Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion - Dr. Sebastian E. Heath VetMB PhD, Branch Chief for Program Development - FEMA, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Dr. Sebastian E. Heath - Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion
1. FMD, Animal AgricultureFMD, Animal Agriculture
and Public Opinionand Public Opinion
NIAA 2013 Annual ConferenceNIAA 2013 Annual Conference
Merging Values and TechnologyMerging Values and Technology
Sebastian E Heath, VetMB, PhDSebastian E Heath, VetMB, PhD
Washington, DCWashington, DC
2. Immediate devastation
from stamping out is
usually attributed to cost
of operations and
personal loss
However, in the long run,
restructuring of industry
and changing priorities for
rural areas have a much
larger impact
3. The US has a Perfect TrackThe US has a Perfect Track
Record of Successful ResponseRecord of Successful Response
to Foreign Animal Diseaseto Foreign Animal Disease
OutbreaksOutbreaks
Success measured in terms of:Success measured in terms of:
EradicationEradication
Cost ComparisonCost Comparison
DurationDuration
Command and ControlCommand and Control
4. However, Technical Plans do not Address theHowever, Technical Plans do not Address the
Full Spectrum of Impacts of an OutbreakFull Spectrum of Impacts of an Outbreak
Traditional accounting in outbreaks uses talliesTraditional accounting in outbreaks uses tallies
Interpreted as sum of direct and indirect costsInterpreted as sum of direct and indirect costs
Agriculture is driven by economic efficiencyAgriculture is driven by economic efficiency
Economist approach (cost categories)Economist approach (cost categories)
Transaction costsTransaction costs
Indirect cost/Lost RevenueIndirect cost/Lost Revenue
Marginal costsMarginal costs
Opportunity costsOpportunity costs
Emergencies are economic disruptions (shocks)Emergencies are economic disruptions (shocks)
Successful plans minimize disruptionSuccessful plans minimize disruption
Either driven by or shape public opinionEither driven by or shape public opinion
5. Tiers of Preparedness/PlanningTiers of Preparedness/Planning
TacticalTactical
Focus on managing personnel, equipment and resourcesFocus on managing personnel, equipment and resources
Facilitates incident responseFacilitates incident response
OperationalOperational
Defines roles and responsibilities, tasks, integration andDefines roles and responsibilities, tasks, integration and
actions required of jurisdictions, departments, agencies andactions required of jurisdictions, departments, agencies and
private sectorprivate sector
Facilitates unified responseFacilitates unified response
StrategicStrategic
Describes how jurisdiction wants to meet responsibilitiesDescribes how jurisdiction wants to meet responsibilities
over the long-termover the long-term
Driven by policy and (public) prioritiesDriven by policy and (public) priorities
6. To Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease OutbreaksTo Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease Outbreaks
It Is Helpful to Study How Costs are DistributedIt Is Helpful to Study How Costs are Distributed
Costs arising in emergencies:Costs arising in emergencies:
Transaction costsTransaction costs
Direct costsDirect costs
Lost revenueLost revenue
Indirect costsIndirect costs
Marginal costsMarginal costs
Cost of proving disease statusCost of proving disease status
Opportunity costsOpportunity costs
What else could have been done with theWhat else could have been done with the
same resources?same resources?
