - abs r!!t !!!!t!!E!p!9l9pI!!!L!eJp9&3!r!AJ9
nare emplovmentwhich attacted even foreiq. talents to venice. The
industries heloed crc4e mote waatth fot Venice and in that wav hetDed itto
4!q
af (2) Ma lme compellon was lhe mosr serous cha enae ta.ed bv
Ven ce n the pe.od behveen the 14lh and 13th centures
-uw,r !o you.gj::lt! 11 -r .pc.ro' trswer
i l'ror/ qrlgrou q9r9!t{!![ ![qv
eqE]d!]!l.!r r-we (u)
(uN)
,'enqF , r:- 5 ri., ol
the Portuglese succeeded I pioneering a few sea irade roule to lhe East. As a
rcsult, thev destroved Venice s nonopotv of the lucrative sbjce thde and
areatlv teduced the lafte prcfits which the Venetian traders had eaned
o* nJ"o,o ul.ron
". a-;;re;re1;T;;;!G-
Medlleranean Sea Ven ce also expanded ts trade to the Nodh Sea Flrther
Trr i .Fdllarc6 j .d-e .on,r-t, teDJk1".o he, I.ar nghs,
to.. -
he -'
^toaom ns rhe Venerans T.r! rooroa- tpr)rppr6,
thus bjpasr This aftecte.t venjce's position asan e;iebot
p94 The Oulch and Britrsh had betler desgned shps than the Venetians too esa
Lesult otthese naaitime challenqes, Venice imposed a prctectionist potjcv.
Ihev iOboie.r hiqherduties on roreidn tattets. This poticv d/oi;i;e;-
awav from Venetian pons. Thus Verice last some ot itsttadind partn*
Anolher ser ous crralenge faced by Ven ce was lhe io€isn threals coming toh
three sources Fisty lher nvovemenl in the ma n ard was brolght abo;r by ther
desire lo protecl rhe I tertores a.d commercial tnre€srs Th s th;y d d by taiins
advanlageofthe valry among the maint.nd states Ve.tce constanliv swlch.,ad
'q ar6 rhr
atlacked)and soVence had 'to buid up a mercenary army Anotherthreatwas
^o

34. from lhe Olloman Empirewhch compeled wLth Vencelor conlroloi lheAdnatic
Sea Vencehadlouse ts preclous galeys to lghtthe Oilomans This disrlpled iis
use oigalleys for lrad ng purposes Aso, to conlaf lhe Ottomans Ven ce tred to
strke a baance of powerwith the Onomans and their European neighbouB al lhe
same I me. This action calsed itsE!!9p9?!r Dejsbb9llslq dey
hostilitv towaKts venice. enice s growng inluence in lhe reqion made t
unpopular among the varous main and states This led them to creale a m litary
aliafce againslVen ce llwas known aslhe League oi Cambra ll foughlwars
agalnsl Venice and had some slccess n laknq oversome ofVenices tertories
As a rcsuh ol the manv wats foudht bv Venice adainst its various fareidn
threats. venice's reaources were weakened. This forced venice to take the
unpopular steo of raisina taxes to tinance the emolovmenlol its nercenaN
Politicalchallenges also posed a serous challenge toVence Prosperily brought
wth it aweaken ng oithe governmenl. rhs gradually led lo Ven ce s poltica
dec ne For exampe. the shrlnking numberofnobiily as olderfamiles ded
aflecred lhen appoinlmenl 10 the hghestofii@s Polc es were created nollo serue
the inieresls oflhe ciiy slate bul the seflnleresls oflhe nobiLly From lhe 16i"
cenluryasmall grcupof rch noblesdominatedthe government Asaresut
renewa of eadership became a cha lenge and coruplion became nevrabe Due
lo lhe poicy oi.otation oldulies, evef when tlrere werc no competenl oflicets
ava able 1o take over power was handed lo incompelent oriiceF. Ths led 1o
disastrcus consequencesforVen ce Ln ilswars againsl lhe Ollom.ns fro example
There was a so qrow ng conlption in thegove.nmentas poor nobles sord the r
ates al a hgn pi.e. This meant that leadership was determined bv wealth and
nottalent ot capabililv. fhis led to incomoetent leaderstakina oositions in
qovemnent. Duero its snal population and nanv enemies. Venice becane
over-dependent on mercenaries to fiohl itswats. This was a cos v decision
as the lovafty af these ttoops was quesircrab/e.
