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21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
21st Century Synthesis for Rural Development in AJ&K ,[object Object],A WAY AHEAD!  ,[object Object]
Fast Track Sustainable Development for,[object Object],Rural      Areas:,[object Object],IT Can be done!,[object Object],Naheed,[object Object]
The 21st Century: ,[object Object],The 21st Century has ushered in a number of complex problems for us to deal with. ,[object Object]
Rural Night,[object Object]
Itemized Threats:,[object Object],Burgeoning Populations.,[object Object],Global Warming.,[object Object],Water scarcity/ receding glaciers and lowered water tables.,[object Object],Desertification.,[object Object],Low Soil Fertility/ High Erosion.,[object Object],Environmental Pollution.,[object Object],Clear Cutting/ Canopy Reduction of Forests.,[object Object],High Energy Costs.,[object Object],Natural/ Manmade Disasters.,[object Object]
AJK Rural Support Program:,[object Object],AJKRSP was established as a non-profit organization and registered under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance 1984 on October 29, 2007 as an indigenous Rural Support Program (RSP) in AJK, on the lines of similar RSPs operating in all Provinces of Pakistan. ,[object Object]
The Main Objectives of AJKRSP:,[object Object],Support the Government efforts to alleviate poverty and improve the living standards of the rural poor.,[object Object],Form Village Councils (VCs) as legal entities and recognized grassroots institutions to accelerate the development process.,[object Object],Build capacity of VCs in preparation and implementation of Village Development Plans (VDPs).,[object Object]
Identify innovative ideas regarding wise use and value addition of natural resources for the benefit of communities.,[object Object],Create Valley-based Apex Bodies based on VCs for sustainable development. ,[object Object],Promote self-employment opportunities through marketable skills based trainings and establishment of micro-enterprises. ,[object Object]
Establish micro credit programs.,[object Object],Generate resources from Government/Donor Agencies and prepare project proposals.,[object Object]
Community Organization:,[object Object],Organize communities for pooling of resources, cutting down overheads and achieving economies of scale.,[object Object],Identify and prioritize what people are willing to undertake in terms of opportunities. ,[object Object],Undertake feasibilities of identified opportunities in terms of people’s capacity, willingness, equity, sustainability, requirement of resources and their availability from within and outside.,[object Object]
Arrange, secure and facilitate the flow of required resources to the community.,[object Object],Monitor, lobby and establish linkages between communities and other development agencies including Govt. Departments, Local Councils, NGOs and Donors. ,[object Object]
Village Councils (VCs): ,[object Object],The AJKRSP is tasked with establishing Village Councils (VCs) as legal entities to represent Villages and Sub-Villages of populations not exceeding 500 individuals. ,[object Object]
Indicative Impacts:,[object Object],Establishing  5000 VCs and preparation of 5000 VDPs in five years ,[object Object],Significant increase in production of nutritional protein food, value added items, consumable goods, woolen made-ups, silk yarn/ eggs and craft items.,[object Object],Enhancement in opportunities of employability to the extent of 4,000 HHs with 50% annual increase through home based handicrafts production, rural poultry, Wood Craft, Livelihood income generation activities, Tourism, Mineral Processing & Development and Fisheries activities.,[object Object],Market facilitation, promotion and development of small/ cottage industrial units in the private sector would increase employment opportunities for above 8000 males/ females directly & indirectly also these activities will attract local and foreign investors.,[object Object]
HID centre will provide training to 2,500 youths (male & female) annually in technical education and vocational skills.,[object Object],Reverse trend of migration from rural to urban areas.,[object Object],Rise in social and economic standards of rural areas.,[object Object],Leading towards prosperity and well-being of the communities at all levels.,[object Object]
Towards a Paradigm Shift.,[object Object],Appropriate, Integrated, Sustainable, Rural Development Model,[object Object]
MDGs & Vision 2030,[object Object]
TARGETS,[object Object],Generating Economy. ,[object Object],Creating Basic Production. ,[object Object],Improving Employment Opportunities.,[object Object],Ensuring Adequate Living Standards. ,[object Object],Bringing about gradual changes from extensive systems with low productivity to intensive ones with higher productivity.,[object Object],Reducing pressure from Natural Resources. ,[object Object],Producing an adequate Cost/ Benefit Ratio. ,[object Object],Ushering in Prosperity.,[object Object]