Economic multiplier effectEconomic multiplier effect
Operational
Tactical
Strategic
Costs Affected by
Preparedness/Planning Efforts
7. Transaction (Direct) CostsTransaction (Direct) Costs
Commonly confused with tally of operationalCommonly confused with tally of operational
outlaysoutlays
E.g., “The FMD outbreak in the UK cost theE.g., “The FMD outbreak in the UK cost the
livestock industrylivestock industry £2.4 billion”£2.4 billion”
Better: the additional cost of doing businessBetter: the additional cost of doing business
““The cost to administer operational outlays was …”The cost to administer operational outlays was …”
2005 FMD hoax in New Zealand: NZ$ 2M2005 FMD hoax in New Zealand: NZ$ 2M
Federal compensation in US (non-indemnity)Federal compensation in US (non-indemnity)
Interest on loansInterest on loans
8. Transaction Cost Example:Transaction Cost Example:
Moorlands Hotel, North York MoorsMoorlands Hotel, North York Moors
In 2003 theIn 2003 the
Moorlands Hotel inMoorlands Hotel in
North York Moors,North York Moors,
closed because ofclosed because of
over £25,000 in Bankover £25,000 in Bank
Charges on LoansCharges on Loans
that could not bethat could not be
repaid after the FMDrepaid after the FMD
OutbreakOutbreak
9. Lost Revenue (Indirect Costs)Lost Revenue (Indirect Costs)
Lost incomeLost income
Livestock: Lost productionLivestock: Lost production
Tourism income in the UKTourism income in the UK
Affected by co-dependenciesAffected by co-dependencies
of systemof system
Often cannot be foreseenOften cannot be foreseen
completelycompletely
Should not be assumed toShould not be assumed to
apply to all situationsapply to all situations
10. Lost Revenue Example: Shambles, York, 2006Lost Revenue Example: Shambles, York, 2006
“A combination of 9/11, the SARS
and foot and mouth scares a few
years ago, together with the floods,
had a massive impact in reducing the
number of tourists, particularly big-
spending Americans.”
http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/display.var.1333798.0.0.php
11. Marginal CostsMarginal Costs
The increase in cost needed to produce moreThe increase in cost needed to produce more
For example:For example:
In Veterinary Practice: Cost of staff overtime to seeIn Veterinary Practice: Cost of staff overtime to see
more clientsmore clients
In Animal Disease Control Programs: Increased costIn Animal Disease Control Programs: Increased cost
of doing business, e.g., cost ofof doing business, e.g., cost of
Active surveillance over existing (passive) surveillanceActive surveillance over existing (passive) surveillance
US BSE surveillance programUS BSE surveillance program
Operations (contracts)Operations (contracts)
IndemnityIndemnity
12. Marginal Cost ExampleMarginal Cost Example
Federal Cost (non-indemnity) for Response to DiseaseFederal Cost (non-indemnity) for Response to Disease
Outbreaks (23-89% of disbursements)Outbreaks (23-89% of disbursements)
END
Compensation
25%
Transportation
1%
Contracts
58%
Supplies
16%
BSE
Compensation
37%
Transportation
6%
Contracts
31%
Supplies
26%
WAS
Compensation
89%
Transportation
3%
Contracts
5%
Supplies
3%
GON
Compensation
23%
Transportation
0%
Contracts
57%
Supplies
20%
13. Opportunity CostOpportunity Cost
Cost of choosing one option over anotherCost of choosing one option over another
Finite resources dictate that every option/choice occurs atFinite resources dictate that every option/choice occurs at
the expense of anotherthe expense of another
Costs are determined by asking:Costs are determined by asking:
What will not get done as a result of my choice?What will not get done as a result of my choice?
Which option has greater cost (immediately vs. long term)?Which option has greater cost (immediately vs. long term)?
Magnitude of opportunity cost driven inMagnitude of opportunity cost driven in
Short term by size and distribution of affected stakeholderShort term by size and distribution of affected stakeholder
groupsgroups
Long term by economic multiplier effect resulting fromLong term by economic multiplier effect resulting from
redistributionredistribution
14. Opportunity Costs Resulting fromOpportunity Costs Resulting from
Response to FMD in the UKResponse to FMD in the UK
UK paid $263M less in subsidies in 2002 than inUK paid $263M less in subsidies in 2002 than in
20012001
Approximately equal to cost of lost tradeApproximately equal to cost of lost trade
By 2006 waste management at FMD burial sitesBy 2006 waste management at FMD burial sites
had become a lucrative businesshad become a lucrative business
15. Opportunity Cost Example:Opportunity Cost Example:
Carcass Disposal at Great Orton Airfield, CumbriaCarcass Disposal at Great Orton Airfield, Cumbria
• In 2001, 466,312
carcasses, comprising
448,508 sheep, 12,085
cattle and 5,719 pigs
were buried in 26
trenches.
