Since the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, media and public attention has been focussed on the global negotiations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Little attention has been paid to the institutions that are charged with the responsibility of developing effective responses. These are often remote from the public, and communities most threatened by global warming are often excluded from decision-making. The contributors to this volume investigate a wide range of institutions within the 'climate change regime complex'. From carbon trading, to food and water availability, energy production, human security, local government, and the intergovernmental climate talks themselves, they find much that should be of concern to policy makers, and the public at large. In doing so they provide a series of recommendations to improve governance legitimacy, and assist public participation in policy deliberations that will affect future generations.

1. Climate change and
global policy regimes:
Towards institutional
legitimacy
Edited by
Timothy Cadman
UNU Institute for Ethics Governance and Law
Griffith University
International Political Economy Series
Climate Change and
Global Policy Regimes
Towards Institutional Legitimacy
Edited by
Timothy Cadman
ClimateChangeandGlobalPolicyRegimes
http://globalclimatechangepolicy.org

2. Schedule
11.00: Welcome: Professor Charles Sampford IEGL
11.05: Keynote: Professor Roger Stone: Global climate and change
11.15: Climate change and global policy regimes: Tim Cadman
11.30: Evaluating the Clean Development Mechanism: Tek Maraseni
11.40: Climate change and global health governance: Jeff Gow
11:50 Population movements and climate change: Richard Hil
12.00 Local government responses to climate change: Heather Zeppel
12:10 Climate change reporting and non-state actors: Julie Cotter
12.20 Conclusions and recommendations: Tim Cadman
Questions
Refreshments
2

3. Keynote
Global Climate Change
Roger Stone
Roger.Stone@usq.edu.au
3

4. Introduction
Global Governance and Climate
Change
Tim Cadman
t.cadman@griffith.edu.au
4

5. Purpose of the book
• How the various institutional arrangements,
actors and agendas in the global climate ‘regime
complex’ impact on governance quality
• Institutions can help or hinder actions taken to
tackle the problem of climate change
• Using the approach of governance analysis, the
book explores these actions
• Evaluates the legitimacy of the responses to
human-induced climate change and
• provides governance & policy recommendations.
5

6. Institutions and instruments in the governance of
climate change management
• 1991: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) set the intellectual framework for global climate
deliberations
• 1994: United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) came into force
• Kyoto Protocol (KP): international emissions trading
(IET), joint implementation (JI) and the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM).
• 2006: change in Conferences of Parties (COP) from
mitigating climate change to adaptation
– no longer a technical environmental problem, but as a
societal problem with an environmental component
• Evolving mechanisms and proposals relating to policy
development and implementation.
6

7. Interests and issues in the governance of
climate change management
• 1992: UNCED, Agenda 21, embed non-state participation in
the normative framework of international environmental
policy deliberations
• Global cooperation across nations, regions and networks
including non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and
corporations
• Sustainable development: bridge for integrating climate
change and development policies
• Market mechanisms require cooperation between state and
non-state actors
• Tension between governance practices that balance
sustainable development, market efficiency and
North/South equality
7

8. Responses beyond the climate regime
• Plurilateral/bilateral: Asia pacific Partnership (APP),
Major Emitters Forum
• Finance: Chicago Climate Exchange (CCE)
• Local government: International Council for Local
Environment Initiatives (ICLEI)
• Human services:
– Health: extreme weather events, changes in distribution
of infectious diseases and Pressure on public health and
health care infrastructure
– Migration: term environmental refugee first appearing in
the 1970s, further studies in 1985 and again in 1995,
• studies estimated the number of refugees to be at 25 million, but
it could rise to as many as 200 million by 2025
• Water & food availability, quality and quantity
– temperature changes between 2 C and 3 C could affect◦ ◦
the water resources of as many as three billion people
8

9. Evaluating institutional governance legitimacy:
Developments in research and analysis
• Calls for reform of existing governance arrangements:
– fragmentation, lack of integration
• Concerns centre upon governance legitimacy:
– ‘input oriented’: means versus ends
– ‘output oriented’: ends versus means
Book argues:
1. Ends and means are equally important: both play a role
in legitimacy
2. Institutional arrangements have a bearing on governance
quality
3. Greater focus on social processes that drive decision-
making
4. Structures and processes are fundamental to
understanding the quality of contemporary governance
9

10. Model to determine quality of governance
Figure 1: Model of Governance Quality (Cadman 2011)
Structure
Participatory
Policy instrument
Governance system
Interaction
Process
Deliberative
Outcomes
(Substantive and Behavioural; i.e. policies and/or
programmes which solve problems and change behaviour)
Legitimacy
Inputs
Evaluation of
governance
quality
Outputs
10
• Legitimacy is framed quite specifically in the approach adopted in this volume, as
- it is conceived as the end point of activity within an institution.
- It is determined by the degree of successful interaction between the
structural and procedural components of the institution’s governance
system:

11. How to determine quality of governance arrangements?
Principle Criterion Indicator
“Meaningful
participation”
Interest representation
Inclusiveness
Equality
Resources
Organisational
responsibility
Accountability
Transparency
“Productive
deliberation”
Decision making
Democracy
Agreement
Dispute settlement
Implementation
Behaviour change
Problem solving
Durability
Cadman (2011) and Lammerts van; Bueren and Blom (1997) 11
Table 1: Normative framework of principles, criteria and indicators of governance quality
‘Good’ governance is therefore not attributed to any single institutional
arrangement, such as accountability or transparency (though these are of course
important)
- the approach adopted looks governance at a systemic level
- Provides information about a wider range of attributes affecting
governance quality and their impact on climate governance

