Jason Pick, Olds College Turfgrass Management, Level I

1. Drainage Fundamentals 1 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

2. Module A: Fundamentals 2 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

3. Soil Structure And Pore Space 3 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

4. Drainage occurs when: 4 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

5. Pore spaces 5 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

6. Factors affecting Water intake and retention 6 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

7. Infiltration rate 7 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

8. Saturation 8 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

9. Field Capacity 9 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

10. Water Adhesion to Soil particles 10 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

11. Wilting point 11 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

12. Surface Tension 12 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

13. Gravity 13 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

14. Capillary Fringe 14 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

15. Capillary Fringe 15 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

16. Capillary action 16 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

17. 17 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

18. Capillary Action 18 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

19. Lateral movement of water in soils 19 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

20. 20 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

21. Rising water table 21 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

22. To alleviate rising water table (springs) 22 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

23. Piezometer 23 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

24. Natural Deep drainage 24 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

25. Free Water vs capillary fringe 25 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

26. Drainage Fundamentals 26 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

27. Perched Water table 27 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

28. How does a perched water table work? 28 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

29. Height of Perched table 29 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

30. Perched Heights 30 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

31. Perched Water Table 31 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

32. Perched water table 32 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

33. Capillary fringe: Air entry point Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 33

34. Capillary Fringe: Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 34

35. Capillary fringe Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 35

36. Movement into secondary profile 36 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

37. Saturated Free water zone 37 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

38. Saturated Free water zone 38 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

39. Hydraulic conductivity: USGA spec( SHC) 39 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

40. Hydraulic conductivity: testing 40 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

41. Hydraulic Conductivity: Soil Types 41 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

42. Hydraulic conductivity: 42 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

43. Tube experiment: Moisture release curve Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 43

44. Hooghouts: Defined terms D: = drainage rate (“/hr) of saturated free water zone at midpoint 44 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

45. Hooghouts Formula: K: Saturated hydraulic conductivity of top soil in inches/hr 45 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

46. Hooghouts Formula H² is equivalent to Ha X Hb Ha = height of saturated free water zone, Hb = height of saturated free water zone that water must flow through 46 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

47. Hooghouts Formula S² is equivalent to Sa X Sb Sa = is the distance between drains Sb =distance between drains where component of the area water is collected 47 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

48. Hooghouts formula: Calculating rate of drainage at midpoint Calculations to reduce height of free water BETWEEN drains 48 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

49. Hydraulic conductivity A description of various soils and conductivities Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 49

50. Silt/Clay Loam Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 50

51. Sandy Loam Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 51

52. Hydraulic Conductivity .2”/hr(no surface drainage) Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 52

53. Slow draining base(no surface drainage) Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 53

54. Hydraulic conductivity .8”/hr(no surface drainage) Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 54

55. Hydraulic conductivity 2”/hr(no surface drainage) Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 55

56. Summary: What does this tell us? Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 56

57. Summary Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 57

58. Summary: Problem solving HC Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 58

59. Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 59

60. Designing subsoil drains 60 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

61. Discharge area: Subsoil drains Decide where to discharge the water Design UP from discharge point (minimum 1:70) Have uniform fall on all pipes 61 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

62. Discharge area: Subsoil drains Open drain Creek Be aware what will happen during flooding Discharge must be above level Design the drain FROM the discharge point upward Uniform fall on all pipes 62 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

63. Subsoil drain pattern: Favoured design 30-45% angle Small laterals into larger main Flexible corrugated tile Joints are offset from each other 63 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

64. Determining pipe sizing Manufacturers supply max flow performance As pipe length increases, friction loss increases Main runs with the slope Laterals run across slope 64 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

65. A fall of .5ft in 49.5 ft is 1:99 Efficient and simple Laterals same distance apart Uniform drainage for the whole area 65 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

66. Calculating pipe required 66 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

67. How to size pipe Assume area of 1ac (43,560ft sq) Uniform slope of 1:70, down 295 ft. no cross fall Subsoil drains spaced at 6.6ft, topsoil at 12” HC 2”/hr Rainfall event of 2”/hr 67 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

68. Example of racetrack drainage 68 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

69. Sizing drains High traffic area with subtle drain cover Off back of green Realistic sizing No additional labor for trimming/maintenance 69 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

70. Principles of Subsoil Drainage Migration Filter material Installation techniques 70 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

71. Choosing the right filter material Filter material should bemade on the basis of type or sand that will surround it If the drain is in a fine soil, filter should be a coarse river sand-NOT GRAVEL! 71 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

72. Migration of particles Significant amount of fines enter the surrounding soil THIS moves fines into the pipe Quickly collapses the drain, often during first few waterings 72 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

73. Particle migration into coarser gravels Common mistakes: Surround pipe with coarse gravel or crush Pea gravel ¼ - 3/8” often specified Overall, these gravels are too large!! 73 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

74. Filter material entering pipe We are too worried about filter material entering the drain pipe If gravel is used, smaller particles will migrate into the large pores 74 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

75. When to use gravel filter material 75 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

76. Clean filter material Make sure no fines in the filter material Use HC of the filter material >100”/hr (sand withought fines) Misconception: Sand will not enter drain pipe except from above. Surface area of slots is less that 1% of pipe surface area. 76 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

77. Bridging factor If gravel is too coarse, bridging factor will be too high Using finer filter material prevents migration of particles from surrounding soil. 77 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

78. Diameter rating When installing subsoil drains, in any situation other than USGA sand, use clean washed sand. NOT pea gravel, or any gravel with a D15 less than 1mm. D15 means 15% of the filler is larger than the specified size, 85% spec. 78 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

79. Installing subsoil drains Cut into the area below the soil to be drained Make sure sides are vertical Avoid subsoil contamination Provide uniform slope 79 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

80. Installing subsoil drains Clean vertical trenches 2” of sand at bottom of trench Even slope Correct high/low points Lay slits on BOTTOM of trench *water enters pipe from the bottom 80 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

81. Installing subsoil drains Cover the pipe with filter sand 2” surrounding Firm down/light rolling Use commercial joints 81 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

82. Geofabrics: Never wrap pipes 82 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

83. Types of pipes Flexible slotted (agricultural) 2-8” diameter Commonly used is 4” outer diameter Slot size vary These pipes self-clean, depositing fines though the ridges This process will not block pipes 83 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

84. Types of drain pipes 84 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000

85. Common drainage mistakes Incorrect backfill material Incorrect pipe connectors Misunderstanding of surface and subsurface drainage 85 Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000