3. Basic of
Hydrogeology
Dr.
Mohamed Kamel Fattah

4. ‫فى‬ ‫واستخداماتها‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬
‫مصر‬
‫النيل‬ ‫هر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫هو‬ ‫صر‬ ‫م‬ ‫فى‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫سى‬ ‫الرئي‬ ‫المورد‬
‫حيث‬‫حوالى‬ ‫يمثل‬٩٦%‫المتجددة‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫من‬
‫النيل‬ ‫نهر‬ ‫لمياه‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫النتفاع‬ ‫اتفاقية‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫فى‬
‫بين‬‫لعام‬ ‫والسودان‬ ‫مصر‬١٩٥٩‫يا‬ً‫ا‬ ‫سنو‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫تحصل‬ ‫حيث‬
‫على‬
-1,٥٥ ٥‫متر‬ ‫مليار‬٣
‫والسودان‬١٨,٥‫متر‬ ‫مليار‬٣
-2‫عللى‬ ‫الموسلمية‬ ‫المطار‬ ‫بعلض‬‫السواحل‬
‫والتى‬ ‫وسيناء‬‫تقدر‬‫بحوالى‬١,٣‫متر‬ ‫مليار‬
٣
‫السنة‬ ‫فى‬
-3‫المياه‬ ‫من‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫توجلد‬ ‫ذللك‬ ‫إللى‬ ‫وإضافلة‬

5. ٍSources 1990
Billion m3/year
2005
Billion m3/year
River Nile Water 55.5 55.8
Groundwater 2.6 5.1
Agric. drainage water 4.7 8.0
Treated municipal
sewage water
0.2 2.1
Saving flow water
management programs
0 1.8
Deep groundwater
)desert)
0.5 3.2
Total 63.5 76.0
Water
resources

6. Water DemandWater Demand
ٍSources 1990
Billion m3
/year
2005
Billion m3
/year
Irrigation 47.7 64.1
Municipal use 3.1 3.7
Industrial use 4.6 7.1
Navigation and
regulation
Total
1.8
57.2
1.3
76.2

7. World water distributionWorld water distribution

9. Water cycle

11. The Earth's waterThe Earth's water
Nearly all (Nearly all (about 98%)about 98%) of the Earth's water isof the Earth's water is
containedcontained in the oceansin the oceans. A tiny amount is locked away. A tiny amount is locked away
asas ice sheets and glaciersice sheets and glaciers. This leaves a very small. This leaves a very small
amount which travels around in our water cycle,amount which travels around in our water cycle,
98% Salt water98% Salt water
2% Fresh water2% Fresh water
(87% ice ware , 12% groundwater and(87% ice ware , 12% groundwater and
1% River and Lake1% River and Lake((

12. Stages of the water cycleStages of the water cycle
Stage 1
The first stage of the water cycle is when
moisture from the sea and plants is lifted into
the atmosphere. As the sun beats down it
warms the oceans, rivers and lakes. This
causes the water to rise into the air as water
vapour. This process is known as evaporation.
A tiny amount of moisture is also released
from trees and plants. This is known as
transpiration

13. Stage 2
As the water vapour rises in the
atmosphere, it cools and condenses,
forming clouds. This process is known as
condensation. It is the same process
that makes you see your breath on a cold
winter morning. The clouds will then
produce rain or snow (known as
precipitation) which returns to the
Earth's surface as water. The cycle then
starts all over again.

14. Stage 3
Only about three quarters of the rain which
falls back to Earth lands in the oceans. This
is much less than leaves in the first place.
The remaining water makes only a slow
return to the oceans. Most is locked up in
glaciers and icebergs and can take several
thousands of years to complete its cycle..
The remaining water runs slowly overground,
seeps into the ground or is taken up by
plants as the cycle begins again

15. Evaporation:
Evaporation is when the sun
heats up water in rivers or lakes
or the ocean and turns it into
vapor or steam. The water vapor
or steam leaves the river, lake or
ocean and goes into the air

16. Condensation:
Water vapor in the air gets
cold and changes back into
liquid, forming clouds. This is
called condensation

17. Precipitation:
Precipitation occurs when so
much water has condensed that
the air cannot hold it anymore.
The clouds get heavy and water
falls back to the earth in the form
of rain, hail, sleet or snow.

18. Collection:
When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it
may fall back in
1- the oceans, lakes or rivers
2- it may end up on land.
When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the
earth and become part of the “ground water” or run
over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or
rivers where the cycle starts where plants and
animals use to drink.