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TThhee MMoolleeccuulleess ooff CCeellllss 
BBAASSIICC IIDDEEAASS OOFF BBIIOOLLOOGGYY 
BByy MMaarryy AAnnnnee MMccMMuurrrraayy 
HHeennddeerrssoonn CCoommmmuunniittyy CCoolllleeggee
TThhee llaarrggee,, ccoommpplleexx mmoolleeccuulleess 
ooff lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss aarree oorrggaanniicc 
mmoolleeccuulleess.. 
 Name the four major groups 
of organic molecules found 
in living things.
TThhee llaarrggee,, ccoommpplleexx mmoolleeccuulleess 
tthhaatt ffoorrmm lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss iinncclluuddee:: 
 Carbohydrates 
 Lipids 
 Proteins 
 Nucleic acids
LLiisstt sseevveerraall wwaayyss tthhaatt oorrggaanniicc 
mmoolleeccuulleess aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo 
lliiffee pprroocceesssseess..
OOrrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess aarree 
iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo lliiffee pprroocceesssseess 
bbeeccaauussee:: 
 They store energy. 
 They form cell membranes. 
 They provide structural support. 
 They help control chemical reactions in 
organisms. 
 They store hereditary information.
WWhhaatt eelleemmeennttss aarree mmoosstt 
ccoommmmoonn iinn tthhee oorrggaanniicc 
mmoolleeccuulleess ffoouunndd iinn 
lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss??
AAllll oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess 
ccoonnttaaiinn ccaarrbboonn.. 
They also contain 
other atoms, such 
as 
 hydrogen 
 nitrogen 
 oxygen 
 sulfur 
 phosphorus 
CC 
HH 
OO 
SS 
NN 
PP
TThhee aattoommss iinn oorrggaanniicc 
mmoolleeccuulleess aarree bboonnddeedd 
ttooggeetthheerr bbyy__________________ bboonnddss.. 
 Give examples of some simple 
organic molecules and show 
how they are bonded together.
TThhee aattoommss iinn oorrggaanniicc 
mmoolleeccuulleess aarree bboonnddeedd 
ttooggeetthheerr bbyy ccoovvaalleenntt bboonnddss.. 
H 
H C H 
H 
H H 
H C C H 
O 
H 
H 
H 
H C O H 
H
WWhhaatt aarree tthhee pprriimmaarryy 
ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess 
iinn lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss?? 
EExxaammpplleess ooff ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess 
aarree ______________________,, ssuucchh aass 
__________________ aanndd __________________ 
aanndd ________________________..
CCaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess ---- IImmppoorrttaanntt ffuueell 
mmoolleeccuulleess aanndd ssttrruuccttuurraall 
ccoommppoonneennttss ooff cceellllss.. 
C6H12O6 
C12H22O11 
Sugars, such as 
glucose 
sucrose 
Starches are more 
complex carbohydrates
GGiivvee eexxaammpplleess ooff lliippiidd 
mmoolleeccuulleess aanndd tteellll hhooww tthheeyy 
aarree uusseedd bbyy lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss..
LLiippiiddss iinncclluuddee 
Fats (triglycerides) are important energy 
storage molecules, 
Phospholipids, which make up the framework 
of cell membranes, 
Steroids, including some important hormones
WWhhaatt cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc iiss 
ccoommmmoonn ttoo aallll lliippiidd 
mmoolleeccuulleess??
LLiippiidd mmoolleeccuulleess aarree aallll 
hhyyddrroopphhoobbiicc.. 
H2O 
H2O 
H2O 
H2O
GGiivvee eexxaammpplleess ooff pprrootteeiinnss tthhaatt 
aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree 
ooff oorrggaanniissmmss..
