5. Size and the
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Gray Matter White Matter
Basal Nuclei
(Ganglia)
Surface
Features
http://cfs1.tistory.com/upload_control/download.blog?fhandle=YmxvZzE1Njk4QGZzMS50aXN0b3J5LmNvbTovYXR0YWNoLzEyLzEyMTUuanBn
6. Size and the Cerebrum
Ha! Ha!
What do you call a
brain without a 100
billion neurons? A
no brainer
Does a bigger brain mean you are
smarter?
The debate is still on. It seems that the
higher brain to body mass an animal has,
the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain
was a normal size, but the specific
portion known for spatial intelligence was
wider and had a unique anatomy.
Cerebrum
http://media3.guzer.com/pictures/homers_brain.jpg
7. White Matter
Portion of the
cerebrum that is
composed of bundles
of nerve fibers,
myelinated so that it
appears white.
These are on the deep
portion of the brain.
Cerebrum
8. Gray Matter
The cell bodies of neurons in
the cerebrum.
Located primarily on the
superficial surface of the
cerebrum- the cerebral cortex.
Also, several groups of gray
matter are buried deep within
the cerebrum.
Ha! Ha!
What does a brain
wear in a rainstorm?
A waterproof
CORTEX jacket.
Cerebrum
9. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Several islands of gray matter, cell
bodies of neurons.
They are the processing link
between thalamus and motor
cortex.
They initiate and direct voluntary
movement and help with balance
and postural reflexes.
Parkinson’s disease and
Huntington’s chorea, both
diseases of muscular control
difficulties, stem from problems in
the basal nuclei.
Cerebrum
10. Surface Features of the Cerebrum
Right
Hemisphere
Left
Hemisphere
Fissures
Corpus
Callosum
Functional
Areas
Lobes
Sulci
Cerebrum
Gyri
11. Gyri
The elevated ridges of
tissue on the surface of the
cerebrum.
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus
Surface
Features
(Colored
portions in
diagram to left)
12. Sulci
The shallow grooves on
the surface of the
cerebrum that separate
the gyri.
Central sulcus-
Separates frontal and
parietal lobes
Lateral sulcus- defines
temporal lobe
Surface
Features
Feelin’ groovy!
(“Lines” on
diagram above)
13. Fissures
Deep grooves on the
surface of the cerebrum.
Longitudinal
fissure- divides
cerebrum into
left and right
hemispheres
Helps to divide the
cerebrum into lobes.
Surface
Features
14. Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and
left hemispheres and
allows for
communication
between the
hemispheres.
Forms roof of the
lateral and third
ventricles.
Band of myelinated
nerve fibers.
(Label on Sagittal
Section diagram) Surface
Features
15. Right Hemisphere
For right-brainers
Ha! Ha!
Controls left side of body.
Visual spatial skills. Dancing and
gymnastics are coordinated by the right
hemisphere. Memory is stored in
auditory, visual and spatial modalities.
What did the right
hemisphere say to the
left hemisphere when
they could not agree on
anything?
Lets split!
Surface
Features
http://alphatel.waika9.com/brain1.gif
16. Left Hemisphere
For left-brainers
Controls right side of body.
Systematic, logical
interpretation of information.
Interpretation and production of
symbolic information.
Language, mathematics,
abstraction and reasoning.
Memory stored in a language
format.
Surface
Features
18. Frontal Lobe
Responsible for conscious thought,
cognition and memory.
Controls the ability to concentrate,
higher intellectual reasoning,
aggression, judgment, and
inhibition.
Plays a role in personality and
emotional traits.
What did the
parietal say to
the frontal?
I lobe you!
Ha! Ha!
Lobes
19. Temporal Lobe
Receives and evaluates
input for smell and
hearing and plays an
important role in
memory.
Lobes
20. Parietal Lobe
Responsible for
processing of sensory
input and sensory
discrimination.
Plays a part in body
orientation.
Ha! Ha!
What happens when
you bother the parietal
lobe?
It gets a little touchy!
Lobes
22. Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
Frontal eye field
Visual area
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Frontal
association area
Primary motor
area
General
interpretation area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Somatic
sensory area
Speech/language
area
Gustatory area
Surface
Features
Premotor area
23. Located in the left superior
and posterior portion of the
temporal lobe.
Understanding and
comprehension of spoken
language.
It is connected by nervous
pathways to Broca’s area (for
motor speech) and the
auditory area (for hearing).
Wernicke’s Area
Functional
Areas
24. Frontal Eye Field
Part of the premotor
cortex of the frontal lobe.
It coordinates and
maintains eye and head
movements, gaze shifts,
and visual reactions to
auditory and tactile
(touch) stimuli.
Functional
Areas
25. Primary Motor Area
Located on the
precentral gyrus
(posterior region of
the frontal lobe).
