3. Definitions
Normal platelet count 150,000 - 450,000/mcL
MILD
100,000-150,
000
MODERATE
50,000-100,0
00
SEVERE
<50,000
4. Types of classification
Etiological classification based on clinical features
PATHOLOGICA CLINICAL
L MECHANISMS FEATURES
TIMING OF
THROMBOCYT
OPEIA
5. Epidemiology
General neonatal population:
Incidence of thrombocytopenia 1%
Severe thrombocytopenia (< 50,000 ) 8% of preterm & 6
0.12% ( Hamilton data) % all neonates
0.24% ( Finnish data) admitted to ICU
have severe
NICU population: thrombocytopenia
Incidence of thrombocytopenia 22 –35 %
< 100,000 > 50% of affected newborns
<50, 000 20% of affected newborns
Premature newborns
Incidence of severe thrombocytopenia 8%
7. Combined mechanisms
Some neonates develop thrombocytopenia
secondary to combined mechanisms: i.e. a
premature infant born to a mother with PIH who
develops sepsis or an IUGR infant who develops
NEC
Also some etiologies like sepsis can cause
thrombocytopenia due to impaired production in
the marrow as well as increased destruction from
DIC, endothelial damage and platelet aggregation
due to bacterial products adhering to platelet
membranes
8. Impaired procuction
Accounts for 75 % of cases
Have impaired megakaryoctyopoiesis and platelet
production
Megakaryocytes and their precursor and progenitor
cells are considerably reduced at birth
Levels of the megakaryocytopoietic
cytokine thrombopoietin (Tpo) are therefore
elevated.
9. Consumption and sequestration
25–35% of episodes of neonatal thrombocytopenia
15–20% of neonatal thrombocytopenias present at
birth result from transplacental passage of maternal
platelet alloantibodies and autoantibodies
disseminated intravascular coagulation is responsible
for a further 10–15% of cases, nearly always in babies
who are very ill, particularly in association with
perinatal asphyxia and infection
10. Etiological classification based
on clinical features
Sick neonates,
Normal appearing preterm and those
neonates with other medical
conditions
Neonates with
physical
abnormalities and
dimorphic features
12. Neonates preterm/assoc medical
conditions
Hypoxia +/- acidosis after RDS
birth trauma PPHN
Chronic hypoxia from NEC
placental insufficiency Thrombosis ( indwelling
Cold injury vascular catheters,ECMO)
Maternal pre-eclampsia Exchange transfusions
Bacterial infection/sepsis Bone marrow disorders
Congenital viral infection (leukeumia,
(CMV, rubella) neuroblastoma, other
DIC solid
tumours)
13. Neonates who have physical
abnormalities or dysmorphic features
Thrombocytopenia with absent radius
(TAR) syndrome
Fanconi anemia( can present with mild
thrombocytopenia alone)
Chromosomal abnormalities due to trisomy
21, 13, 18 or Turner’s syndrome
Kasabach- Merritt syndrome
18. Early onset Late onset
-usually secondary to
-usually secondary to
placental insufficiency
sepsis or necrotising
and caused by
enterocolitis
reduced platelet
production;
-usually more severe
and prolonged.
-fortunately most
episodes are mild or
-Platelet
moderate
transfusion remains
- resolve
the only treatment.
spontaneously.