SSoommee pprrootteeiinnss aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt 
ttoo tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff oorrggaanniissmmss 
our hair 
spider silk 
fibers of tendons and ligaments
NNaammee ssoommee pprrootteeiinnss tthhaatt 
sseerrvvee tthheessee ssppeecciiffiicc ffuunnccttiioonnss.. 
carrying oxygen-- 
_______________________________ 
defense against microscopic invaders-- 
_______________________________ 
some hormones, such as 
_______________________________
OOtthheerr pprrootteeiinnss aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt 
iinn ssuucchh jjoobbss aass 
carrying oxygen-- 
HEMOGLOBIN 
defense against microscopic invaders-- 
ANTIBODIES 
some hormones, such as 
ADRENALIN
HHooww ddoo ssoommee pprrootteeiinnss 
ffuunnccttiioonn aass eennzzyymmeess??
SSoommee VV..II..PP..’’ss ((VVeerryy IImmppoorrttaanntt 
PPrrootteeiinnss)) aarree eennzzyymmeess.. 
REACTANTS ---chemical process--PRODUCTS 
+ 
Some reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
WWhhaatt aarree tthhee sstteeppss iinn eennzzyymmee 
ffuunnccttiioonn??
AAnn eennzzyymmee ccaann ssppeeeedd uupp aa 
cchheemmiiccaall rreeaaccttiioonn.. 
+ 
An enzyme has a shape that the substrate can fit. 
An enzyme substrate complex forms. 
The products are formed. 
The enzyme is ready to catalyze another reaction.
WWhhaatt ssmmaalllleerr ssuubbuunniitt aarree 
pprrootteeiinnss mmaaddee ooff??
PPrrootteeiinnss aarree mmaaddee ooff aammiinnoo 
aacciiddss.. 
20 different amino acids 
make up all our proteins 
An amino acid has a 
Central carbon atom, 
An amino group 
A carboxyl group 
A hydrogen atom 
and 
An R-group 
The R-group varies 
from one amino 
acid to another
HHooww aarree aammiinnoo aacciiddss 
ccoommbbiinneedd ttoo ffoorrmm pprrootteeiinnss?? 
WWhhaatt mmaakkeess oonnee pprrootteeiinn 
ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm aannootthheerr??
AAmmiinnoo aacciiddss ccaann bbee ppuutt 
ttooggeetthheerr ttoo mmaakkee pprrootteeiinnss.. 
Covalent bonds, called peptides, link the amino acids. 
Amino acids are arranged 
linearly to form the 
protein’s primary 
structure.
WWhhaatt ddeetteerrmmiinneess tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc 
sshhaappee ooff aa pprrootteeiinn?? 
WWhhyy iiss tthhee sshhaappee ooff aa pprrootteeiinn 
ssoo iimmppoorrttaanntt??
SSppeecciiaall bboonnddss ccaann lliinnkk 
nnoonnaaddjjaacceenntt aammiinnoo aacciiddss ttoo 
hheellpp ffoorrmm tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc sshhaappee ooff 
aa pprrootteeiinn.. 
A protein’s shape determines its function.
WWhhyy aarree nnuucclleeiicc aacciiddss 
iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss?? 
NNaammee ttwwoo kkiinnddss ooff nnuucclleeiicc aacciiddss..
NNuucclleeiicc aacciiddss aarree tthhee 
bblluueepprriinnttss ffoorr pprrootteeiinnss.. 
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 
 RNA (ribonucleic) 
 Much more to come 
about these very 
important 
biomolecules!
RREEVVIIEEWW 
 What element is in all biomolecules? 
 What kind of chemical bonds hold atoms 
together in organic molecules? 
 To what group of biomolecules does 
sucrose belong? 
 To what group of biomolecules do the 
hormones testosterone and estrogen belong? 
 What is one characteristic of all lipids?
CCaann yyoouu aannsswweerr tthheessee 
qquueessttiioonnss?? 
 Which of these substances contains 
nitrogen? 
 glycogen 
 hemoglobin 
 adrenalin 
 cellulose 
 Which biomolecule forms the framework of 
cell membranes? 
 Which biomolecule contains peptide bonds?
HHeerree aarree ssoommee iimmppoorrttaanntt 
qquueessttiioonnss aabboouutt pprrootteeiinnss.. 
 What is meant by the primary structure of 
proteins? 
 Why is the shape of a protein so important? 
 What is the function of enzymes? 
 What makes one amino acid different from 
another? 