RATIONALE:,[object Object]
Sustainable Development Action Plans,[object Object],Formulation of Sustainable Development Action Plans at State and District levels entailing extensive consultations with local communities in target areas with suitable partners from the private and public sector.  ,[object Object]
11 Steps Strategy for Institutional Development,[object Object],2,[object Object],1,[object Object],Zoning for Sustainable Development.,[object Object],State & District Level Sustainable Development Action Plans.,[object Object]
Structural Deep Democracy,[object Object],This is a Social Network Optimization approach to democratic-republicanism. ,[object Object]
SD2's approach to community building doesn't try to change the community member - it tries to change the general environment of the community by selecting community leaders in the most meritocratic way possible - this is a structural approach instead of an ideological approach. ,[object Object]
SD2 looks for the locus of *legitimacy* by looking for the locus of *mutual consent* using the Page Rank Algorithm. 	,[object Object]
In this analysis Number 2 and not Number 4 is the Chief Executive selected as he has the most “Flow-Betweeness” amongst all members of the Social Network.,[object Object]
“Asset-Based” Development:,[object Object],Focusing on local assets, instead of needs and deficits, allows residents to identify possibilities for change that they can control, and energizes residents to take action.,[object Object]
“Asset-Based” Development:,[object Object],Reorients development from a “needs-based” approach. Needs-based models seek to identify weaknesses in a local community and then implement strategies to overcome those weaknesses,[object Object]
Needs-Based Community Development:,[object Object],Traditional Model:,[object Object],Based on              Needs,[object Object],Goal                     Institutional Change,[object Object],Conversation         Problems and Concerns,[object Object],Change Agent        Power,[object Object],Individual View      Consumer/ Client,[object Object],Needs are based on Community Problems,[object Object]
This method of mobilizing citizens focuses on negative characteristics of a community and demoralizes local residents, thus limiting proactive action at the local level.,[object Object]
Assets-Based Community Development:,[object Object],Alternate Model:,[object Object],Based on                Assets,[object Object],Goal                       Building Communities,[object Object],Conversation           Gifts & Dreams,[object Object],Change Agent          Relationship,[object Object],View of Individual     Producer / Owner,[object Object],Assets are based on Community “Treasures”,[object Object]
Focusing on local assets, instead of needs and deficits, allows residents to identify possibilities for change that they can control, and energizes residents to take action.,[object Object]
Asset-Based Community Development,[object Object]
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
  While the needs-based approach focuses on garnering external resources to solve problems, the alternative asset based approach looks for residents’ personal skills and dreams and links them to action through a public articulation of these local assets.,[object Object]
Enterprise Facilitation: ,[object Object],In the enterprise facilitation model, local community facilitators are identified and moral and technical support is provided toresidents with dreams of becoming entrepreneurs. ,[object Object]
Economic Gardening:,[object Object],Using local resources to grow their own jobs through entrepreneurial activity— “Economic Gardening”—instead of recruiting them from outside the community, or “Economic Hunting.”,[object Object]
Community-Based Entrepreneurial Training: ,[object Object],Another model of community and economic developmentis community-based entrepreneurial training andsupport. This model, originally called EDGE (EnhancingDeveloping and Growing Entrepreneurs), has now beenadapted in the West. ,[object Object]
Assisting entrepreneurs to create and evaluate their business plans.,[object Object],Assisting new and current small business owners develop and implement their business plans, and plan for business growth and expansion.,[object Object],Providing program participants with follow-up support from their local communities.,[object Object],Creating and retaining jobs through the start-up and expansion of small businesses.,[object Object],Facilitating community capacity building by enhancing the structural field around entrepreneurial endeavors.,[object Object]