CE5)
Do it yoursetf( Refet ta yout notes on Venice)........
On (4) llere are lhree.easons rir.
-Corupl on n lhe govemmenl
The discovery oia new hade roule
Which orlhesewas more responslble for Venice s dec ne?
oo ityoursefi( Refer ta youtnates on venice)

35. on (5) Doyo! aqree lhat lheVenelanswere responsble iorthe r own
dec .e? Explain yo!,answer 0!A!e!Y!E49t!91 (cvs)
e responsible as the "J") svstem of
The Venetians were resDonsible lor their own dectine ?5rll entire
then
aovernance became weak and co(uoted All these were lhe result ol ooor inlernal
pann na and superulsion lhat escaaled Lnto senous ooltical. economlc and soclal
prob ems that brouoht about lhe ercd!4 dlrlllqlL Sl !!!taq The.e we.e fewel
peope lo choose from as Venice faced the cha e.ge of a shrnkng poo of nobilty
With fewer peope lo take up posito.s lhe quaily ol eadershp weakened As
more power and wearh were n lhe hands oi a iew iamlies lhey used lhe
qovernmefl as a oo to fu.lher then own inleresls al the expense ol lhe cily-slates
The rolalon oi dulies also meanl that a compelenl officer wolld leave offce aJter
one lerm. n unfonlnale cases. an rncompetenl office. would be chosen An
incompetenl leade. or oflicer woud nol be able to pan or mpleme.l polcies to
-ansur.ave.l..a's s!stai.able.rowlh
Co.ruplion becanre lhe nor;irom the rsrh cenlury onwa.ds Eectons were rigged
throuqh the buyifg oi votes There were also nstances of pos I ons being sold to
rarse funds for lhe governmenl 10 fght wars At the core of lhe governmefl.
coirlplrcn added lo the ineflciency of the clyslale This was due to ilre
appo nlmenl of incompelent eaders who were less concerned wlh lhe
development of lhe cily slate
wth irs smar popuation. Vence was unable lo form a sizeabe amy ior ils
expanson n the manand lt therefo.e employed mercenaries As lhe VeneiLans
becanre more weathy and compLacenl lhey slarted lo beieve that lhey could
depend on mercenaries to nghl lheirwars and became depeide.l o.lhem withoul
ihe commlmenl ol its peope Venice coilnued lo depend on mercenar.s Ths
was unwise because I ed to increased erpendture In addtion venice's weath
o.onorb.,or!,e..omTa- lo 'lPmE - oi4
Veice oile. look ldlanlage olreudfg.va sta(es and oifered lo hepone right
againsr Ihe orhe. Vefices lnvolvement n the frarnland draied lhe clly slales
ina.caland manpower resources as t had lo employ a mercenary army 10 fighl ls
balt es I was a so cof slanl y al rsk ol be ng atlacked by aeer states as there was
no certainty wh ch a iance wou d ultrfraley beneiilVenice
Conslanl balles touqhl .lhe region also afiecled vences overland commercal
Ihe Venetians were NOT responsible for their own decline as develooments
outsde ther countres lexlerna deveLoomefts) whch are bevond ther contro
beqan to affect them polticarv econoncalv and 99rq€lly. The Oltoman Empre
expanded ts .iuence bolh by a.d and by sea Al sea t cha enged lo lake over
oulposls belonging to Venice A mlllary campaign agansl tlre Otlomans was
launched in 1463 l-owever Venrce fouoh( againsl lhe Ollomans on ts own A
lhese reduced lhe ledtora power and inflence of Ven ce as a grcal cily slate By
conquerng ands aong the coasls ol the Mediteifare.i aid Adralc seas lhe
Ollomans colld €unch altacks on Venel an sh ps As a resL t. Ven ce s lrade was
bad y atlected and thal afiecled Venices economy badly

36. on (7) How farls nilialve and roresighl oiihe Venelans an imponant
!9qq9! iorihe olvenice? E,paln your answer
se (ossl
Do h youtself( Refet to you. rotes or Venice)........
