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Nuclear Reactors
Tu Anh Tran
CHEM 312
UNLV
Fall 2013
Background
• Fission: spontaneous radioactive decays of
atoms and releases energy
• Energy is converted into heat to produce
steam and generate electricity
• Original nuclear reactors were designed for
submarines and navy ships
Components of a nuclear reactor
•
•
•
•

Fuel
Control rods
Coolant
Containment
Components: Fuel
• Fissionable: isotopes that undergo induced fission
when struck by a free neutron
• Fissile: isotopes that can sustain a fission chain
reactions when struck by a thermal neutron
 U-233
 U-235
 P-239

• Alpha/Beta decays
• Neutron capture
• Critical mass
Components: Fuel
• Enriched uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is
converted into uranium oxide (UO2) powder
• The power is processed into pellets via heat
• Stacked pellets are placed into tubes of
corrosion-resistant metal alloy
Components: Control Rods
• Neutron-absorbing materials
– Elements with varying capture cross sections for
neutrons of varying energies.
– Boron, silver, indium, cadmium

• Can be inserted or withdrawn from the core
• Control the rate of reaction
• Rods are attached to the lifting machinery by
electromagnets
Components: Coolant
• Circulating fluid through the core to control
heat transfer
• Water is a primary coolant
• In fast reactors, liquid metals such as sodium
and lead are used
• Molten salts
• Gas – helium
• Hydrocarbons
Components: Containment
• Protective structure around the reactor
• Protection against intrusion and radiation
leakage
• Steel or reinforced concrete
Types of reactors
• Boiling water reactor
• Pressurized water reactors
• Liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor
Pressurized Water Reactors
• Operate with thermal neutrons
• Steam is generated outside the reactor in
a secondary heat transfer loop
Boiling Water Reactor
• water is converted to steam, and then recycled back into
water by a part called the condenser, to be used again in
the heat process.
• steam generated inside the reactor goes directly to the
turbine
Liquid-Metal Fast-Breeder Reactors
• breeder reactors are designed to produce more fissile
material than they consume
• the fission reaction produces heat to run the turbine
while at the same time breeding plutonium fuel for
the reactor.
Nuclear power plants in commercial
production

Sources: Nuclear Engineering Handbook 2011
The Nuclear Reactor Debate
• Environmentally less harmful than fossile fuels
• Potential radiation contamination in the event
of a meltdown
• Nuclear proliferation and terrorism concerns
• Health effect concerns of those living near
nuclear power plants
• Political implications preventing new
development of nuclear reactors
References
• http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/NuclearFuel-Cycle/Power-Reactors/Nuclear-PowerReactors/
• http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basicref/students/reactors.html
• http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/reactor.html

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Nuclear Reactors

  • 1. Nuclear Reactors Tu Anh Tran CHEM 312 UNLV Fall 2013
  • 2. Background • Fission: spontaneous radioactive decays of atoms and releases energy • Energy is converted into heat to produce steam and generate electricity • Original nuclear reactors were designed for submarines and navy ships
  • 3. Components of a nuclear reactor • • • • Fuel Control rods Coolant Containment
  • 4. Components: Fuel • Fissionable: isotopes that undergo induced fission when struck by a free neutron • Fissile: isotopes that can sustain a fission chain reactions when struck by a thermal neutron  U-233  U-235  P-239 • Alpha/Beta decays • Neutron capture • Critical mass
  • 5. Components: Fuel • Enriched uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is converted into uranium oxide (UO2) powder • The power is processed into pellets via heat • Stacked pellets are placed into tubes of corrosion-resistant metal alloy
  • 6. Components: Control Rods • Neutron-absorbing materials – Elements with varying capture cross sections for neutrons of varying energies. – Boron, silver, indium, cadmium • Can be inserted or withdrawn from the core • Control the rate of reaction • Rods are attached to the lifting machinery by electromagnets
  • 7. Components: Coolant • Circulating fluid through the core to control heat transfer • Water is a primary coolant • In fast reactors, liquid metals such as sodium and lead are used • Molten salts • Gas – helium • Hydrocarbons
  • 8. Components: Containment • Protective structure around the reactor • Protection against intrusion and radiation leakage • Steel or reinforced concrete
  • 9. Types of reactors • Boiling water reactor • Pressurized water reactors • Liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor
  • 10. Pressurized Water Reactors • Operate with thermal neutrons • Steam is generated outside the reactor in a secondary heat transfer loop
  • 11. Boiling Water Reactor • water is converted to steam, and then recycled back into water by a part called the condenser, to be used again in the heat process. • steam generated inside the reactor goes directly to the turbine
  • 12. Liquid-Metal Fast-Breeder Reactors • breeder reactors are designed to produce more fissile material than they consume • the fission reaction produces heat to run the turbine while at the same time breeding plutonium fuel for the reactor.
  • 13. Nuclear power plants in commercial production Sources: Nuclear Engineering Handbook 2011
  • 14. The Nuclear Reactor Debate • Environmentally less harmful than fossile fuels • Potential radiation contamination in the event of a meltdown • Nuclear proliferation and terrorism concerns • Health effect concerns of those living near nuclear power plants • Political implications preventing new development of nuclear reactors