Scaling Drupal: Not IF... HOW
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A brief overview of how to plan for, discover, and treat performance problem areas in Drupal.
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Scaling Drupal: Not IF... HOW
- 3. Thomas Wysocki! Lead Architect! Thomas@treehouseagency.com! Steven Merrill! Sr. Developer! Steven@treehouseagency.com!
- 4. What we're doing today Identify scaling issues! Introduce an optimization process! Look at useful testing and monitoring tools!
- 7. When is scaling a concern? When there are a lot of:! Pageviews! Authenticated users!
- 8. What if a site doesn't scale? Crash!!
- 9. Enable slow query logging! Test Plan! Ongoing Monitoring! Analyze Optimize slow queries! queries! Load Site Live?! Front-end Optimization! Testing! Analyze Additional! slow Caching! pages! Additional Techniques!
- 10. Enable Slow Query Log • Ensure you have a my.cnf active! • Enable the logging of slow queries inside my.cnf !
- 11. Enable Slow Query Log !
- 12. Load testing - why? Simulate traffic before your site hits the real world! Populate the site with data automatically!
- 13. Load testing - how? Utilize load testing software or services! HP Load Runner! OpenLoad! jMeter !
- 14. Load testing - differences? Cost! Complexity! Hardware requirements! Types of testing available!
- 15. Load Testing - jMeter Note: I have a swf video for now but not sure how to embed that here. See attachment via email.!
- 16. Load Testing - jMeter - Execute !
- 17. !
- 18. Reviewing slow query logs Check if any files were output to you 1. slow log file.! Generate a summary of the log file 2. using mysqldumpslow!
- 19. Reviewing slow query logs !
- 20. Slow Query Logs • Typical Problems:! Poor Indexing resulting in Table scans! Locking! large result sets ! Slow, complicated queries!
- 21. Slow Query Log For example:!
- 22. Query Optimization Things to keep in mind! keep it simple! know your data! be consistent and plan ahead !
- 23. Analyze Page execution time screenshot!
- 24. Test with the devel module features, screenshot, screencast?!
- 25. Implement caching • Types of cache! Caching Engines! Drupal Configurable cache! Programmatic caching!
- 26. Implement caching • Types of caching engines:! Standard Drupal Cache! APC - standard drupal cache + memory?! Memcache! Static page cache / Boost !
- 27. Standard Drupal Cache • positive ! provides caching out of the box! • negative ! relies upon the database for storage, which results in a lot of reads/writes which can result in table or row locks, etc.!
- 28. APC • positive ! much faster performance than memcached! • negative ! not networkable, so not suited to multiple webheads!
- 29. Memcache • positive ! standard drupal cache + memory + multiple servers! • negative ! limited control over when and how things disappear from cache!
- 30. Static Page Cache/Boost • positive! drupal flexibility + performance of static files! • negative ! generally works only with anonymous users!
- 31. Implement caching • Types of configurable cache:! Page cache! Block Cache!
- 32. Page Cache • positive ! allows full pages to be cached, and thus we can serve many more page views on a single server! • negative ! only works for anonymous users!
- 33. Block Cache • positive ! configurable to work with anonymous users, as well as logged in users! can be page specific, user specific, both or site wide and set to expire at specified intervals! • negative ! hard to control the expiration of data outside of the specified intervals!
- 34. Implement caching • Types of programmatic cache:! Static variable cache! Programmatic data cache!
- 35. Static Variable Cache • positive ! eliminates often duplicate rendered objects! core already uses this in some places so that a second node_load() in a page ! request doesn't hit the database • negative ! Only applicable in the course of a single web request!
- 36. Programmatic Data Cache • positive ! Expensive items can be cached for a period of time! Easily added into custom modules or custom themes! • negative ! Difficult to know where to do it, and invalidating content becomes complicated!
- 37. Ongoing monitoring • Tools available! Cacti! MySql Enterprise Manager! Gomez!
- 38. Ongoing monitoring - Cacti Free!! Monitors various aspect of your site. ! cpu utilization! server load! memory usage! database activity! Trend visualization! Community add-ons !
- 39. !
- 40. Additional measures Database Scaling! Addition of read-only slave servers! InnoDB / MyISM / Memory optimization! You must currently patch modules or add slave queries to your own modules! Drupal 7 should inherently let us do this ! Hardware changes! Load balancers! caching! redundancy!
- 41. Additional measures Front-end techniques! Apache tweaks! CDN!
- 42. Front end Techniques Front-end performance matters!! If a page takes 0.5s to generate and 7s to render, it will still seem slow! Use YSlow! to get a score on how fast your website's front-end is! JS Aggregation / Compression! Similar to CSS Aggregation ! Load JS on the bottom!
- 43. Front end Techniques YSlow! in action! before optimizing:! 212.7K (auth user)! Almost 6 seconds! Barely earns a ‘D’!
- 44. Front end Techniques JS Aggregation! Same size! 33% faster! Better score!
- 45. Front end Techniques JS Aggregation! Core in D6, Available as contrib in D5! JS Minification! Unsafe in PHP! CSS Aggregation! Available out of the box, extremely useful in reducing the number of http requests needed for each page. !