• £12M to build facility
• In 2006, still disposing of
240m3 leachate/week
• £850,000/yr. to
maintain
16. Opportunity Cost Example:Opportunity Cost Example:
Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial SiteAsh Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial Site
In 2001, 174,660In 2001, 174,660
carcassescarcasses buried
£7.5M to£7.5M to
constructconstruct
In 2003, “Ash MoorIn 2003, “Ash Moor
site to be restored tosite to be restored to
farmland”farmland”
In 2006 £240,000/yr.In 2006 £240,000/yr.
to maintain (security,to maintain (security,
drainage,drainage,
maintenance)maintenance)
17. Opportunity Cost: Economic Multiplier EffectOpportunity Cost: Economic Multiplier Effect
For every dollar by invested (incl. governmentFor every dollar by invested (incl. government
spending) how much morespending) how much more
Spending (demand) and employment (jobs) are generatedSpending (demand) and employment (jobs) are generated
Agriculture vs. Industrial vs. Services vs. ConstructionAgriculture vs. Industrial vs. Services vs. Construction
SectorsSectors
Choices often driven by public interestsChoices often driven by public interests
For exampleFor example
Does paying for cleaning and disinfection after an FADDoes paying for cleaning and disinfection after an FAD
generate more economic growth and jobs if the work isgenerate more economic growth and jobs if the work is
done by federal employees or contractors?done by federal employees or contractors?
Short term: Added income supports comparable increases inShort term: Added income supports comparable increases in
spendingspending
Long term: Contracts supports more jobsLong term: Contracts supports more jobs
18. Long term outcome:Long term outcome:
Moorlands Hotel, North York MoorsMoorlands Hotel, North York Moors
By 2012 the hotelBy 2012 the hotel
was under newwas under new
management andmanagement and
rated amongst therated amongst the
best hotels inbest hotels in
YorkshireYorkshire
http://www.britainsfinest.co.uk/bedandbreakfast/bedandbreakfast.cfm/searchazref/moorlands-country-
house
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6722995.stm
19. Economic Recovery from 2001 FMDEconomic Recovery from 2001 FMD
Shambles, YorkShambles, York
The Shambles, York, is
now a major tourist
destination with
international recognition
20. Economic Recovery: Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial SiteEconomic Recovery: Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial Site
• In 2010, “Landfill gives
Butterflies a Boost” … awarded
£257,469 to help boost the
fortunes of a number of fritillary
butterfly species on Dartmoor.
• In 2013 “Ash Moor is a real rags
to riches story, which now has a
far more positive future. Wildlife
Trust is managing the woodland
and hedgerows and putting in a
series of pond and scrapes. The
site is buzzing with wildlife … so
hopefully lots for people to see”
http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/__data/assets/image/0008/93950/20110516-
DNPA-NB-Pearl-bordered-Fritillary-web.jpg
21. To Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease OutbreaksTo Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease Outbreaks
It Is Helpful to Study How Costs are DistributedIt Is Helpful to Study How Costs are Distributed
Costs arising in emergencies:Costs arising in emergencies:
Transaction costsTransaction costs
Direct costsDirect costs
Lost revenueLost revenue
Indirect costsIndirect costs
Marginal costsMarginal costs
Cost of proving disease statusCost of proving disease status
Opportunity costsOpportunity costs
What else could have been done with theWhat else could have been done with the
same resources?same resources?