Sustainable Development through Community Participation:,[object Object],The most successful development interventions all over the world comprise Small Manufacturers/ Growers Associations. Practical problems that are insurmountable on individual basis are readily resolved through collective efforts. ,[object Object]
Community Development: ,[object Object],Defined as economic development, political empowerment, integrated service provision, comprehensive planning, as well as job training and housing programs. ,[object Object]
Tools:,[object Object],Survey and Data Collection/ GIS.,[object Object],Bioenvironmental Management.,[object Object],Intensive Horticulture & Livestock Development for Food Security.,[object Object],Container based, Collective Micro Enterprise. ,[object Object],Electronic/ Mobile-Commerce.,[object Object],Impact Analysis (Social, Environmental, Economic - SEE).,[object Object]
Operational Areas:,[object Object],Community Based Micro Enterprise/ Value Addition.,[object Object],Agriculture/ Horticulture/ Livestock/ Fish.,[object Object],Minerals/ Chemicals.,[object Object],Services.,[object Object],Internal Tourism.,[object Object]
Steps:,[object Object],Survey/ Collect Data.,[object Object],Build up Knowledge Banks (Cross Reference).,[object Object],Collate Data/ Prepare GIS.,[object Object],Establish HID Training/ Service Centers.,[object Object],Build up Organization for Area Development.,[object Object],Assess Assets/ Gather Resources.,[object Object],Prepare Short/ Medium and Long-Term Plans.,[object Object],Implement/ Evaluate/ Adjust.,[object Object],Monitor and carry out Impact Analysis.,[object Object]
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
Configured & Pre-Installed CONTAINERIZED FACTORY & HAND LINE CANNING:,[object Object],Marmalade; Tomato Paste; Ketchup; Fruit Pulp; Pure Juices; Nectars; Concentrates & Baby Food.Edible Oil Processing Plants.Potato/ Onion Processing.Milling Plants.Milk Products.Fodder Pellets.Slaughtering/ Rendering Plants.Green Beans & Berries Processing/ Freezing/ Packing.Ice Blocks/ Flakes Plant.Mineral Water & Honey Plants.,[object Object]
Pilot Community Based Production Project:,[object Object],Projects for Wool Spinning, Shawl and Carpet Weaving, Bed Linen and Quilt Production, Bridal Dresses, etc.,[object Object],Provision of Training/ Equipment/ Raw material and Collective Marketing.,[object Object]
Short Term Plan (1st Year):,[object Object],Processing Plants for food, beverage, livestock and dairy industry, Recycling, Wool Spinning, Shawl/ Blanket Weaving, Silk Reeling, Textile Designing and Made-ups (Training and Collective Production/ Marketing).,[object Object],Agriculture/ Horticulture/ Livestock: Small Growers/ Herders Associations for Organic yields enhancement (Integrated Plant Nutrition/ Management Systems – IPN/MS)/ growing for Export/ Import Replacement. Establishment of Resource Units – Nurseries/ Germplasm/ Embryos.,[object Object],Survey for Mineral Resources, Establishment of Small/ Medium/ Large-Scale Processing Facilities.,[object Object],Training for Small/ Medium/ Large-Scale Chemicals Enterprises/ Marketing Support.,[object Object]
Target Groups:,[object Object],Employment Generation for Disadvantaged Population Groups (Females, Landless, Wage Workers), subject to availability of Funds, Service Center establishment for dissemination of training/ demonstration of excellence for future expansion.,[object Object]
Food Systems Analyses:,[object Object],Uncontrolled growth of urban communities adversely affects resources and facilities critical to future food security. ,[object Object]
There is need and opportunities for mathematical simulation models to determine the most efficient channels and times for rural to urban and intra-urban transportation of perishable foods. ,[object Object]
Past experience in farming and food systems analysis illustrates how development agencies and governments must first analyze and understand what of relevance exists before prescribing potential improvements. ,[object Object]
Industrial Biotechnologies:,[object Object],Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants (PMPs):,[object Object],Polyacrylamide:,[object Object]
Throughout the world the need and demand for improved health care are growing and diversifying. In consequence, health care industries are changing in structure and activities. The cost and time to discover and develop new drugs are becoming prohibitive for even the largest corporations. ,[object Object]
Polyacrylamide:,[object Object],The organic components of polyacrylamide were developed to chemically control erosive forces at the molecular level by holding soils in place and ionically bonding them together to increase the particle size. The result is increased water infiltration through the particle spaces and decreased erodibility of the soil particles.,[object Object]