23. Approach to neonate with
thrombocytopenia: Maternal history
History or ITP,SLE or splenectomy
Previous infant with thrombocytopenia or family
history of neonate with thrombocytopenia
Pre or perinatal infections
Drug use ( eg.quinine, thiazides, hydralazine)
PIH
Abnormal placenta ( infarction, congenital infection,
chorioamnionitis)
Maternal platelet count: decreased suggests
autoimmune; normal may be autoimmune or alloimmune
in well appearing neonate
Prior pregnancy : ? Same partner
24. Approach to neonate with
thrombocytopenia: neonatal history
History of perinatal asphyxia
Meconium aspiration or RDS
Infection
NEC
DIC
IUGR
Thrombus or indwelling catheters
Intracranial hemorrhage or other severe bleeding
25. Approach to neonate with thrombocytopenia: neonatal
physical exam
Head circumference and weight percentile
Signs of thrombocytopenia: bruising , oozing from
puncture sites, petechiae
Sick vs. well : signs of sepsis, RDS, asphyxia
Hepatosplenomegaly, blueberry muffin rash
( congenital infections)
Dysmorphic features: trisomy 13, 18, 21 or certain
syndromes: eg TAR , Fanconi
Large hemangioma
26. Approach to neonate with thrombocytopenia:
laboratory investigations
Confirm that thrombocytopenia is not factitious
Abnormalities in WBCs ( sepsis, congenital leukemia),
hemoglobin ( bleeding, aplasia)
Evidence of co-existing coagulopathy ( INR, PTT, d-dimers,
FDP, fibrinogen)
LFTs
MPV: large platelets often indicate increased production in
response to increased consumption ( though can rarely see
giant
platelets related to congenital platelet disorders)
Other investigations tailored to the cause: ie platelet antibodies
and antigen typing in NAIT, septic workup, viral studies looking
for congenital viral infections, chromosomal studies
Bone marrow in persistent or unusual cases
33. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
(NAIT)
Incidence 1/1000-1/3000 pregnancies
Anti – HPA-1a accounts for 80-90% of cases in
Caucasians; 10 - 15% of cases are associated with anti -
HPA- 5b
In the Caucasian population 2% of women are HPA-1a
negative and about 10% of these women develop anti-
HPA-1a ( influenced by certain HLA classes)
In Asians NAIT occurs secondary to anti-HPA-4
34. NAIT: morbidity
10 – 20% of affected newborns develop an intracranial
hemorrhage (ICH) with about a 7% mortality
20% of survivors of ICH develop long term
neurodevelopmental sequelae
¼- ½ of ICH occur in utero
severe NAIT occurs during the first pregnancy in 40-50%
of cases
The recurrence rate of NAIT is greater than 75% for
subsequent pregnancies and generally follows a more
severe course: therefore need referral to high risk
obstetrics
for subsequent pregnancies
35. NAIT: diagnostic workup
Presumptive diagnosis in otherwise well infant with severe
thrombocytopenia +/- unexplained ICH and no history of
maternal ITP, SLE or drugs that can cause
thrombocytopenia
In suspected cases need to send maternal blood for HPA
antibody and genotyping and paternal blood for
genotyping, can also send sample on subsequent fetuses
for genotyping when the father is heterozygous for HPA
1a/1b ( can be done by amnio or CVS)
At present there is no routine prenatal screening
36. Affected neonate
Confirm
thrombocytopenia on a
repeat blood sample
If Plt count
<100000
Neonatal studies Maternal studies
Suspect
alloimmune Careful
Careful history & exam antenatal
thrombocytopenia
Test for DIC history for PIH
if cause uncertain
Consider Kassabach Maternal FBC
merritt syndrome, TAR, Urgent studies
TORCH Maternal & paternal
Perform head USG to r/ blood samples for
o ICH rapid HPA1a
alloantibodies
37. Plt count <30000 Plt count >30000 with
and/or clinically no evidence of
significant bleeding bleeding
Transfuse platelet
10-20ml/kg Observe, follow the
Obtain post platlet count daily
transfusion plt count Await results of initial
serological studies and
do not transfuse
>30000 <30000
Follow plt daily Consider 2nd dose random donor plt,
Transfuse irradiated, single dose of IVIG(1gm/kg/d)
washed or plasma If Plt <10000 and/or clinical bleeding,
depleted maternal transfuse irradiated, washed or plasma
platelets or antigen neg depleted maternal platelets or
platelets if clinically compatible antigen negative donor
indicated platlets asap.