Economic multiplier effectEconomic multiplier effect
Operational
Tactical
Strategic
Costs Affected by
Preparedness/Planning Efforts
22. Projected Impact of Stamping Out FMD on 60Projected Impact of Stamping Out FMD on 60
Farms in a Single U.S. Rural CountyFarms in a Single U.S. Rural County
Operational costsOperational costs
$1.4 million/week$1.4 million/week
750 personnel750 personnel
Local impactLocal impact
Approx. $6.4 million per week to the Gross County ProductApprox. $6.4 million per week to the Gross County Product
Lost jobs (1 year):Lost jobs (1 year):
752 from food manufacturing752 from food manufacturing
1,466 from retail1,466 from retail
1,128 from hospitality1,128 from hospitality
1,203 from health and social1,203 from health and social
Stop movement estimated to cost over $700,000 in lostStop movement estimated to cost over $700,000 in lost
revenue to producers and owners of non-susceptible speciesrevenue to producers and owners of non-susceptible species
23. Special Interests often Drive Strategic Choices
affecting Opportunity Cost and the Impact of
Economic Multipliers
Public Opinion Challenges to Agriculture that
will likely impact decisions during an FMD
outbreak
Environment
Animal Welfare
Food Safety
Economics
Biotechnology
24. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
EnvironmentEnvironment
Image: Paul de Lhama on flickr
http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/w/b/be/Feature_for_eXtension_beef.jpg
In the Netherlands during
the 2006 AI outbreak
public concern arose over
why so much pollution at
home to support exports
abroad
Little discussion on use of marginal
land and opportunity costs
25. Impact of Environmental Lobby on TaiwanImpact of Environmental Lobby on Taiwan
Swine Industry after FMD in 1998Swine Industry after FMD in 1998
Taiwan EPA issued a
moratorium on restocking
swine …
.. unless farmer could
dispose of manure in 3-
stage sewer handling
facility or relocate
26. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
Animal WelfareAnimal Welfare
http://www.cattleandhuntranch.com/Uploads/76/68/17668/images/cowcalf.jpg http://www.tinksbeef.com/files/feedlot2.jpg
http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/wp-content/uploads/chickens-4.jpghttp://manhattaninfidel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/chickens.jpg
http://gpvec.unl.edu/files/westernu/swine/2009%20Presentations/Danish%20gestation%20crates.JPG
http://www.rightonsofshipston.co.uk/images/piglet_closeup_443.jpg
Public opinion on
animal welfare
supports animals
being able to
roam free.
But there is little
consideration of
animal husbandry
on welfare in
disasters
27. Animal Welfare is a Major Concern inAnimal Welfare is a Major Concern in
DisastersDisasters
More animals suffer in disasters inMore animals suffer in disasters in
natural settings than when housednatural settings than when housed
E.g., floods, blizzard, heatE.g., floods, blizzard, heat
Yet intensive agriculture is oftenYet intensive agriculture is often
cited as causecited as cause
http://assets.knowledge.allianz.com/img/dead_cow_rtr185c4_ah_1_50468.jpg
http://olsonfarlow.com/wp-content/themes/olson-farlow/scripts/timthumb.php?src=http://olsonfarlow.com/wp-
content/uploads/Omo-River-Ethiopia-National-Geographic-126.jpg&w=780&q=80&a=t
28. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
Food SafetyFood Safety
http://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash3/c213.0.403.403/p403x403/547019_10151248655940518_830595605_n.jpg
http://baby-boomer-depot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Row-upon-row-of-Processed-Foods.jpg
Growing popular interest in locally
sourced organic food with novel
preparation and retail
Little discussion on cost and
affordability of food, quality
control and variety
http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/youngandhungry/2010/09/15/vote-your-favorite-food-truck-into-the-inaugural-curbside-cook-off/
29. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks can TurnPublic Opinion in Disease Outbreaks can Turn
on Food Safetyon Food Safety
Loss of consumer confidenceLoss of consumer confidence
Loss of value added jobsLoss of value added jobs
Driven byDriven by
Risk communicationRisk communication
Killing animals to save animals is an inherently conflictedKilling animals to save animals is an inherently conflicted
messagemessage
Assumption is that killing animals will protect public healthAssumption is that killing animals will protect public health
Will the public accept this?Will the public accept this?
Response optionsResponse options
If the methods used for stamping out adversely affectsIf the methods used for stamping out adversely affects
consumer confidenceconsumer confidence
Why do we do it?Why do we do it?
30. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
EconomicsEconomics
In it for the moneyIn it for the money
Trade Protection is goodTrade Protection is good
VersusVersus
Meat is in high demand worldwideMeat is in high demand worldwide
Economic efficiency is key to sustainabilityEconomic efficiency is key to sustainability
Innovation provides competitive advantageInnovation provides competitive advantage
Disease free trade partners are better forDisease free trade partners are better for
exportersexporters
31. PER CAPITA MEAT CONSUMPTION vs. GNP
(1971-95 country averages)
0
1
2
3
4
5
4 5 6 7 8 9 11
Log per capita GNP
LogpercapitaMeat
Consumption
Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution, a joint IFPRI, FAO, ILRI study.
10
China
India
Trend
Philippines
32. The highest growth and demand from agriculture is forThe highest growth and demand from agriculture is for
animal derived productsanimal derived products
Commodity Growth rate per annum (%)
Cereals 2.6
Fruit 3.5
Vegetables 4.8
Fish 5.5
Pork 6.3
Poultry 7.7
Projected Growth in Global Meat Demand,
1997-2020
Poultry
40%
Pork
31%
Beef
24%
Sheep/Goat
5%
FAO, IFPRI, 1999
33. Changes in Livestock ProductionChanges in Livestock Production
Asia
SSA
WANA
CSA
Grazing
Mixed
Industrial
-5
0
5
10
15
20
PercentAnnualGrowth
Region
System
Annual Growth Rates of Meat Production
Systems
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
AnnualGrowthRate(mean
%)
Grazing Livestock Mixed Farming Industrial Production
Farming System
Annual Growth Rate of Livestock Production
Systems (1985-90)
36. Trends in Uruguay Beef Exports
¿
¿
¿
¿
u[
u]
u`
ub
ue
ug
¾ î M } -
Year
Tons(X1,000)
FMD positive FMD free
Exports to FMD free
countries
Exports to FMD
infected countries
37. Destination of Uruguay Beef Exports
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2000
Year
PercentofTotal
Mercosur
USA
Israel
Other
NAFTA
Other than USA
USA
Other than USA
38. Global Livestock Populations, US Feed Exports
and Foot and Mouth Disease
(5-year mean, 1997-2001)
Cattle
Cattle
Pigs
Pigs
Feedgrains
Feedgrains
Soybeansandmeal
Soybeansandmeal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
FMD-free FMD-infected
Country FMD Status
GlobalLivestockPopulation
(%#)
orUSFeedgrainExports(%MT)
N=84 N=86
39. Narrow Views of the Economics of AnimalNarrow Views of the Economics of Animal
Agriculture Undermine Its Many BenefitsAgriculture Undermine Its Many Benefits
Meat is a desirable food – worldwideMeat is a desirable food – worldwide
Growing demand correlates with increased incomeGrowing demand correlates with increased income
Meat adds value toMeat adds value to
Pasture (developing countries)Pasture (developing countries)
Feed grains (North America)Feed grains (North America)
Value added agriculture productsValue added agriculture products
Create jobs (processing, distribution, retail and export)Create jobs (processing, distribution, retail and export)
Exports bring in foreign currencyExports bring in foreign currency
A country’s animal disease status affects trade balanceA country’s animal disease status affects trade balance
Every $1 million of value added through agriculture supportsEvery $1 million of value added through agriculture supports
approximately 5,000 jobsapproximately 5,000 jobs
40. Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/files/2012/12/Transgenic-vs-non-transgenic-siblings-large.jpg
Public Opinion condones
terms such as
“Frankenfoods” and
questions the value of
vaccinating children
But little discussion
over progress made
through science
41. Reports on Science, Disasters andReports on Science, Disasters and
Urban Myths are not well MatchedUrban Myths are not well Matched
Media demand is for crises and sensationsMedia demand is for crises and sensations
In response media supplies disproportionate number ofIn response media supplies disproportionate number of
reports on, e.g.,reports on, e.g.,
Vaccine and autismVaccine and autism
GMO’s and safety concernsGMO’s and safety concerns
Threat of diseases from animalsThreat of diseases from animals
Growing resentment of vaccines in Pakistan, NigeriaGrowing resentment of vaccines in Pakistan, Nigeria
and in many North American familiesand in many North American families
As progress is made will the public laud science orAs progress is made will the public laud science or
remember incomplete and pseudo facts?remember incomplete and pseudo facts?