Soil Stabilization: ,[object Object],Soft Armoring with Matting.,[object Object],Hard Armoring with Gabion Netting. ,[object Object],Hydroseeding & Temporary or Permanent Grassing. ,[object Object],Dry Spread with Mulch or Straw. ,[object Object],Channel Stabilization, Stream Crossings. ,[object Object],Turf Reinforcing Matting, or Earth Berms.,[object Object],Soft Armoring Culvert Stabilization. ,[object Object],Shoulder Stabilization of Roads.,[object Object]
HYDRO MULCH SEEDING:THE FASTEST, EASIEST AND LOWEST COST WAY TO STABALIZE SLOPES! ,[object Object]
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
Hydro Seeding System simultaneously applies hydromulch, seed, fertilizer, tackifier and water. ,[object Object],Experience an increase in germination rates with hydro seeding. Seed can be pre-germinated for even faster growth. One easy method is to soak the seed overnight in clear water and growth accelerators in a container ,[object Object]
System in Action,[object Object]
Food Security, Income and Poverty:,[object Object]
#,[object Object],ITEM,[object Object],1,[object Object],Establishment of Service Centers.,[object Object],2,[object Object],Ongoing Small Growers/ Manufacturers Organization in Communities.,[object Object],3,[object Object],Survey of land Holding/ Skills/ Requirements and detailed data Bank of facilities available.,[object Object],4,[object Object],Estimate of Input requirements.,[object Object],5,[object Object],Infrastructure establishment.,[object Object],6,[object Object],Dissemination of Training.,[object Object],7,[object Object],Provision of Inputs on Credit.,[object Object],8,[object Object],On-going Growing / Manufacturing.,[object Object],9,[object Object],Close Supervision.,[object Object],10,[object Object],Harvesting/ Manufacturing, Storage, Processing Packaging & Sale.,[object Object],11,[object Object],Distribution  of    profits.,[object Object],1,[object Object],6,[object Object],2,[object Object],3,[object Object],4,[object Object],11,[object Object],10,[object Object],5,[object Object],7,[object Object],8,[object Object],9,[object Object]
Cultivable land is a fast-shrinking resource. There is a great need to raise food crop yields and farm productivity throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. The following urgencies are specified.,[object Object]
To protect and enhance the natural resource base: farm land, surface and ground water, genetic diversity;,[object Object],To reclaim and restore fertility in land degraded through misuse;,[object Object],To promote systematic integration of production with post-production activities and to stimulate establishment and maintenance of rural agro-industries;,[object Object],To devote more research to land capacity classification, soil and water management, for ecologically conservative land use.,[object Object]
There is  diversity, lack of consistency and many contradictions among definitions of, and prescriptions for, sustainable agriculture. ,[object Object]
In simplest terms, food security depends upon a dynamic balance among disposable income, demand, supply and distribution. Production of food crops, livestock and fisheries must progressively increase to satisfy expanding and diversifying needs and demands of growing populations. Efficient post-production systems, to ensure safe and effective protection, preservation, transformation and distribution must be economically integrated with production systems. ,[object Object]
Food insecurity, chronic hunger and under-nutrition are both dismal consequences and clear indicators of extreme poverty. People with money, power and control over negotiable assets rarely suffer from chronic hunger. Alleviation of food insecurity requires greater opportunities for paid employment and more equitable access to critical resources and assets among and within nations.,[object Object]
Due to climatic variability, years with too little or too much rain, damage and destruction by pests, parasites and pathogens, crop and livestock production inevitably change from year to year.,[object Object]
Substantial reductions in food spoilage after harvest could be realized by establishing primary food preservation and protection facilities in rural areas where crops are cultivated and animals husbanded. Food saved from spoilage increases total food available and enhances food availability and security.,[object Object]
Energy:,[object Object],Biodiesel: Several non-edible oilseeds have been identified as suitable for conversion to biodiesel. Particularly attractive are inedible oils from the seeds of Jatropha curcas. ,[object Object]
Biogas: Produced by microbial fermentation of human and animal excreta and other waste, methane has been used as a household fuel in the People's Republic of China for many generations. ,[object Object]
Small Hydroelectric: Azad Jammu & Kashmir has vast potential for installing small Hydroelectric Bulb Turbines for generating electricity. This is all the more important in the light of requirement of local self-reliance in all fields.,[object Object]
