9789740332671

1. ˈ F F ˁ ˁ F
F F ˁ F F F F F
F F ˀˊ
F F F F F F
ˈ F F F
F ˈ ˈ F
˂ ˂ F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F ˈ
F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F
1.1 F F F
ˈ F F
F 10-100 (micron: μm) F F
100 F F F F 1-4 ˈ
F F F ˁ 1 F F F
100,000 ( 1.1) F F
F F 1,000 F F F F F F
F F 10 F ( 1.2) 1 F ˁ
1
F F

2. 2 F
F F 1-249 1-10 F F
F F ˁ F F6,200 F ˁ F
F 5,480 Rhinovirus 200 F [1]
1.1 [2]
1.2 F ˁ F
( [1])
F F ˆ 6 [1]
(1) F
F (2) F F (3) /
F F F (4) (5) (6) F
F F F F F
F F F F F F

3. 1 F F 3
F F Actinomycete F F
F F F F ˈ (1) F F
(communicable respiratory pathogens) (2) F F F
(non-communicable respiratory pathogens) (3)
F F F F F F (primary nosocomial)
F ˈ ( 1.1-1.3)
1.1 F F F [1]
F F F
Adenovirus
Arenavirus
Coronavirus
Coxsackievirus
Echovirus
Morbillivirus
Influenza
Parainfluenza
Paramyxovirus
Parvovirus B19
Reovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Rhinovirus
Togavirus
Varicella-zoster
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Yersinia pestis
F
( )
F
F
F F
F F
F F
F
(Fifth disease),
F ˆ
,
F ˆ
0.08
0.18
0.11
0.027
0.028
0.12
0.1
0.22
0.23
0.022
0.075
0.22
0.023
0.063
0.16
0.3
0.86
0.75
F
F, N
F, N
N
F, N
F
F, N
N
N
N
F, N
F
: F = ˈ F F (Fatalities occur) ( F )
N = (Nosocomial)

4. 4 F
1.2 F [1]
F F F
Acinetobacter
Actinomyces israelii
Alkaligenes
Bordetella pertussis
Cardiobacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus parainfluenza
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella lacunata
Mycobacterium avium
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitides
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas mallei
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
Serratia marcescens
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pneumocystis carinii
Cryptococcus neoformans
F
( )
F
/
ʾ
(Actinomycosis)
F
F
F
F
Pneumocystosis
Crytococcosis
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
1.3
1.0
0.75
0.25
0.63
1.0
0.43
1.0
0.4
1.3
1.0
1.2
0.25
0.8
0.57
0.77
0.57
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
2.0
5.5
E, N
E, N
E, N
E, N
E, N
E, N
E, N, F
E, N
E, N
E, N
E, N
N
E, N
E, N, F
N
N
N
E, N
E, N
E, N, F
N
S, N,
S, N
: E = F (Endogenous, common as human flora)
F = ˈ F F (Fatalities occur)
N = (Nosocomial)
S = F (Spores)

5. 1 F F 5
1.3 F F F F [1]
F F F
Hantavirus
Poxvirus-Vaccinia
Bacillus anthracis
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetii
Francisella tularensis
Legionella pneumophila
Mycobacterium
intracellulare
Mycobactrium kansasii
Micromonospora faeni
Mycropolyspora faeni
Nocardia asteroides
Nocardia brasiliensis
Nocardia caviae
Thermoactinomyces
sacchari
Thermoactinomyces
vulgaris
Thermomonospora viridis
Absidia corymbifera
Acremonium spp.
Alternaria alternate
Aspergillus spp.
Aureobasidium pullulans
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Botrytis cinera
Chaetomium globosum
Cladosporium spp.
F
( )
F
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Actinomycete
Hantavirus
ʾ
F
F F
Q fever
F ˆ
( F )
LD, Pontiac fever
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
Farmers lung, HP*
Farmers lung, HP*
Nocardiosis
Nocardiosis
Bagassosis, HP*
Farmers lung, HP*
Farmers lung, HP*
Zygomycosis
ˈ EAA*
Mycotoxicosis
Aspergillosis, VOC*
Chromomycosis,
EAA*
EAA*
Chromomycosis,
VOC*
Chromoblastomycosis
F ˆ
F
F
F ˁ
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
0.07
0.23
1.1
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.2
0.86
1
0.69
1.1
1.5
1.5
0.86
1
0.6
3.8
2.5
14.4
3.5
5
14
7
5.5
9
F
S, F
F
F, N
S
S
S, N
S, N
S, N
S
S
S
S
S
S
S, N
S
S, N
S
S
S

6. 6 F
1.3 ( F )
F F F
Coccidioides immitis
Emericella nidulans
Epicoccum nigrum
Eurotium spp.
Exophiala jeanselmei
Fusarium spp.
Geomyces pannorum
Helminthosporium
Histoplasma capsulatum
Mucor plumbeus
Paecilomyces variotii
Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis
Penicillium spp.
Phialophora spp.
Phoma spp.
Rhizomucor pusillus
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhodoturula spp.
Scopulariopsis spp.
Sporothrix schenckii
Stachybotrys spp.
Trichoderma spp.
Ulocladium spp.
Wallemia sebi
F
( )
F
Coccidioidomycosis
ˈ
mycotoxicosis
ˈ EAA*
EAA*
Chromomycosis
Mycotoxicosis,
VOC*
EAA*
EAA*
Histoplasmosis
Mucormycosis
Mycotoxicosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Mycotoxicosis,
VOC*
Chromomycosis
Mycotoxicosis
Zygomycosis
Zygomycosis
ˈ EAA*
Sporotrichosis
Stachybotryotoxicosis
Mycotoxicosis,
VOC*
EAA*
EAA*
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4
3.3
20
5.8
2
11.5
3
12.5
3
7.5
3
23
3.3
1.5
3.3
4.3
8
14
6
6.5
5.7
4.1
15
3
S, N
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S, N
S, N
S
S
S
S
S
S
S, N
S
S
S
S, F
S
S
S
*HP = Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis ( F ˈ F ), *EAA = Extrinsic Allergic
Alveolitis( ˆ F F ),*VOC=VolatileOrganicCompoundsproduced
( F F F)
: F= ˈ F F(Fatalitiesoccur),N= (Nosocomial),S= F(Spores)
(spp. = species ( ʾ F) F F, sp. = species F F)

