12. Plate tectonics (2) Plate margin Movement Earthquakes Volcanoes Destructive (oceanic–continental) Plates collide, the oceanic plate is subducted Very violent, up to 9.0 on the Richter scale Explosive and destructive Destructive (continental– continental) Plates collide creating a mountain belt Very violent, up to 8.0 on the Richter scale Very rare, but devastating Constructive (oceanic–oceanic) Plates move apart Minor, up to 5.0–6.0 on the Richter scale Effusive, non-violent Conservative (continental– continental) Plates slide past each other Very violent, up to 8.0 on the Richter scale None Mid-plate hotspots Plate moves over a zone of magma convection Minor, up to 5.0–6.0 on the Richter scale Effusive, non-violent
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17. California and the Philippines compared (1) Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides/lahars, typhoons, flooding Earthquakes, tsunamis, flash floods, fire Hazards Numerous volcanic islands Plains and mountain ranges Physical geography 40 per 1,000 7 per 1,000 Under 5 mortality rate 2.3% 0.7% Annual population growth 0.78 0.95 Human development index RIC MEDC/G8 Country type 1,415 45,000 Average income (US$) Philippines California coast
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