1. PROJECT IN SCIENCE
Earthquake Volcano
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mrs. Myra M. Pareñas Josh Matthew E. Hernandez
Science VI Grade VI
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Earthquake
Photos of Earthquake
Latest Earthquake Information
Seismological Observation and Earthquake Prediction Division
Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 days
Philippine Fault Zone Maps
Effects of Earthquake
Types of Volcano
Parts of Volcano
Volcanic Eruption
Effects of Volcanic Eruption
Safety Tips
Before and After the Volcano Erupt
3. An earthquake is the shaking and
trembling that results from the
sudden movement of part of the
Earth’s crust. The most common
cause of earthquakes is faulting.
During faulting, energy is
released. Rocks continue to
move until the energy is used up.
7. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Bulletins of latest seismic events in the
Philippines are listed below. The event parameters (hypocenter, time and
magnitude) are determined using incoming data from the Philippine
National Seismic Network
Philippine Standard Time (PST) is eight hours ahead of Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC). (PST = UTC + 8H) UTC is the time standard for
which the world regulates clocks and time.
Earthquakes in this list with their date and time underlined in blue have
reported felt intensities. Intensity ratings are based on thePHIVOLCS
Earthquake Intensity Scale.
Magnitudes in the list are color-coded: below magnitude 5.0 (M < 5.0)
are in black, magnitudes 5.0 but below 6.0 (5.0 ≤ M < 6.0) are
in blue, magnitudes 6.0 and above (M ≥ 6.0) are in red.
8. SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
DATE - TIME DIVISION
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH MAGNITUDE LOCATION
(PST) ` ( °N ) ( °E ) ( km ) ( Ms )
02 Nov 2011 - 08:06 PM 19.38 120.19 023 2.9 138 km N 19° W of Laoag City
01 Nov 2011 - 07:22 PM 10.08 126.14 014 3.0 032 km N 03° W of General Luna(Siargao)
31 Oct 2011 - 03:29 AM 13.68 121.71 020 2.6 028 km S 23° E of Lucena City
30 Oct 2011 - 11:36 PM 16.06 119.92 033 3.3 012 km S 31° W of Alaminos (Pangasinan)
30 Oct 2011 - 07:42 PM 18.91 120.87 029 3.2 085 km N 21° E of Laoag City
30 Oct 2011 - 06:33 PM 13.08 121.24 035 2.3 038 km S 10° E of Calapan (Oriental
Mindoro)
30 Oct 2011 - 04:54 PM 07.70 124.54 019 3.0 067 km N 34° E of Cotabato City
30 Oct 2011 - 01:09 PM 04.94 125.34 172 3.8 131 km S 08° E of General Santos City
30 Oct 2011 - 09:08 AM 12.41 120.87 009 3.7 048 km S 13° E of Sablayan (Occidental
Mindoro)
29 Oct 2011 - 09:38 PM 13.70 120.40 034 2.8 017 km S 80° E of Looc (Lubang)
29 Oct 2011 - 03:32 PM 13.73 120.47 094 2.6 024 km N 89° E of Looc (Lubang)
29 Oct 2011 - 10:46 AM 09.23 125.60 002 3.2 032 km N 11° E of Butuan City
26 Oct 2011 - 06:44 PM 20.88 121.78 033 4.2 012 km N 37° W of Itbayat (Batanes)
26 Oct 2011 - 06:28 PM 07.28 121.94 007 3.7 039 km N 23° W of Zamboanga City
10. PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS
Large-scale digital mapping of the Philippine fault zone based on
aerial photograph interpretation:
The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ) is a major tectonic feature
that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon to
southeastern Mindanao. This arc-parallel, left-lateral strike slip fault is
divided into several segments and has been the source of large-magnitude
earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake (M
7.0), 1990 Luzon earthquake (Mw 7.7) (Figure 1), and 2003 Masbate
earthquake (Ms 6.2). The high seismic risk posed by this fault zone requires
a large-scale active faults map, a fundamental data set for seismic hazard
mitigation.
11. LARGE-SCALE DIGITAL MAPPING OF THE PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE BASED ON AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION:
Since 2003, Kyoto University and PHIVOLCS-DOST have been
mapping the Philippine Fault. At present, approximately 90% of
on-land-stretch of the PFZ has been mapped. This delineation
is based on interpretation of available large-scale (at least
1:30,000) aerial photographs. In areas where there are no
available aerial photographs, various satellite images are used to
map the fault zone. The identified surface traces of the PFZ are
then plotted onto 1:50,000 topographic maps published by
NAMRIA and compiled using commonly used Geographic
Information System (GIS) platforms such as MapInfo
Professional and Generic Mapping Tool (GMT). These active
faults maps are now available on this website and upon request
to PHIVOLCS-DOST (Figure 2: example of active faults map).
12. PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS:
1. Northern Luzon
2. Central Luzon
3. Infanta
4. Guinayangan
5. Bondoc Peninsula
6. Masbate Island
7. Leyte Island
8. Eastern Mindanao
13. EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
Negative effects of earthquakes:
Tremendous loss of life.
Loss of property.
Collapse of transport – roads, railways,
ports, bridges.
Fire, landslides, floods.
Blocked roads
Facilities disrupted – electricity, water,
medical
Tsunamis
20. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -
LIQUEFACTION
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
21. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -
LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction occurs when the
earth shakes something like
Jell-O – a lot of water in the
solid makes this happen. In
the 1995 San Francisco
earthquake, the Marina area
shook buildings to the ground
because they were built on
“fill” that was dumped into the
Bay to create land. Seattle
also has fill areas.
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
22. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -
LANDSLIDES
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Turn again Heights, Alaska,1964 (upper left ins
Santa Cruz Mtns, California , 1989
24. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -
TSUNAMIS
1957 Aleutian Tsunami
Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data
25. WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
Volcano- Areas of earth’s surface through
which magma and volcanic gases pass
Volcano comes from the Roman word
Vulcan, which means “fire”
26. WHAT’S INSIDE A VOLCANO?
Magma
Chamber-
molten rock that
feeds a volcano
Vents- cracks in
the crust
What is the
difference
between magma
and lava?
28. WHY DOES THE PHILIPPINES
HAVE MANY VOLCANOES?
The Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal to
volcano formation. The archipelago is surrounded by
subducting plates as manifested by the trenches that are
related to volcano formation.
30. TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Cinder Cone Volcano
a) Built from pyroclastic
material
b) Moderately explosive,
short eruptions
c) Small in size, steep
slopes
31. TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Shield Volcano
a) Built from layers of lava
b) Non-explosive
eruptions
c) Not very steep, but can
be big
32. TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Composite Volcanoes
a) Most common type
b) Explosive eruptions
and lava flow
c) Built from pyroclastic
material AND lava
34. WHERE ARE THE VOLCANOES?
Active Volcanoes of the World
60
50 Indonesia
50 70
45 Central America
204 Europe
40
Japan
20
Africa
12
Iceland
Italy
Ring of Fire
South America
600
North America
36. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Effusive eruptions are
characterised by outpourings
of lava on to the ground.
Hawaii
Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch
37. EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
Three products
from an
explosive
eruption
Ash fall
Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic surge
Pyroclastic flows on
Montserrat, buried
the capital city.
38. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
During a volcanic
eruption lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volca
nic bombs and blocks), and various
gases are expelled from avolcanic
vent or fissure. Several types of
volcanic eruptions have been
distinguished by volcanologists. These
are often named after
famous volcanoes where that type of
behavior has been observed. Some
volcanoes may exhibit only one
characteristic type of eruption during a
period of activity, while others may
display an entire sequence of types all
in one eruptive series.
39. EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Ash add to the soil fertility – Loss of life
farming Loss of property (economic
loss)
New minerals may be
discovered Air Pollution (ash, smoke,
gases, acid rain etc)
Promotes Tourism Water pollution
Research and education Lahars (mudflows with
purposes. water)
Geothermal Energy – Earthquakes
renewable energy. Increase in
temperature of the area
40. PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Before a Volcanic Eruption
Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member
of the family to your disaster supply kit.
Stay away from active volcano sites.
During a Volcanic Eruption
The following are guidelines for what to do if a volcano erupts in your
area:
Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris,
hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.
Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near
stream channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move
faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a
bridge, and do not cross the bridge if mudflow is approaching.
Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
41. PROTECTION FROM FALLING ASH
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.· Use goggles and war eyeglasses
instead of contact lenses.
Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing
Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof
collapsing.
Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents, furnaces,
air conditioners, fans, and other vents.
Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.
Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can clog
engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.
Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have to drive,
keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
42. JOSH MATTHEW E. HERNANDEZ
End of presentation
Thank you very much…..
Bagong Bayan Elementary School