38. NAIT: antenatal treatment
Subsequent pregnancies should be managed
by maternal-fetal medicine
Risk stratification can be based on presence
and timing ( prenatal vs postnatal) ICH in a
previous infant +/- platelet count obtained
from fetal blood sampling of index
pregnancy(increased risk if platelets <20,000)
39. NAIT : antenatal treatment
Treatments include IVIG to mum, po steroids for
mum and fetal platelet transfusions
Fetal blood sampling (FBS) entails risk with as
much as an 8% fetal loss/pregnancy in cases of
NAIT: in utero transfusion of HPA-1a and 5b
negative platelets should be given at time of
sampling if the fetal platelet count is <50,000
40. NAIT: antenatal treatment: risk
stratification approach
Standard risk : no ICH in previously affected child: IVIG
1g/kg/wk OR prednisone 0.5 mg/kg/ day starting at 20 wks
gestation
High risk : peripartum ICH in previously affected child:
IVIG 1g/kg/wk AND prednisone 1 mg/kg/d starting at 20
wks; response monitored by FBS
Very high risk : antenatal ICH in previously affected child:
IVIG 2g/kg/wk starting at 12 wks with FBS at 20 wks and
the addition of prednisone 1 mg/kg/d for poor responders
If persistent poor response can give weekly in utero
platelet transfusion
C/section if fetal platelet count is <50,000
41. NAIT : neonatal management
Need to monitor platelets closely particularly in the first 72- 96
hrs of life since the risk of ICH is highest during that time
Need baseline cranial US to detect ICH
Should transfuse with platelets for all infants with platelets
< 30,000 and for premature, sick or infants with ICH at < 50,000
Traditionally initial treatment was washed maternal platelets or
HPA –1a and 5b negative platelets
More recent studies ( Kiefel et al, 2006, Bussel et al, 2005)
show that random donor platelets can be effective( may adsorb
circulating alloantibodies): this depends on availability of
maternal platelets or Ag negative platelets
IVIG can be used as additional therapy in cases of suboptimal
response
42. NAIT : natural history
Thrombocytopenia usually resolves by 2 weeks
although can last for up to 6 weeks
43. Neonatal autoimmune
thrombocytopenia
Due to antibody directed against maternal and
fetal platelets ( eg. Maternal ITP or lupus)
Antenatally may be difficult to distinguish
between this and gestational thrombocytopenia
which has an extremely low risk of neonatal
thrombocytopenia
Mothers may have a normal platelet count if they
have had a splenectomy or if there is enough
compensatory thrombocytosis
44. Infants of mothers with ITP : risk for
thrombocytopenia
10% risk overall of developing severe
thrombocytopenia ( platelets <50,000) in infants
of mums with ITP
May be increased if the mother has had a
splenectomy, if her platelet count has been
< 50,000 at some point during her pregnancy or if
there has been a previously affected sibling
Risk of ICH is 1% or less
Subsequent pregnancies do not have a risk of a
more severely affected infant
45. Neonatal Autoimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal
management
IVIG can be used for severely affected women
Prednisone has also been used early in pregnancy in
selected patients
C/section should only be performed for obstetrical
indications
46. Neonatal autoimmune
thrombocytopenia: neonatal management
Cord platelets should be obtained and serial platelet
counts should be monitored every 8- 24 hrs for the first
few days of life since the nadir typically occurs at 2 – 5
days of age
Should perform cranial US if significant thrombocytopenia
( platelets< 100,000)
Treat with IVIG 1g/kg/d X 2 days if platelets < 30,000
May give IVIG at higher threshold +/- platelets if
significant bleeding
Antibodies may persist for a while and may need a second
course of IVIG even a 2-3 weeks later
47. Treatment of other causes of
neonatal thrombocytopenia
Treat underlying cause if possible: ie sepsis,RDS
Platelet transfusions as indicated
48. Transfusion thresholds
(Murray, NA, 2002)
<30,000 Consider transfusion for all
30,000-49,000 Do not transfuse if clinically stable
Consider transfusion if:
< 1000 g and < 1 wk of age
Clinically unstable
Previous major bleeding (GR 3-4 IVH or
pulmonary hemorrhage)
Current minor bleeding
Concurrent coagulopathy
Requires surgery or exchange transfusion
50,000-99,000 Do not transfuse
>99,000
Transfuse if bleeding
49. Summary
Neonatal thrombocytopenia is a relatively common
problem especially in the NICU setting
Etiologies are diverse and differ in sick and well infants
