This document summarizes information from a presentation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Hawaii. It discusses Hawaii's reliance on imported fossil fuels, goals to reduce emissions through renewable energy and efficiency. It also outlines threats from climate change through sea level rise, ocean acidification, and ecosystem impacts. The presentation examines Hawaii's efforts through the Global Warming Solutions Act and the modeling work of the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization's Energy and Greenhouse Gas Solutions group to analyze policy options and impacts.
1. Reducing Greenhouse
Gas Emissions in Hawai‘i
Denise Eby Konan, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Economics
Director, Center for Sustainable Coastal Tourism
Fellow, UHERO and REIS
Renewable Energy andwww.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs
October 8, 2009
Island Society October 8, 2009 1
2. Energy in the USA
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook (2009)
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3. Renewable Energy in the
USA
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook (2009)
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 3
4. Energy Risks
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook (2009)
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 4
5. Vulnerable energy security:
Energy consumption by source
(2007)
Hawaii USA Average
Source: EIA State Energy Data System (2008)
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6. Figure designed and created by UHERO EGGS
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 6
8. Climate change threat for
Hawaii: Sea-Level Rise
Land within 1 ft of high tide
Image from Chip Fletcher, Hawaii Mapping Group, SOEST
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 8
9. Climate change threat to
Hawaii: Ocean acidification
CO2 going up above the ocean
and in the ocean
pH going down in the upper
ocean - becoming more acidic
Observational results from Station Aloha
(Dore et al., 2009)
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 9
10. Climate change threat to
Hawaii: Ecosystem collapse
A Pteropod after 48 hours of living low pH ocean conditions (e is a
control)
Pteropods contribute to the diet of diverse carnivorous zooplankton,
myctophid and nototheniid fishes, North Pacific salmon, mackerel,
herring, cod and baleen whales.
Source: Orr et al (Nature, 2005)
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11. Hawaii addressing climate change:
ACT 234 - Hawaii’s Global Warming
Solutions Act
Second state in the country to
enact GHG regulations – June
2007
10 member task force
developing plan to meet 1990
GHG levels by 2020
Report GHG work plan to
Legislature by end of 2010
Department of Health is in
charge
On January 1, 2012: Rules and
regulatory scheme go into effe
ct
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13. Energy & Greenhouse Gas
Solutions: Mission
To analyze and tailor energy and climate
change policy by assessing technology
options and the associated environmental
and economic impacts.
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14. EGGS: Core Goals
1. Engage in rigorous analysis and establish a global
research reputation.
2. Develop and maintain data and models on Hawai’i
energy, economy, and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
3. Showcase Hawai’i solutions that demonstrate a
sustainable alternative for others.
4. Develop solution-based education and outreach
programs on energy and GHG solutions for a variety of
levels (legislators, business community, and K-12).
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15. Hawaii GHG Profile: 1990 and 2005
(report available on our website)
Amount of GHG Emission (MMTCO2E) 1990 2005
Energy 23.232 24.161
Stationary Energy Sources 10.163 10.854
Electric Power Sector 6.804 8.362
Residential Energy Sector 0.350 0.330
Commercial Energy Sector 0.762 0.287
Industrial Energy Sector 2.246 1.874
Mobile Energy Sources 13.069 13.307
Air Transportation Sector 7.487 5.991
Ground Transportation Sector 3.666 5.601
Marine Transportation Sector 1.916 1.715
Non-Energy Sources 1.456 2.269
Industrial Processes Sector 0.197 0.844
Agriculture Sector 0.634 0.453
Waste 0.625 0.972
Grand Total 24.687 26.430
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16. Hawaii GHG Profile:
Biggest changes since 1990
% GHG emissions change contribu3on by sector
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17. Ground Transportation GHG Emissions:
Total, and Per Capita
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18. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MT CO2E Per Capita)
MTCO2E per Capita
24
1.3
20 1.7 1.8
1.4
3.3
16 Non-Energy Sources
4.4
Marine Transportation Sector
Ground Transportation Sector
6.7
12 Air Transportation Sector
4.7 Industrial Energy Sector
Commercial Energy Sector
8 2.0 1.5 Residential Energy Sector
0.2
0.7 0.3 Electric Power Sector
0.3
4
6.6
6.1
0
1990 2005
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19. GHG Emissions Accounting:
An example equation
CO2 emissions = Af,h * Fc,h * Fox* (44/12)
Af,h : heat content of fuel consumed (GJ converted from
therms or million BTU)
Fc,h : Carbon content of fuel on a heating value basis (15.3
kg C/GJ)
Fox : Oxidation factor to account for fraction of carbon in
fuel that remains as soot or ash
(44/12) : Ratio of the molecular weight of CO2 to that of
carbon
Source: WRI GHG Protocol
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20. Hawaii GHG Profile
Conclusions
Act 234 emissions have increased by about 23
% from 1990 to 2005
Per dollar output, Hawai‘i is more GHG intensive