Solar Energy: Passive and active solar energy use has to be promoted and can be done so if indigenous production facilities are encouraged.,[object Object]
Ecosystem Recovery:,[object Object],“A system maintains a certain fluid stability that can be destroyed by a misstep in just one niche. A system has order, a flowing from point to point. If something dams that flow, order collapses. The untrained might miss that collapse, until it was too late. That’s why the highest function of ecology is the understanding of consequences.”,[object Object]
Living as we do in arid, semi arid, sub tropical dry and Himalayan sub tropical moist zones, we inhabit fragile ecosystems that have had their internal cycles shattered by the exploitive activities of man. ,[object Object]
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)
By now science has realized that the consequences of the manner in which we conduct agriculture and livestock grazing is extremely destabilizing to the ecosystem wherein they are practiced. ,[object Object]
When the soil surface is left bare and organic contents are depleted, microorganisms are deprived of their habitat and food source. As a result they are exterminated and a vital link in the ecological chain is destroyed. ,[object Object]
As such it has been realized that it is essential to maintain ground cover; reduce soil compaction and avoid fire. ,[object Object]
Direct Seed, Mulch Based Cropping Systems (DMCS) is a close approximation of the Forest Ecosystem. This is also called No Till Farming wherein seed of the next crop is directly sown into the detritus of the previous crop. ,[object Object]
Carbon sequestration is also catered to as the release of carbon from tilled fields is enormous. ,[object Object]
We as a civilization are at present indulging in so many destabilizing practices that it is a wonder that the Eco Systems that support us have not already failed. In any case they may be at a point close to collapse in an Eco Catastrophe with all its attendant horrific affects. ,[object Object]
To enumerate some of these practices:,[object Object],FactorDeep Tilling of soil ,[object Object],Affect	Release of carbon,[object Object],	Affect 	Compaction of Micro pores,[object Object],	Affect 	Added expense and use of fossil 		fuels,[object Object],	Affect 	Killing of soil biota,[object Object],	Affect 	Increased erosion,[object Object],	Affect 	Depletion of Soil Fertility,[object Object],Factor 	Mining of stream beds for gravel,[object Object],Affect 	Lowering of stream beds to bed 		rock cutting off lateral and 			horizontal recharge of aquifers,[object Object]
Factor 	Release of raw sewage ,[object Object],	Affect 	Befouling Groundwater,[object Object],	Affect 	Multiplication of harmful disease 		vectors ,[object Object],Factor 	Clear cutting of forests,[object Object],Affect 	Increased erosion,[object Object],    Affect 	Restricted recharge of aquifers,[object Object],	Affect 	Increased CO2 levels,[object Object],	Affect 	Increased soil surface heat levels,[object Object],	Affect 	Destruction of soil biota,[object Object],Affect	Slope Destabilization,[object Object],Factor 	Burning of grass for increase ,[object Object],Affect 	Destruction of soil biota,[object Object],	Affect 	Release of CO2,[object Object],	Affect 	Killing of saplings,[object Object]
The Ecology of Natural Resources:,[object Object],“ It is recognized that it is the bioenvironmental systems of the planet which provides resources and that any resource process must be rationally managed in order to ensure a sustained yield – preferably one which is capable of due increase, but in which the existence of limits is recognized”.,[object Object],     I. G. Simmons, 1974 ,[object Object]
GROSS POLLUTION:,[object Object],Over the last hundreds of years there has been a general decline in the water quality of rivers and streams. ,[object Object],Land clearance for agriculture, urban development and manufacturing have led to increasing levels of phosphorus, turbidity, heavy metals and pathogenic bacterial contamination of major water systems. ,[object Object]
Bioremediation Technologies,[object Object], Phytoremediation  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Phytostabilization     
Phytostimulation
Phytotransformation    
Rhizofiltration
Constructed Wetlands Bioaugmentation,[object Object],[object Object],Biostimulation  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Chemical Oxidation ofSoils    
In situ Lagoon Bioreactors,[object Object],[object Object]
Slurry-based reactorLand-based Treatments     ,[object Object],[object Object]
Land Farming Fungal Remediation      ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Microbial Liquid Waste Digestion.
Environmentally safe Incineration.
