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3. Introduction
 Nuclear energy originates from the
splitting of uranium atoms in a process
called fission.
 At the power plant, the fission process
is used to generate heat for producing
steam, which is used by a turbine to
generate electricity.

4. Introduction
 We have learned a great deal about
how to release nuclear energy; how to
control it, and how to make use of it.
 We have even learned to take it for
granted. But we have not yet learned to
live with it. Nuclear energy, in all its
aspects is already shaping the world.

5. History
 Discovery of uranium :
(Martin Klaproth 1789)
 Discovery of x-rays :
(Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895)
 Polonium and radium:
( Pierre and Marie Curie discovery 1896)
 Henri Becquerel :
(alpha and beta particles 1896)

6. History
 Ernest Rutherford (1902)
 Frederick Soddy (1911 )
 James Chadwick (1932)
 Otta Hahn and Fritz Strass man (1938)
 Niels Bohr (1940s)

7. Fission reaction
 Although they are tiny, atoms have a large
amount of energy holding their nuclei
together. Certain isotopes of some
elements can be split and will release part
of their energy as heat.
 This splitting is called fission. The heat
released in fission can be used to help
generate electricity in power plants.
Uranium-235 (U-235) is one of the
isotopes that fissions easily.

8. Fission reaction
 During fission, U-235 atoms absorb
loose neutrons. This causes U-235 to
become unstable and split into two light
atoms called fission products.
 Fig .1

9. Fission reaction
 Two or three neutrons are released
along with the heat. These neutrons
may hit other atoms, causing more
fission

10. chain reaction
 A series of fissions is called a chain
reaction
 A chain reaction is a sequence of
reactions where a reactive product or
by-product causes additional reactions
to take place

11. Self-Sustaining chain reaction.
 If enough uranium is brought together
under the right conditions, a continuous
chain reaction occurs. This is called a
self-sustaining chain reaction.
 A self-sustaining chain reaction creates
a great deal of heat, which can be used
to help generate electricity.

12. Types of nuclear energy
 Constructive nuclear energy
 Destructive nuclear energy

13. constructive nuclear energy
 Constructive nuclear measurement
methods are commonly used to control
and characterize radioactive waste
packages.
 The cleaning up of nuclear facilities
should be entirely integrated into the
nuclear fuel cycle.

14. Constructive nuclear energy
 Three non-destructive assay methods
which are used.
 X-ray radiography
 Passive neutron measurement
 Gamma-ray spectrometry

15. Constructive nuclear energy

16. X-ray radiography
 Due to the high number of drums to be
controlled, the X-ray radiography setup
must be able to produce a result in a
short X-rays are emitted by an industrial
generator and are collimated.
 While the drum slowly scrolls in front of
the generator, detectors acquire the
attenuated X-rays, leading to a 2D
picture of the internal content of the
drum.

17. X-ray radiography
 The scrolling speed must be compatible
with the measured data transfer speed
between the detectors and their memory
card.

18. Passive neutron measurement
 The second measurement step used along
the drum conveyor consists in passive
neutron coincidence counting.
 Usually, passive neutron assays involve
the detection of spontaneous fission
neutrons emitted by even nuclides (238Pu,
240Pu, 242Pu, 242Cm )and neutrons resulting
from (α,n) reactions with light nuclides (O,
F, B).
 The presence of high α-activity radio
nuclides (234U, 238Pu, 240Pu) .

19. Applications:
 1 :Food and Agriculture:
Leading organizations have been
working on the technology to increase
agricultural production, improve food
availability and quality, reduce
production costs and minimize pollution
of food crops.
 2 :Tracing Pollutants:
Radioisotopes can be actively used for
tracing the pollutants present in air. The
dangerous residues of the radioisotope
present even in small amounts in air can
be very harmful to humans.


20. Destructive nuclear energy
 Many researches are going on under
the nuclear atomic field.
 The nuclear energy cannot be replaced
by any other means of energy, since the
cost will be more to set up wind mills to
generate same amount of energy.
 Nuclear power is used in many fields
including medical applications.

21. Destructive nuclear energy
 The fact is that the atomic power is
produced along with the radioactive
emissions.
 The emission is very harmful to the human
beings. When an atom is bombarded, it
can create more damage to human life and
property. Since it is continuous process, the
effect will last for long time.
 The nuclear reactors should be provided
with primary safety measures.

22. Applications:
 3: Human Health:
One very common application is in the
treatment of cancer, i.e., through the
use of radiotherapy. Also, small
amounts of radioisotope tracers are
used for diagnostic and research
purposes. The radioisotopes aid in
measuring the concentration of various
enzymes, some drugs, hormones and
many other substances that are present
in the human blood.

23. Applications:
 4: Power Sources:
This energy also provides power to the
satellites used for navigation.
 5: Determination of Age:
The most interesting use of the nuclear
energy is that it can be used by the
archaeologists, geologists and
anthropologists in determining the age
of rocks, insects, etc.

24. Applications:
 6: Its Use in Space:
Both fission and fusion of nuclear
power is actively used in providing
power for the missions in space. It
generates higher velocities that
increases the speed of rockets.
 7: Sterilization:
Gamma emissions can be used for the
sterilization of medical supplies like
cotton, bandages, gloves used for
surgery, syringes, burn dressings, etc.

25. References:
 www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/History.pdf.
 http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf117_gnep.html.
 Energy Research Institute, 2010.
 http://www.chinanews.com/ny/2011/02-28/2873748.shtml.
 http://www.india-uschambersfl.com/2011/08/nuclear-
power-constructive-or.html.
 Energy Information Administration (EIA), 1994.
 Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2011.
 http://www.chinanews.com/ny/2011/02-28/2873748.shtml.
 Energy Research Institute, 2010.
 Get EntertaineRead more at
Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/uses-of-
nuclear-energy.html