Talk about Adult Andragogy and E-learning given at the 2011 New Learning Technologies Conference on Orlando, Florida, sponsored by SALT.

1. Adult Development and Andragogy in Online Learning Tim Stafford, MS MA Director of Image Building/Instructional Design - Liberty Building Forensics Group

2. Introduction – GaryT. Marx and Futuring Education 5 Profound Trends That will Impact Education in the Future The old are outnumbering the young Technology will continue to make everything faster and amplified Education will be looked to for the release of human ingenuity A need for personal meaning is driving education to be transformative A need for equilibrium will demand the need for seasoned educators

3. Understanding the Aging Mind McClusky’s Theory of Margin Illeris’s Three Dimensional Learning Model Introduction to Epistemic Issues Jarvis’s Learning Process Transformative Learning

4. McClusky’s Theory of Margin The adult seeks to strike a balance (L:P) between: The Load of Life (L) which acts like an independent variable The Power of Life (P) which is the power to manage L Impact: Education becomes a load that can become dispensable if it becomes overwhelming to the power to perform.

5. Illeris’s Three Dimensional Learning Model The adult seeks to strike a balance (C:E:S) between: Cognition – The ability to understand Emotion – The ability to maintain balance with personal issues Social – The ability to ping ideas against cultural norms and more’s and reconcile them. Impact 1: Adults need to understand the Why of learning Impact 2: Adults need to understand how it will impact their world

6. Issues Surrounding Epistemology Defining knowledge as a whole is difficult What can be absolutely known and what can only be understood given rational opinion? How is knowledge obtained? What is the role of skepticism in knowing or not knowing? How is knowledge valuable?

7. Jarvis’s Learning Process The adult brings many qualified realities to the table: Prior Knowledge Prior Experience Flow of time with a history and present and a future Noetic Structure: The basis of connected beliefs A filtering worldview

8. Jarvis’s Learning Process A simple world view structure – connected beliefs about: Politics Education Economics Religion Social Issues ©2011 The Nehemiah Institute Used with permission

9. Conclusion: Considering Transformative Learning 4 Critical Lenses of Reflective Teaching The lens of autobiography The lens of the student The lens of experience in relation to colleagues The lens of theoretical literature Brookfields Reflective Teaching Model

10. Conclusion: Considering Transformative Learning Meizrow and Chapman’s Principles of Transformative Learning: Adults exhibit two kinds of learning: instrumental (e.g., cause/effect)) and communicative (e.g., feelings) Learning involves change to meaning structures (perspectives and schemes). Change to meaning structures occurs through reflection about content, process or premises. Learning can involve: refining/elaborating meaning schemes, learning new schemes, transforming schemes, or transforming perspectives.

11. References Brookfield, S. D. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Cashman, K. (1998). Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life. Minneapolis, MN: TCLC, llcLeaderSource Chapman, S. A. (2007). Adaptive leadership and transformative learning: A case study of leading by part time faculty. In J. F. Wergin (Ed.), Leadership in place (pp. 51-75). Boston: Anker Publishing Company, Inc. Chisholm, L. (2007). ee-Learning: The best road to adulthood? Innovate Journal of Online Education, 3(6), 1-13. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from Innovate Journal of Online Education Web site: http:/​/​www.innovateonline.info Gamoran, A. (2001). American schooling and educational inequality: A forecast for the 21st century. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from Sociology of Education: Currents of Thought: Sociology of Education at the Dawn Web site: http:/​/​proquest.umi.com.library.capella.edu/​

12. References Hartshorne, C. (1984). Creativity in American Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Jarvis, P. (1987) 'Malcolm Knowles' in P. Jarvis (ed.) Twentieth Century Thinkers in Adult Education, London: Croom Helm. Lundt, J. C. (2006). Learning for ourselves: A new paradigm for education. The Futurist, 38(6), 18-22. Marx, G. (2006). Future-focused leadership: preparing schools, students, and communities for tomorrow's realities. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Marx, G. (2006). Sixteen trends, their profound impact on our future: Implications for students, education, communities, countries, and the whole of society. Alexandria, VA: Gary Marx and Educational Research Service. Maxwell, J. (2006). The difference maker: Making your attitude your greatest asset. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc. Meizrow, J. (1997). Transformation theory of adult learning. In P. Cranton (Ed.), In defense of the lifeworld (pp. 39-70). State University of New York Press.

13. References Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, R. M. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (Third ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., Kemp, J. E., & Kalman, H. K. (2007). Designing effective instruction (5th edition). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Plantinga, A., & Wolterstorff, N. (1984). Faith and rationality: Reason and belief in God. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional design theory? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models (Vol. II, pp. 5-29). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Storey, V. A., & Tebes, M. L. (2008). Instructor’s privacy in distance (online) teaching: Where do you draw the line? The Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 11(2), 1-10. Think scenarios. rethink education. (2006). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Williams, M. (2001). Problems with knowledge: A critical introduction to epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Yankelovish, D. (2005). Ferment and change: Higher education in 2015. Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(14), B6-B9.