Community Action.,[object Object]
Botanical Bed:Medium Tunnels ,[object Object]
This Municipal Lagoon receives 2,40,000 liters of domestic sewage per day. A total of 322 Litres of Bacteria was applied over a period of six weeks. The water was purified by 95% and was certified for use in Agriculture, pH was improved to 7.2 and Biological Oxygen Demand was reduced from 40 initially to 13 after treatment. All noxious odors were eliminated as was the presence of insects including flies and mosquitoes.,[object Object]
Thus it is clear that we are determined to ruin the very habitat that supports us. In order to address this and many other problems it is imperative that we face them on War Footing. ,[object Object]
Progressive Implementation,[object Object]
INTERVENTIONS:,[object Object]
INTERVENTIONS (contd.):,[object Object]
INTERVENTIONS (contd.):,[object Object]
INTERVENTIONS (contd.):,[object Object]

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21st Century Synthesis For Rural Development In Ajk (Pp Tminimizer) (Pp Tminimizer)

Notas do Editor

  1. Along with burgeoning populations, ruthless exploitation of renewable and non renewable resources to extract as much monetary benefit as possible without caring for the ecological and social cost, have created the need for using Bioenvironmental Management Procedures on emergency basis. It is time to make vigorous efforts to correct the dangerous and life threatening problems that have arisen due to these thoughtless and shortsighted activities.
  2. By paying attention to the planning process, the organization will ensure that its action plans address local needs and are realistic and practical. Secondly, Village Development Plans will have a formal frame of reference for formulation.
  3. SD2 uses PageRank as a centrality algorithm to analyze votes to determine the center of TRUST and CONSENT in a human trust network. The top three or five lead such an organization with one of them as the executive. This creates a small and efficient locus of trust and accountability to lead the organization eliminating the popularity game of conventional populistic-democracy. In the field of sociology, PageRank is being used as a *centrality* algorithm - its being used to find the *center* of human networks.
  4. The idea is to amplify the selective and de-selective evolutionary processes that lead to community strength, by finding the most accountable members so that they will choose the best community building tools available. SD2 uses a holistic mathematical process to analyze the deep-structure of votes to find the three or five group coordinators that would be most likely to represent the values of the community as a whole. Non-populistic algorithms, like PageRank, allow a group member to rise in status without having to play the popularity game and allow members to vote their conscience without wasted votes.
  5. In an egalitarian community, those that are determined as being the best at practicing egalitarian values would be selected as the "elite". This would make the community less "elitist" in the negative sense than if the majority ruled.
  6. Where numerous models of rural economic development are action-oriented, this particular model relies on word of mouth to advertise the availability of an entrepreneurial facilitator. Enterprise facilitators are “passive” in that they do not initiate any projects until a committed individual comes forward with the enthusiasm to move the idea for a new or expanding business forward. After this individual comes forward, the facilitator helps the individual find a “team” to help with all of the functions that the individual may not have the skills or interest in completing for a business to be a success. The facilitator helps build the team to support the potential entrepreneur. Then the facilitator provides support to the potential entrepreneur by developing a formal business plan and securing financing for the business. This model focuses on individual entrepreneurs who have dreams (assets) of owning their own business in a rural community.
  7. The EDGE program focuses on developing local communitycapacity to identify emerging and existing entrepreneurs andprovide technical support to them. Research conducted onthis model illustrates the importance of building community capacity and culture to support entrepreneurial activityin rural communities and regions. Statistical data has suggestedthat developing local coalitions focused on supportingentrepreneurial activity locally increases the number ofjobs created as well as the benefits paid for the newly createdjobs. Drawing upon an asset-based approach the WesternEDGE model has five primary objectives. They include:
  8. Careful guidance and support for quality control assure marketing and provide financial security to disadvantaged groups from amongst the populace. This is specifically true for Women’s Groups. The most successful Development Schemes around the world have been and remain those of small producers. These consist of banding together, provision of training, inputs and supervision, production, processing, packaging and eventual sale. The complete support provided by a selfless and non-paternalistic Organization based upon technological excellence has proved to be extremely effective in many Countries around the World. These include the Developed as well as Developing Countries.
  9. These diverse objectives and definitions have often left rural people questioning what is in their best interest when it comes to local and regional development. Today, new models of rural economic development are emerging to deal with the changing landscape of rural economies. These models are linking past, current, and future strategies together as they attempt to provide rural communities an opportunity to create a new and invigorating future.
  10. There is an urgent need to determine future demand, supply and distribution of food to expanding urban communities; to design comprehensive systems in which rural crop and livestock production are holistically integrated with reliable post-harvest preservation and economic distribution from rural producers to urban processors and markets.