7. 1 F F 7
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F Chlamydia psittaci ˀˊ F
F F F F F F
F Legionella pneumophila
F ˈ F F F F F F
F F
1.2 F
F F
[3]
F F F 1 ʾ
F . . 2529- . . 2530 F F F
F (clean room) 2 F F F 2 F F
F F 3 F F 96 F F F
(impaction sampler) Sabouraud Dextose Agar (SDA) F
(chloramphenicol) 50 /
50 F F
F 25-30o
. 1 F 2, 4
7 F ʾ 123 /
1 F ( . .) F 132 / 1 . .
F F 114 / 1 . .
F F F F
( F F . .1988 F F
50 / 1 . .[4]
) F F F
F 2 F F
F F F (r = 0.531)
F (r = 0.133) F F F ʾ F
81.2% F 73.8% F F F

8. 8 F
F F ˈ F ˂ F ˈ
F 5
Aspergillus spp. (19.8%), Cladosporium spp. (17.8%), Penicillium spp. (16.7%),
Fusarium spp. (10.1%) Mycelia sterilia (5.7%) 1.4
1.4 ( / 1 . .)
F[3]
F
Alternaria
Aspergillus
Cephalosporium
Cladosporium
Curvularia
Fusarium
Helminthosporium
Mucor
Mycelia sterilia
Paecillomyces
Penicillium
Rhizopus
Scopulariopsis
Yeast
F
3.23
39.78
4.30
29.03
6.45
10.75
3.23
3.23
12.90
2.15
46.24
2.15
3.23
1.08
167.7
%
1
3.23
24.73
4.30
23.66
4.30
20.43
1.08
4.30
6.45
3.23
33.33
0.00
7.53
3.23
139.7
2
9.68
22.58
7.53
15.05
11.83
8.6
4.3
0.00
7.53
4.30
19.35
2.15
7.53
1.08
121.5
3
4.30
26.88
1.08
26.88
4.30
10.75
6.45
1.08
5.38
5.38
20.43
0.00
4.30
3.23
120.4
4
4.30
29.03
2.15
30.11
15.05
20.43
5.38
7.53
5.38
10.75
15.05
2.15
6.45
9.68
163.4
1
11.83
27.96
4.30
29.03
6.45
24.73
2.15
3.23
16.13
11.83
21.51
6.45
11.83
9.68
187.0
2
7.53
34.41
1.08
29.03
6.45
17.20
10.75
3.23
9.68
3.23
24.73
2.15
8.60
9.68
167.7
3
5.38
29.03
3.23
27.96
6.45
6.45
1.08
2.15
4.30
0.00
17.20
2.15
7.53
3.23
116.1
4
49.46
234.4
27.95
210.7
61.29
119.3
34.40
24.73
67.74
40.86
197.8
17.20
56.98
40.86
1183.0
4.178
19.80
2.361
17.8
5.177
10.08
2.906
2.089
5.722
3.451
16.71
1.453
4.813
3.451
100
F F F 3 Aspergillus spp.
F Cladosporium spp.
F F F F F F F-
F F Penicillium spp. F F F
F -

9. 1 F F 9
. . 2547 F [5]
F
F F F . .
2547- . . 2548 F F F (Andersen impactor)
Blood agar SDA
F 10 4 F F 20 F
28.3 / (0.0283 . ./ ) F 35-37o
.
24-48 (total fungi) (total
bacteria) 1.5
( / 1 . .)
F
F (NICU)
F
F ˀˊ F
F F ˁ F F
F F
F F ˁ (ICU)
F F ˁ F F
F F ˁ F
F ˁ
( / 1 . .)
1.5 F F[5]
F
126
69
202
0.8
601
0.8
43
92
124
70
232
185
354
100
363
76
411
276
417
736
ˈ F 3
F Aspergillus spp. ( 309 / 1 . .), Penicillium spp.
( 217 / 1 . .) Curvularia spp. ( 138 /
1 . .) 5 Staphylococcus spp. ( 688
/ 1 . .), Micrococcus spp. ( 541 / 1 . .),
Pseudomonas spp. ( 534 / 1 . .), Non-Fermentative gram-negative

10. 10 F
Bacilli (NFB) ( 507 / 1 . .) Bacillus spp. ( 467 /
1 . .) F 1.3
1.3 F F F( [5])
F 1.5 F [6]
F
F F F F
3 ( 1.4) F F
F F F
F F (1) F F (office) F F
( F F control ) (2) F F F
F F ( F F ass. med. lab ) (3)
F F ( F Foutdoor )
F F 3 3 F
F 1.4 ˈ F F
1 . . (CFU/m3
)