2. Presented by :
C.Veeramani
Bsf-10-030

3.  The production of woody plants combined with pasture is
referred to Silvipasture system.
 The trees and shrubs may be used primarily to produce
fodder for livestock or they may be grown for timber, fuel
wood, and fruit or to improve the soil.

5. i) Protein bank
ii) Livefence of fodder trees and hedges
iii) Trees and shrubs on pasture

6.  In this Silvipastural system, various multipurpose trees( protein
rich trees ) are planted on or around farmlands and range lands
for cut and carry fodder production to meet the feed
requirement of livestock during the fodder deficit period in
winter.
 Example: Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta
indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania
grandiflora

8.  In this system, various fodder trees and hedges are planted
as live fence to protect the property from stray animals or
other biotic influences.
 Example: Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania
grandiflora, Erythrina sp, Acacia sp.

10.  In this system, various tree and shrub species are scattered
irregularly or arranged according to some systemic
pattern to supplement forage production.
 Example:Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea
,Tamarindus indica, Azadirachta indica.

12.  Increased income opportunities through diversification of
production
 Enhanced wildlife habitat
 Soil-improvement:
Planning a silvopastoral system
 Productivity in Fodder tree plantation :
 Fodder Production in Farming Systems
 Forage Production on Terrace Riser/Bunds

13.  A silvopastoral system, in addition to producing forage for
livestock, may produce sawtimber, pulpwood, posts and
poles for fences and other structures, and non-timber
forest products such as nuts, fruit, honey, maple
sugar, mushrooms, fodder, and materials for crafts.
 Livestock on silvopasture can be domestic mammals or
domestic birds ,Wildlife such as deer will also benefit
from silvopasture and can bring in income from hunting.
 Animal species provide a wide range of products
including wool, feathers, leather, meat, milk, and eggs.

15.  Cover and food for wildlife is provided by structural and
species diversity of the tree and shrub overstory.
 Forest/grassland edges attract a variety of species such as deer
and upland game birds.
 Plant species may be manipulated through carefully managed
grazing and timber harvesting to attract desirable wildlife
species like variety of species of deer, Indian gaur,etc..,

17.  Trees hold nutrients in an efficient, closed cycling system.
Their deeper roots tap nutrients from lower soil levels that
are inaccessible to forage species, and nitrogen-fixing
trees can raise the nutrient levels of pasture soils.
 Roots combat the compaction of soil and cut soil and
organic matter losses to erosion, thereby improving soil
structure and soil biological activity.

18.  Shade and reduced wind velocity raise the moisture level
of soils by reducing evaporation.
 Trees planted in a living snow fence can raise soil
moisture by harvesting and distributing snow.
 Some species can remedy soil toxicities that limit
livestock forage production, such as salinity.

20.  Well-planned location and spatial pattern of tree plantings
can meet many needs in a silvopastoral system.
 In addition to deciding which species will provide the
desired products, the agroforester must consider how the
pattern of trees affects wildlife habitat, ease of livestock
handling, forage and tree growth and competition, snow
distribution, and microclimate.

22.  The integrated approach of growing grasses and fodder crops under
silvipasture and agroforestry systems is one of the major alternatives to
augment fodder and fuel wood production.
 The experiments conducted at VPKAS Almora revealed that Digitaria
decumbans; Pennisetum clandestinum and Chloris gayana were the
promising grass species, which can be grown successfully under pine and
deodar plantations.
 The performance of local grass species was the poorest.

24. Grass species Forage yield (t/ha)
Pine trees Deodar trees
Pangola 14.01 13.66
Rhodes 4.78 3.06
para 0.48 2.06
guinea 0.41 2.04
Kikyu - 6.42
Local 0.25 0.22

25. Treatment Dry matter (t/ha) Carrying capacity
Au/ha/annum
Control 6.9 2.7
Control+Setaria 15.1(2.2+12.9) 6.6
Control+Setaria+Siratro 15.5(2.1+12.9+0.5) 6.1
Control+Setaria+Siratro +Leucaena 17.1(2.3+14.2+0.4+0.2) 7.2
Control+Setaria+Siratro +Robinia 18.4(2.4+14.5+0.6+0.9) 7.4

26.  Every household in the hills rear different kinds of
animals for various purposes but for maintaining the milch
animals it is essential to put some part of the cultivable
land under forage crops.
 Following approaches are being proposed in view of their
wider acceptability by the farming communities.

27.  A non-competitive land use system for the forage production in the hills is
to grow improved grasses on terrace bunds and risers.
 There is added advantage to produce forge without any fertilizer or manure
since it is available from the cropped terrace.
 The field experiments conducted in U.P. hills reveal that growing grasses on
terrace riser was found significantly beneficial for increasing the grain yield
of rice and wheat over control.
 The performance of different improved grass species was statistically
similar but superior to local species.

29. • Anonymous, 1991. Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting
stages on the grain and fodder yield of maize. Annual Prog.
Report Dept. of Agronomy, HPKV, Palampur 18:205-06.
• Anonymous 1997. Annual Report Cropping Systems
Research, Department Agronomy, HPKV, Palampur.
• http://forest.mtu.edu/pcforestry/resources/studentprojects/silvo
pasture.html
• B.S.Chundawat & S.K.Gautam.Textbook of agroforestry