clinical features and timing of presentation can help sort out the
causes
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia requires specific
investigations and management strategies
NAIT conveys a greater risk for significant bleeding
( including antenatal ICH) compared to autoimmune
thrombocytopenia
Random donor platelets have been shown to be effective in
many cases of NAIT contrary to previously held beliefs
Notas do Editor
Bone or skeleton defects. FA can cause missing, oddly shaped, or three or more thumbs. Arm bones, hips, legs, hands, and toes may not form fully or normally. The spine may be curved—a condition called scoliosis Eye and ear defects. The eyes, eyelids, and ears may not be normally shaped. A child also may be born deaf. Skin discoloration. This includes coffee-colored areas or odd-looking patches of lighter skin. Kidney problems. A child might be born with a missing kidney or kidneys that aren't shaped normally. Congenital heart defects . The most common congenital heart defect linked to FA is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). VSD is when the wall that separates the left and right chambers of the heart (the ventricles) is deformed or has a hole in it.
Kasabach–Merritt syndrome ( KMS , also known as &quot;Hemangioma with thrombocytopenia&quot; [1] :597 ) is a rare disease , usually of infants , in which a vascular tumor leads to decreased platelet counts and sometimes other bleeding problems , [2] which can be life-threatening. [3] It is also known as hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome . It carries the names of Dr Haig Haigouni Kasabach and Dr Katharine Krom Merritt, the two pediatricians who first described the condition in 1940. [4] [5]
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), also called hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy , [1] , is a rare autosomal recessive coagulopathy (bleeding disorder) that causes a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib (GpIb), the receptor for von Willebrand factor , which is important in clot formation. It is a Giant Platelet Syndrome that is characterized by abnormally large platelets. Characterized by prolonged bleeding time, thrombocytopenia , giant platelets, and decreased platelet survival, Bernard–Soulier syndrome (BSS) is associated with quantitative or qualitative defects of the platelet glycopotein complex GPIb/V/IX Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by eczema , thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immune deficiency , and bloody diarrhea (secondary to the thrombocytopenia). It is also sometimes called the eczema-thrombocytopenia-immunodeficiency syndrome in keeping with Aldrich's original description in 1954. [1] The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical parameters, the blood film and low immunoglobulin levels. Typically, immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels are low, IgA levels are elevated, and IgE levels may be elevated; paraproteins are occasionally observed. [4 Chediak–Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects multiple systems of the body, and arises from a mutation in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, LYST . It occurs in humans, cattle , white tigers , blue Persian cats and the only known captive albino orca [1] . Contents [hide] Quebec Platelet Disorder (QPD) is a rare, autosomal dominant bleeding disorder described in a family from the province of Quebec in Canada [1] [2] . The disorder is characterized by large amounts of the fibrinolytic enzyme urokinase -type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in platelets [3] . Consequently, stored platelet plasminogen is converted to plasmin , which is thought to play a role in degrading a number of proteins stored in platelet α- granules [4] . These proteins include platelet factor V, Von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, thrombospondin-1, and osteonectin [3] . There is also a quantitative deficiency in the platelet protein multimerin 1 ( MMRN1 ). Furthermore, upon QPD platelet activation, u-PA can be released into forming clots and accelerate clot lysis, resulting in delayed-onset bleeding (12-24hrs after injury) [5] . Individuals with QPD are at risk for experiencing a number of bleeding symptoms, including joint bleeds, hematuria, and large brusing [6
Oe randomised trial showed no difference inincedence of ICH if plt kept >50,000 and >150000