Allows conscious
movement of skeletal
muscles.
The axons of the
motor neurons here
form the pyramidal,
or corticospinal tract.
Functional
Areas
26. Premotor Area
Located anterior to the
primary motor cortex in
the frontal lobe.
Responsible for
perception as well as in
preparing the commands
that result in physical
movement (links input
with output).
Functional
Areas
27. Frontal Association Area
Located in the anterior
portion of the frontal
lobe.
Plans behavior and
facilitates working
memory.
Control of attention,
emotional expression,
creativity, physical drive
and inhibition.
Functional
Areas
28. Broca’s Area
Located in the inferior
portion of the frontal
lobe anterior to the
premotor area.
Controls movements of
the lips, jaws, and
tongue for speech.
Functional
Areas
29. Olfactory Area
Located in the anterior
portion of the temporal
lobe.
Involved with
integration of smell.
Ha! Ha!
Why does your nose
like to be in the
middle of your face?
It likes to be the
scenter of attention.
Functional
Areas
http://www.tcnj.edu/~cathcar2/brain.gif
Microsoft Clipart
31. Somatic Sensory Area
Located in the
anterior portion of the
parietal lobe.
Processes tactile
senses- pain,
temperature, touch.
The homunculus shown to
the left demonstrates the
relationship of features and
their number of sensory
receptors by size.
Functional
Areas
32. Gustatory Area
Inferior region of
parietal lobe.
Responsible for
taste.
Ha! Ha!
What book did
Gus Tation write?
Tasty Treats for
Your Tongue
Functional
Areas
Microspft Clipart
34. General Interpretation Area
Overlaps the parietal,
occipital and temporal
lobes.
Association of
cumulative information
from senses.
Functional
Areas
35. Visual Area
Located in the posterior
portion of the occipital
lobe.
Processes vision.
Functional
Areas
VISUAL AREA
36. Brainstem
The lower extension
of the brain where it
connects to the spinal
cord. Most of the
cranial nerves arise
from the brainstem.
The brainstem is the
pathway for all fiber
tracts passing up and
down from peripheral
nerves and spinal
cord to the highest
parts of the brain.
37. http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/VanDeGraff/Figures/Chap11/midbrain%20ant.jpg
Located on the superior portion of the brainstem.
Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres.
Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum
Auditory and Visual reflex centers.
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina- posterior portion of the midbrain
separated by the cerebral aqueduct.
Controls reflexes for vision and hearing.
Midbrain
Brainstem
38. Pons
Located in the
middle of the
brainstem.
Respiratory center
that controls rate
and depth of
breathing.
Pons
Brainstem
39. Medulla Oblongata
Located in the inferior
portion of the brainstem.
Crossing of motor tracts.
Controls heart rate, blood
pressure and breathing.
Centers for coughing,
gagging, swallowing, and
vomiting are located here.
Ha! Ha!
Who wrote the
book “The
Importance of
the Medulla?
Y.U. Breathe
Brainstem
40. Reticular Formation
Located throughout the
posterior portion of the
brainstem.
Controls motor activities of
visceral organs.
Controls sleep/wake cycles.
Damage to this area may
result in coma.
Plays a role in alertness,
fatigue, and motivation to
perform various activities. Brainstem
42. Hypothalamus
Located inferior to and slightly
anterior to the thalamus.
Controls regulation of
metabolism, temperature, and
water and electrolyte balance.
Holds many set points in
homeostasis.
Diencephalons
48. Pineal Gland
Located posterior to the
thalamus in the epithalamus.
Produces melatonin.
Melatonin helps to regulate
circadian rhythms (daily and
seasonal cycles of sleep and
wakefulness) and boosts
immune function.
Converts signals from the
nervous system into an
endocrine signal.
Diencephalons
http://www.howcomyoucom.com/images/PinealLocation.jpg
51. Cerebellum
Located inferior and posterior to the
cerebrum.
Two hemispheres composed of outer gray
matter and inner white matter.
Controls posture, balance, equilibrium, and
coordination of skeletal muscles.
It is said to look like
cauliflower.
Who wrote the
book “It’s a
Balancing Act”?
Sara Bellum
Ha! Ha!
56. Choriod Plexuses
Located on the roof of the
third ventricle and in the
fourth ventricle.
Tangled masses of capillaries
that secrete cerebrospinal
fluid.
Ventricles
57. Cerebral Aqueduct
A canal filled with
cerebrospinal fluid that
connects the third and fourth
ventricles.
Ventricles
60. Arachnoid Mater
The middle layer of
the meninges that
has a net-like mesh
(spider web-like).
In the spaces
between the fibers,
there is
cerebrospinal fluid.
Meninges
61. Dura Mater
In Latin, it
means “hard
mother”.
It is the thick,
protective outer
covering on the
surface of the
brain.
Meninges