 What makes one protein different from 
another?
CCaann yyoouu aannsswweerr tthheessee 
iimmppoorrttaanntt ““eevveerryyddaayy”” 
qquueessttiioonnss?? 
 What is the difference between saturated 
fats and unsaturated fats? 
 To what group of macromolecules does 
cholesterol belong? 
 Some fatty acids and some amino acids are 
said to be essential for humans; why are 
they called essential?
Biomolecules including structured notes

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Biomolecules including structured notes

  • 1. TThhee MMoolleeccuulleess ooff CCeellllss BBAASSIICC IIDDEEAASS OOFF BBIIOOLLOOGGYY BByy MMaarryy AAnnnnee MMccMMuurrrraayy HHeennddeerrssoonn CCoommmmuunniittyy CCoolllleeggee
  • 2. TThhee llaarrggee,, ccoommpplleexx mmoolleeccuulleess ooff lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss aarree oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess.. Name the four major groups of organic molecules found in living things.
  • 3. TThhee llaarrggee,, ccoommpplleexx mmoolleeccuulleess tthhaatt ffoorrmm lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss iinncclluuddee:: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
  • 4. LLiisstt sseevveerraall wwaayyss tthhaatt oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo lliiffee pprroocceesssseess..
  • 5. OOrrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo lliiffee pprroocceesssseess bbeeccaauussee:: They store energy. They form cell membranes. They provide structural support. They help control chemical reactions in organisms. They store hereditary information.
  • 6. WWhhaatt eelleemmeennttss aarree mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn iinn tthhee oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess ffoouunndd iinn lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss??
  • 7. AAllll oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess ccoonnttaaiinn ccaarrbboonn.. They also contain other atoms, such as hydrogen nitrogen oxygen sulfur phosphorus CC HH OO SS NN PP
  • 8. TThhee aattoommss iinn oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess aarree bboonnddeedd ttooggeetthheerr bbyy__________________ bboonnddss.. Give examples of some simple organic molecules and show how they are bonded together.
  • 9. TThhee aattoommss iinn oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess aarree bboonnddeedd ttooggeetthheerr bbyy ccoovvaalleenntt bboonnddss.. H H C H H H H H C C H O H H H H C O H H
  • 10. WWhhaatt aarree tthhee pprriimmaarryy ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess iinn lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss?? EExxaammpplleess ooff ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess aarree ______________________,, ssuucchh aass __________________ aanndd __________________ aanndd ________________________..
  • 11. CCaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess ---- IImmppoorrttaanntt ffuueell mmoolleeccuulleess aanndd ssttrruuccttuurraall ccoommppoonneennttss ooff cceellllss.. C6H12O6 C12H22O11 Sugars, such as glucose sucrose Starches are more complex carbohydrates
  • 12. GGiivvee eexxaammpplleess ooff lliippiidd mmoolleeccuulleess aanndd tteellll hhooww tthheeyy aarree uusseedd bbyy lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss..
  • 13. LLiippiiddss iinncclluuddee Fats (triglycerides) are important energy storage molecules, Phospholipids, which make up the framework of cell membranes, Steroids, including some important hormones
  • 14. WWhhaatt cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc iiss ccoommmmoonn ttoo aallll lliippiidd mmoolleeccuulleess??
  • 15. LLiippiidd mmoolleeccuulleess aarree aallll hhyyddrroopphhoobbiicc.. H2O H2O H2O H2O
  • 16. GGiivvee eexxaammpplleess ooff pprrootteeiinnss tthhaatt aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff oorrggaanniissmmss..
  • 17. SSoommee pprrootteeiinnss aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff oorrggaanniissmmss our hair spider silk fibers of tendons and ligaments
  • 18. NNaammee ssoommee pprrootteeiinnss tthhaatt sseerrvvee tthheessee ssppeecciiffiicc ffuunnccttiioonnss.. carrying oxygen-- _______________________________ defense against microscopic invaders-- _______________________________ some hormones, such as _______________________________
  • 19. OOtthheerr pprrootteeiinnss aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt iinn ssuucchh jjoobbss aass carrying oxygen-- HEMOGLOBIN defense against microscopic invaders-- ANTIBODIES some hormones, such as ADRENALIN
  • 20. HHooww ddoo ssoommee pprrootteeiinnss ffuunnccttiioonn aass eennzzyymmeess??