42. Systems Mapping Helps Identify Interests andSystems Mapping Helps Identify Interests and
Contributions Before a Crisis StrikesContributions Before a Crisis Strikes
Public Opinion can become a dominant driver ofPublic Opinion can become a dominant driver of
strategic choices in a crisisstrategic choices in a crisis
Interests of the public and agriculture are often veryInterests of the public and agriculture are often very
focusedfocused
Focused interests have merit but onlyFocused interests have merit but only contributecontribute toto
quantity and quality of final productquantity and quality of final product
Systems Mapping is an important tool forSystems Mapping is an important tool for
shaping the future or, if ignored, allowingshaping the future or, if ignored, allowing
special interests to determine the futurespecial interests to determine the future
43. Systems Map: What’s for Dinner?Systems Map: What’s for Dinner?
Each step is necessary but none are sufficient to
put dinner on the table.
A systems map is a strategic tool to identify
interests that drive choices for the future
44. Shocks to the System:
Crisis or Opportunity
Peter Löscher CEO of Siemens on Using a ScandalPeter Löscher CEO of Siemens on Using a Scandal
to Drive Change:to Drive Change: … But as I always remind anybody
who is listening, never miss the opportunities that
come from a good crisis—and we certainly didn’t
miss ours. The scandal created a sense of urgency
without which change would have been much more
difficult to achieve, regardless of who was CEO.
Siemens is a very proud company with a history of
innovation and success. In the absence of a catalyst
like this, people would have asked themselves, “Why
alter anything?” (Hired as the first outsider toanything?” (Hired as the first outsider to
become the company’s top leader)become the company’s top leader)
David King, Science Advisor to PM Tony Blair
during the 2011 FMD outbreak: At the Budget,
we committed to raising science spending
faster than the trend rate of growth of the
economy. We can now announce that in total,
the average annual growth rate for science
funding is 5.8 per cent in real terms.
45. Public Opinion of Animal Agriculture HasPublic Opinion of Animal Agriculture Has
Supported its Role in Scientific ProgressSupported its Role in Scientific Progress
Disease eradicationDisease eradication
RinderpestRinderpest
VaccinesVaccines
Encephalitis, clostridial diseasesEncephalitis, clostridial diseases
Environmental healthEnvironmental health
Field HospitalsField Hospitals
Food SafetyFood Safety
HACCPHACCP
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Herd immunityHerd immunity
www.crops.org
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/c/ca077.html
46. The Future of Public Opinion of Animal AgricultureThe Future of Public Opinion of Animal Agriculture
Should be Shaped as Supporting Scientific ProgressShould be Shaped as Supporting Scientific Progress
Surveillance, early detection, rapid response andSurveillance, early detection, rapid response and
recovery from high consequence diseaserecovery from high consequence disease
outbreaksoutbreaks
Tipping point for choice of interventionTipping point for choice of intervention
Disease counter measures using informationDisease counter measures using information
technologytechnology
Manage risks from greenhouse gas emissions,Manage risks from greenhouse gas emissions,
water use, carbon sequestration, renewable andwater use, carbon sequestration, renewable and
bio fuelsbio fuels
Transformative Sustainable Agricultural SystemsTransformative Sustainable Agricultural Systems
Human nutritionHuman nutrition
47. Disease Outbreaks have led to a Restructuring of Rural EconomiesDisease Outbreaks have led to a Restructuring of Rural Economies
http://www.farminguk.com/bsp/10130/ews.asp?DBID=103-281-013-081&iPage=1&id=5631
Following the foot and mouth crisis of 2001
he converted some buildings on his 150-
acre farm into commercial units. As part of
the “Devon Renaissance” Rexon Cross
Farm became Wolf Valley Business District
providing an inspiring pastoral setting for
business
After AI outbreaks in Asia and Italy
and FMD in the UK there was
significant consolidation of the
livestock industry, with many small
farmers dropping out
48. FMD, Animal Agriculture andFMD, Animal Agriculture and
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
seheath@comcast.netseheath@comcast.net
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