Satoshi Omura graduated from University of Yamanashi and fights diseases like roundworm infections. Roundworms can grow up to 15-20 centimeters long in the stomach and cause symptoms like shortness of breath, fever, and stomach pain. Professor Omura helped develop treatments for roundworm infections like avermectin. However, as the world population continues to grow rapidly, diseases and other problems persist. While scientists have made progress against diseases like smallpox and guinea worm, malaria remains very difficult to eradicate due to the strength of the malaria parasite and the development of drug resistance.

1. A changing world

2. Satoshi Omura

3. Graduated from University of
Yamanashi

4. Fights incredibly horrible diseases

5. Roundworms

6. Roundworm infections

7. More common in poor countries

8. Sometimes no symptoms

9. Shortness of breath

10. Fever

11. Stomach pain

12. Diarrhea

13. Eggs can infect humans

14. Get onto food

15. Grow in the stomach

16. 15 to 20 centimeters long!!

17. Pretty horrible

18. I’m not showing you …

19. … the REALLY bad pictures

20. Professor Omura helped many people

21. Treatments for infections

22. Avermectin

23. Very bad medical conditions

24. But science has limits

25. World population is exploding

26. Over 7 billion now

27. 1 billion in 1800

28. 370 million in 1350

29. Everyone should follow Japan

30. Great famine

31. Black Death

32. Starvation

33. Disease

34. Too many people

35. Growing too fast!

36. Starvation and disease

37. War

38. Migrants
• Iraq
• Syria
• Afghanistan
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• Eritrea
• Somalia
• Nigeria
• Sudan

39. London 2001

40. Huge protests against war in Iraq

41. London 2001

42. Our governments went to war, anyway

43. Why?

44. War is profitable

45. If people can make money, they’ll do it

46. American war veterans in 2012

47. Throwing medals away

48. Soldiers protesting the wars

49. Military-industry

50. They want money and power

51. They will do very bad things

52. They will start wars

53. Difficult to protest

54. It seems unpatriotic

55. But we keep starting wars

56. Government is unreliable

57. Military is unreliable

58. Corporations are unreliable

59. How about scientists?

60. Consider Malaria

61. What causes malaria?

62. These are the symptoms

63. Mosquitoes spread the disease

64. They transmit the disease

65. The mosquito bites humans

66. Symptoms develop in about 15 days

67. The malaria parasite

68. Malaria bites humans

69. Infects the human

70. Given back to the mosquito

71. The mosquito bites humans

72. Enter the human body

73. Infection enters the liver

74. May “sleep” in the liver up to 30 years

75. Different stages, different names

76. Infection travels to the blood

77. Transmitted TO the mosquito when
they bite infected patients

78. Malaria parasite has TWO hosts

79. For example, a human and a mosquito

80. About 200 million cases of malaria
every year

81. About a million deaths every year

82. Most cases in Africa

83. I lived in Sudan for one year

84. You need a net

85. Can we get rid of malaria?

86. Smallpox vaccine

87. Very successful

88. Smallpox has been eradicated

89. There’s no malaria vaccine

90. Malaria parasites are getting stronger

91. Anti-malaria drugs

93. Treatment for severe malaria

94. Here’s mefloquine

95. Quinine has been used since (at least)
the 17th century

96. Perhaps earlier

97. Quinine discovered in South America

98. Europeans were told about it in the
16th century

99. Quinine from a tree’s bark

100. Quinchona tree

101. Long history

102. Tonic water contains Quinine

103. Gin and tonic

104. British in India

105. G & T against Malaria

107. Artemisinin is used in Chinese
medicine

108. Derived from a plant

109. People were optimistic

110. Malaria parasites already resistant to
chloroquine

111. Resistant to this, too

112. Pailin in Cambodia

115. Pailin in Cambodia

116. Parasite is becoming more resistant

117. This is particularly worrying …

118. … because resistance to drugs …

119. … has started here before.

120. If resistance spreads to Africa …

121. … it’s really a problem

122. It’s a DISASTER

123. So what’s the solution?

124. Eradicate Malaria

125. Quickly

126. Do it now!

127. Discover a vaccine

128. Before the end of the class!

129. You’ll get a Nobel Prize

130. And an automatic A for this course

131. Maybe even A ➕

132. But don’t forget …

133. … there’s a LONG history

134. These parasites are tough

135. We’ve been thinking about this …

136. … for a LONG time

137. The parasite keeps winning

138. Still there’s hope

139. Guinea worm

140. Really horrible!

141. A long worm lives in the body!

142. People drink infected water

143. The worm grows in the stomach

144. Comes out of the skin!

145. Like this!

146. Really bad

147. Only dogs and humans get it

148. Gradually removed …

149. By winding it around a stick!

150. Up to one meter long

151. How can it be eradicated?
• No vaccine
• But we can kill the baby worms
• And water can be cleaned
• 3.5 million cases of Guinea worm in 1986!
• 126 cases in 2014
• That’s great!!
• Unless you are one of the 126 cases