  • 21. SSoommee VV..II..PP..’’ss ((VVeerryy IImmppoorrttaanntt PPrrootteeiinnss)) aarree eennzzyymmeess.. REACTANTS ---chemical process--PRODUCTS + Some reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
  • 22. WWhhaatt aarree tthhee sstteeppss iinn eennzzyymmee ffuunnccttiioonn??
  • 23. AAnn eennzzyymmee ccaann ssppeeeedd uupp aa cchheemmiiccaall rreeaaccttiioonn.. + An enzyme has a shape that the substrate can fit. An enzyme substrate complex forms. The products are formed. The enzyme is ready to catalyze another reaction.
  • 24. WWhhaatt ssmmaalllleerr ssuubbuunniitt aarree pprrootteeiinnss mmaaddee ooff??
  • 25. PPrrootteeiinnss aarree mmaaddee ooff aammiinnoo aacciiddss.. 20 different amino acids make up all our proteins An amino acid has a Central carbon atom, An amino group A carboxyl group A hydrogen atom and An R-group The R-group varies from one amino acid to another
  • 26. HHooww aarree aammiinnoo aacciiddss ccoommbbiinneedd ttoo ffoorrmm pprrootteeiinnss?? WWhhaatt mmaakkeess oonnee pprrootteeiinn ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm aannootthheerr??
  • 27. AAmmiinnoo aacciiddss ccaann bbee ppuutt ttooggeetthheerr ttoo mmaakkee pprrootteeiinnss.. Covalent bonds, called peptides, link the amino acids. Amino acids are arranged linearly to form the protein’s primary structure.
  • 28. WWhhaatt ddeetteerrmmiinneess tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc sshhaappee ooff aa pprrootteeiinn?? WWhhyy iiss tthhee sshhaappee ooff aa pprrootteeiinn ssoo iimmppoorrttaanntt??
  • 29. SSppeecciiaall bboonnddss ccaann lliinnkk nnoonnaaddjjaacceenntt aammiinnoo aacciiddss ttoo hheellpp ffoorrmm tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc sshhaappee ooff aa pprrootteeiinn.. A protein’s shape determines its function.
  • 30. WWhhyy aarree nnuucclleeiicc aacciiddss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo lliivviinngg tthhiinnggss?? NNaammee ttwwoo kkiinnddss ooff nnuucclleeiicc aacciiddss..
  • 31. NNuucclleeiicc aacciiddss aarree tthhee bblluueepprriinnttss ffoorr pprrootteeiinnss.. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic) Much more to come about these very important biomolecules!
  • 32. RREEVVIIEEWW What element is in all biomolecules? What kind of chemical bonds hold atoms together in organic molecules? To what group of biomolecules does sucrose belong? To what group of biomolecules do the hormones testosterone and estrogen belong? What is one characteristic of all lipids?
  • 33. CCaann yyoouu aannsswweerr tthheessee qquueessttiioonnss?? Which of these substances contains nitrogen? glycogen hemoglobin adrenalin cellulose Which biomolecule forms the framework of cell membranes? Which biomolecule contains peptide bonds?
  • 34. HHeerree aarree ssoommee iimmppoorrttaanntt qquueessttiioonnss aabboouutt pprrootteeiinnss.. What is meant by the primary structure of proteins? Why is the shape of a protein so important? What is the function of enzymes? What makes one amino acid different from another? What makes one protein different from another?
  • 35. CCaann yyoouu aannsswweerr tthheessee iimmppoorrttaanntt ““eevveerryyddaayy”” qquueessttiioonnss?? What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? To what group of macromolecules does cholesterol belong? Some fatty acids and some amino acids are said to be essential for humans; why are they called essential?

Notas do Editor

  1. At end of presentation, tell which class of organic molecules does each of these functions.
  2. Have students work on SG, Ex 1.