on (8) Wh ch is the more imporlant iaclor thal led to the dec tne orVenice :
Fore dn Thrqql!!4l9!9!challenses? Explain your answer (oss)
Do it yourse4( Relet to yout notes on venice).,....-.Make use or the
infomation from Qn(s)ta explain the Foteisn Threats (Extemal Facto) and
Soc ial Chal I en s e s (t nte rn at Facto 4
on (9) Towhal ertenl waslrade monopo y rcspons be it
increase in Venice s kadeT E,pla n you answer. (sMs)
(Factors that improve Venice's economy)
As Vencewas strateqlca ly located at lhe nodhern tip of the Adriatc Sea. centra
rnd Soul Fl lLop- ph-do-rF.e elcn)'o goodc r'on l- Lo>t .., d
sprces, sugar and even d anronds usrng a comb nation ofovedand and sea.outes
they were abLe to buy and aler selllhese goods to olher slales. These ooods
wer. sold al a verv hioh prrce. endblinq the Venetidns lo reap ta-ae o/otits.
Unlike Genoa and the Hanseatic Leaque, Venice was able to provide a tarqer
varielv ofooods from th€ East. The European states had verv titUe choice
otherthan to buv from Venice causino theirtrade lo increase
Tre Venelans aso possessed an enlerp.s ng spnt To slay ahead otrhe
compeltion fortrade lhey expored new lrade.oules, slpp es afd markets by
lrave ng to unknown ands Forexampe lhe Poofam ly took catcutated rsks lo
extefd lEde furlher from beyond the Midd e Easl. Their exotoration ofthe
alqrland kade route to China earned Venice qood relations with counrries
the Far Eastenablinq itto increase its trade.
Wlh lherextensve knowledge in shlpblildins. the Venetiansdesraned and buir
superiorvesseLs to meet then sailng needs Therefore. untike traditional sail ng
sh ps, the Ve.etian feet was prope ted by bolh oa.s and sa s Therefore th--y did
notdepefd on wind aofe This enabled them to travetfu.ther. thus. facitirarin
the erpansion of 1.ade and ter.itorialqonirol.

37. --n (1dt T rh*ysrm oi swment was more ot a n rdrance thaf a he p to
Venlc; How rar do vo! asr-'e wlh lhLS stalement? Exp ain vour
*n lffil. "to*.me ,*.o@ or,h.drc rn"n " r'"rp r"-
+ {sru9
".*"
r." . ,*,a"i-oc.,-. n t--o"q'11-qb ^ano'rbr" o
^o/-d
overcome some chalLenqes as lime passed The rotalon oldlties ensurcd lhtt no
indivLdua o. famiLv coud domLnate the governmenl tslaw s lhatcompete
ofi.ers woud halelo leave ofiice after onelerm This meant that incomtetent
-"6ole could be saiected to replace and in times ofcrisis
this was nota qood
Mo,eov",, many not." who were p€vrouslv scholars compeled lo serue as
;;lcommande6 in thewars againsl lhe Oltomanselen rhoush thev d d nol have
ol>-oi--, e, - '4ed
' "r., o e5 n ba "' Ihrs slows lhete weF lraws rn lhe wdv the V"n'lian
ove;nment selected iis naval comru!dq$*!9!9l44sj! !
the leaders selected and theskills required
-lOeg.
rdraqree,a,l- 5-r o go/e m'nre.. 'd ho ooooFm abe''wc-
d o po^,d.
"" -;.", counc Lnlneoo,cnm6nr
rherc s Ihe
..n
ofTen th;lwould monitorthe acuviles oforganzatons and
ofticals lo ensure lhal there were no coftupt practices or abuse ofpowerbvthe
Doa"o d,"rqr'J d
c01 _dce rplo .oo.arm6 wo d
" o o J"ao,"
oe- L ea b. or- .o o d"
'.
rlr s lncluded the Dodge h msef There was
Noo o
^r dooar'lr*dnd
the Nominalnq Commillee added lo
rha e e.l on Drocess to identilv slilabe mae candidales ior allelecled p.ocess to
.reirfv surtabe male cand dales for a leiecled positions through the process of
baLot;q Sqch a svstem ensured thatthe qovernmentwas efiicientand clean
ll,lso ;etrithat the qovernmentwould workfor!he beneritof the counlrv
and rlris is deiinite v a help