in 2005 than in 1990 although per capita is down
Power and transport account for about 70% of
all GHG emissions
Ground transportation contributes about 20
percent and is growing rapidly
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 20
22. Rationale:
Tourism’s Role in Hawaii’s Economy
$11.4 billion, in 2008
$1,700 per person, per
trip spending
18% of Gross State
Product, current dollars
10% of all civilian jobs
Statewide in 2003
6.8 million visitor arrivals
64 million visitor days
High stakes for Hawaii
economy
DBEDT 2008 Hawaii Data Book
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27. Economic output and
expenditures ($ million)
Household Visitor's
Industry Output expenditures expenditures
Accommodations 12,496.2 5,424.1 3,892.2
Restaurants 2,274.7 1,036.5 1,126.2
Trade 6,311.9 2,979.9 1,464.8
Entertainment 844.2 234.7 569.4
Golf 229.8 108.4 141.3
Air Transportation 2,044.1 337.5 1,555.6
Transportation 1,464.8 408.9 545.2
Agriculture 823.5 131.5 18.4
Construction 3,524.3 - -
Manufacturing 3,416.4 685.8 101.4
Services 15,181.0 8,018.4 573.4
Utilities 1,691.0 595.3 -
Government 8,565.8 264.9 45.6
Total 58,867.6 20,225.9 10,033.5
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28. Industry output in Hawaii
Output Compensation of
Industry ($ million) Output employees
Accommodations 12,496.2 21.2% 7.8%
Restaurants 2,274.7 3.9% 3.7%
Trade 6,311.9 10.7% 11.1%
Entertainment 844.2 1.4% 1.4%
Golf 229.8 0.4% 0.4%
Air Transportation 2,044.1 3.5% 2.4%
Transportation 1,464.8 2.5% 1.7%
Agriculture 823.5 1.4% 1.3%
Construction 3,524.3 6.0% 5.8%
Manufacturing 3,416.4 5.8% 2.4%
Services 15,181.0 25.8% 27.2%
Utilities 1,691.0 2.9% 1.6%
Government 8,565.8 14.6% 33.2%
Total 58,867.6 100.0% 100.0%
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29. Methods:
Calculating GHGs from direct
and indirect demand
Total demand vector (X) is function of intermediate and final
demand (Y), A is matrix of technical coefficients
X = ( I - A)-1 Y
Fuel requirements matrix (F X) defined as gallons by fuel type
associated with final demand Y
F X = F ( I - A)-1 Y
Energy intensity matrix total fuel required to produce one
dollars worth of final demand in each sector (Yi = 1)
Emissions intensity matrix total GHG emissions associated
with one dollars worth of final demand
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 29
30. The top ten economic sectors’
direct GHG emission - metric
tons CO2E
Industry Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide
Electricity 6,806,708.60 4,351.14 3,519.44
Air transportation 3,636,808.12 2,561.97 287.12
Utility gas 242,704.95 101.66 52,356.48
Construction 229,037.92 261.28 1,142.56
Hotels 184,796.88 175.03 11,647.60
Other services 152,312.61 105.57 204.24
Petroleum manuf. 147,339.04 256.68 2.96
Restaurants 135,693.90 124.66 9,620.00
Health services 134,887.81 145.59 2,148.96
Finance business 123,613.35 138.69 139.12
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31. Ranking Carbon Intensity:
metric tons CO2E / $ million
Electricity 7,179.7 Chemical manufacturing 232.9
Utility gas 2,680.2 Parking lots 226.7
Air transportation 1,771.8 Automobile rental 225.8
Commercial fishing 1,484.3 Waste management 225.3
Petroleum manufacturing 765.2 Construction and mining 224.6
Sightseeing transport 443.2 Crops 214.3
Transit 405.3 Other manufacturing 209.4
Ground transportation 400.6 Animal 202.0
Recreation 378.3 Clothing manufacturing 182.9
Food processing 378.1 Health services 178.6
Golf courses 363.0 Travel reservations 165.4
Laundry 345.0 Education private 122.5
Hotels 337.0 Retail trade 106.6
Other services 326.4 Wholesale trade 93.5
Trucking 291.4 Information 85.3
Water sewer 286.9 Real estate rental 81.9
Water transportation 285.8 Landscaping services 75.0
Restaurants 273.8 Finance business 73.8
Amusement 271.5 Performing arts 68.1
Museums historical 254.4 Other government 29.9
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 31
32. Summary table: Resident and visitor
energy and GHG emissions
Energy, GHG emissions
trillion BTU MMTCO2e
Total 323.3 23.4
Resident 126.4 9.3
Visitor 72.9 5.2
Visitor less air 33.5 2.4
Per annum MBTU GHG metric tons
Resident 104 7.7
Visitor 464 32.9
Visitor less air 213 15.4
Per capita 267 19.3
Visitor factor 4.4 4.3
Visitor factor less air 2.0 2.0
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33. Summary GHG Emissions
of Tourism
22% of Hawaii’s total
emissions
5.2 million metric tons of
CO2 equiv
Per Capita
Tourist: 33 metric tons
Resident: 7.7 metric tons
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 33
34. Future research
Endogenous emissions built into a dynamic
computable general equilibrium model of
Hawaii’s economy
Waikiki district benchmarking and analysis
Model carbon tax, cap and trade, command
and control policy options for the State
Assess economic and environmental impacts
of alternative scenarios
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 34
35. Carbon savings per 1% gasoline conservation
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39. Hawaii Energy Options:
Just a few!
Oceanlinx Oceanlinx
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative
Wind Wave Energy
HECO
Honolulu Sea Water Air Conditioning
Solar Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC)
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 39
40. Thank you to our sponsors
and partners!
Michael Saalfeld
Pierre and Pamela Omidyar Fund at the Hawaii Community
Foundation
Hawaii State Department of Health
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability
International Center for Climate and Society
UHM Outreach College
October 8, 2009 www.uhero.hawaii.edu/eggs 40