- 46. CDN Load static assets from several points around the country or world! Eliminates unnecessary load on your web servers! Relatively cheap! Easy to implement ! As cloud storage evolves, CDN integration is becoming commoditized, like SimpleCDN!
- 47. Front end Techniques All images, css and js on SimpleCDN! Gzip compression! Far-future expiry headers! Page size 40% of original! Load time down 45%!
- 48. Apache Techniques GZip compression! Move .htaccess configurations inside your http.config!
- 49. Results Far-Future Expiry Headers! Gzipping! Updated ShareThis! 212.7k to 99.96k! 5.7s to 1.7s! D to A!!
- 50. Key takeaways Follow a logical, deliberate process! Leverage the tools available to you! Use a multi-faceted approach ! Test, test, test!!
Notas do Editor
- A quick intro of where the session will be goingNote that focus is how to deal with problems on an existing site, rather than building a new site
- People are always asking, \"Does Drupal scale?\"
- All these sites attest, it can!
- Please revise this as needed
- I really don't know what else should go here. Please add as appropriate.
- On Mac / MAMP:/Applications/MAMP/Library/my.cnf
- Discuss:What load testing isWhat jMeter isWhat makes an effective plan
- I:
- jMeter Execution stepsStart slow to make sure the test plan works and makes senseDecide on the number of users you wanna serve in a given period of time. What we expect to get out of thisQueries into the slow query logProblem pages
- jMeter ResultsVariety of reportings available:GraphsResponse time tablesSummary reports, etc.We’ll get into it more in a bit….
- Discuss:How to find logsHow to identify \"slow queries\"--what constitutes slow, how to identify them in the logs
- Discuss:How to find logsHow to identify \"slow queries\"--what constitutes slow, how to identify them in the logs
- One example (the first query on the previous slide)
- Potential pitfalls of queriespoor indexinguseless joins and/or group bysreturning too much dataGood practices for writing querieskeep it simpleknow your databe consistent and plan ahead
- Interesting information:1) Fastest page response2) Slowest page response3) 90% time4) Errors
- By enabling the Devel module:1) View the listing of queries executed2) Make note of any:Slow QueriesQueries that are repeated frequentlyAnything that is being executed yet really shouldn’t be
- Optimize slow queriesLocate if any of the items being executed are the results of blocks or segments that can be cached in some wayWhat ways? - see slide
- Following slides will outline postives and negatives…Types of caching engines:Caching Engines- Standard Drupal Cache
- Types of configurable cache:
- Page cache- positive - allows full pages to be cached, and thus we can serve many more page views on a single server- negative - only works for anonymous users
- Block cache- positive - configurable to work with anonymous users, as well as logged in users- positive - can be page specific, user specific, both or site wide and set to expire at specified intervals- negative - hard to control the expiration of data outside of the specified intervals(i.e. if a block only shows a certain node type, you can set the cache to regenerate when any node type is created)
- Types of programmatic cache:Static variable cache- Programmatic data cache- creating caching strategies within your custom modules- you can also do this in the theme layer (if a particular part on a user's homepage takes a lot of queries or effort to run, you could consider caching it for even 5 minutes)
- only retrieve a single variable once per session- positive - eliminates often duplicate rendered objects- positive - core already uses this in some places so that a second node_load() in a single page request doesn't hit the database again.
- creating caching strategies within your custom modules- you can also do this in the theme layer (if a particular part on a user's homepage takes a lot of queries or effort to run, you could consider caching it for even 5 minutes)
- Discuss:Why ongoing monitoring is importantWhat Cacti isHow Cacti should be used
- - Free!- Monitors various aspect of your site.
- Discuss:Why ongoing monitoring is importantWhat Cacti isHow Cacti should be used
- - Database Scaling
- Not sure how you want to go with this part, if you want to cover each item individually like the others, or talk very briefly about each.Bullets randomly grabbed from notes...please change as you like.
- Front-end performance matters!If a page takes 0.5s to generate and 7s to render, it will still seem slowUse YSlow! to get a score on how fast your website's front-end isJS Aggregation / CompressionSimilar to CSS Aggregation
- YSlow! in actionbefore optimizing:The site is 212.7K
- - With Drupal's JSaggregation turned on,the site already scoresmuch better.- The page has notgotten much smallerin page size (only .6kis saved because coredoesn't compress JS)- The page is almost33% faster to load andour score is muchbetter.
- - CSS sprites let you reuse a single image as a background on multiple objects, again dropping the number of http requests
- Not sure how you want to go with this part, if you want to cover each item individually like the others, or talk very briefly about each.Bullets randomly grabbed from notes...please change as you like.
- the site with all the images, css and js on SimpleCDN.- SimpleCDN lets you
- Not sure how you want to go with this part, if you want to cover each item individually like the others, or talk very briefly about each.Bullets randomly grabbed from notes...please change as you like.
- - Here's the final resultwith our Apache serversending far-futureexpiry headers andgzipping html content.- To boost from a scoreof 90 - 99, I also broughtthe ShareThis module tothe 1.4 version, whichstopped it from beingincluded on every page.- Overall savings:212.7k - 99.96k page size5.7s - 1.7s page load timea
- These are my inferences. Please add or change as appropriate.