12. Table of Contents
12
Introduction: Global Governance and Climate Change; Timothy Cadman
1.The Discourses of Climate Change; Chris Taylor
2.A Cooling Climate for Negotiations: Intergovernmentalism and Its Limits;
Fred Gale
3.Gender and Climate Change: Stakeholder Participation and Conceptual Currency in the Climate Negotiations
Regime; Lauren E. Eastwood
4. Governing Adaptation Policies and Programmes; Geoff Cockfield
5.Applying an Empirical Evaluation to the Governance Legitimacy of Carbon-offset Mechanisms on the Basis of
Stakeholder Perceptions; Timothy Cadman
6.Evaluating the Clean Development Mechanism; Tek Narayan Maraseni
7.Stakeholders in Climate Policy Instruments: What Role for Financial Institutions?; Matthew Haigh
8.Challenges for Global Health Governance in Responding to the Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health;
Jeff Gow
9.Climate Change and Sustainable Water Management; Jamie Pittock
10.Food Security, Food Sovereignty, and Global Governance Regimes in the Context of Climate Change and Food
Availability; Nick Rose
11. Innovation and Global to Local Energy Governance; Guilherme B. R. Lambais & Guilherme Gonçalves
12.Climate Change, Population Movements and Governance: Case Studies in Response Mechanisms;
Richard Hil
13.Migration and climate change: global governance regimes and the incorporation of climate change
Displacement; Andrea C. Berringer
14.The ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection Program: Local Government Networks in Urban Climate Governance;
Heather Zeppel
15.The Influence of Non-State Actors on Corporate Climate Change Disclosure; Julie Cotter
Conclusion; All Contributors

13. Chapter 6
Evaluating the Clean
Development Mechanism
Tek Maraseni
maraseni@usq.edu.au
13

14. Summary: Kyoto Protocol & CDMSummary: Kyoto Protocol & CDM
Developing
country
Annex B
country
Annex B
country
Clean development mechanism
Joint implementation
Emissions trading
Objectives of CDM:
Help developed (Northern) countries’ emitters (companies)
meet their quantified reductions obligations at lower cost
Help developing (Southern) countries with technology
transfer and in achieving sustainable development

15. FindingsFindings
Exponential growth of CDM (e.g. $2.6 - $32.8 billion 2005-2008), but
Regional imbalance (BRIC vs. other developing countries):
China and India have captured over 70% of project
investment
China’s emissions since 1990 have increased by 100%
India’s emissions have increased by 95%
HFC- and N2O- related projects under the CDM have undermined
the sustainable development objective of the mechanism.
Unilateral CDM projects
Discourage investment and
Discourage technology transfer

16. ConclusionsConclusions
Contribution to sustainable development objective is
questionable
As a whole, CDM has not contributed to emissions
reduction

17. Policy and GovernancePolicy and Governance
recommendationsrecommendations
CDM projects must
Implement much stricter criteria for HFC- and N2O-
related projects
Contribute to North/South technology transfer and
Enhance capacity for defining sustainable
development criteria
Developing countries that have high numbers of CDM
projects and CERs must genuinely reduce emissions
Developed countries must share their burden of
responsibility for reducing emissions

18. Chapter 7
Challenges for Global Health
Governance in Responding to the
Impacts of Climate Change on Human
Health
Jeff Gow
Jeffrey.Gow@usq.edu.au
18

19. Chapter Findings
19
• Summary of issues
• Main findings
• Conclusions
• Policy and governance recommendations

20. Chapter 6
Climate Change, Population
Movements and Governance: Case
Studies in Response Mechanisms
Richard Hil
josephgora@hotmail.com
20

21. Chapter Findings
21
• Summary of issues
• Main findings
• Conclusions
• Policy and governance recommendations

22. Chapter 14
The ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection
Program: Local Government
Networks in Urban Climate
Governance
Heather Zeppel
Heather.Zeppel@usq.edu.au
22

23. Local Government & Climate Change
Local authorities, municipalities, cities
 Agenda 21 (Sustainable Development)
 UN Commission on Sustainable Development
 UN meetings – since 2010 COP 16 climate summit
Local Government Climate Change Networks
 Int. Council Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)
*CCP programme, *Cities Climate Registry (2010)
 The Covenant of Mayors (Europe)
 US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
 C40 Cities (Climate Leadership Group)
 UNEP Climate Neutral Network (19 global cities)
 UN Habitat ‘Cities for Climate Change Initiative’
23

24. Local Government & Climate Change
 Corporate mitigation of GHG emissions
 Citizen education on GHG reduction
 Land use planning, building codes/standards
 Transportation (public/active transport)
 Energy infrastructure
 Waste services & recycling
 Water/wastewater utilities
 Sustainable/green procurement
 ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection Programme
 LG climate change policy, best practice, advocacy
24

25. Cities for Climate Protection (CCP)
 CCP Programme established by ICLEI in 1993
 Over 800 municipalities in global CCP network
 Measure & reduce GHG emissions, set targets
 5 milestones in CCP (monitor, measure, report)
 Energy, water and waste reduction actions
 Corporate and community abatement goals
 CCP in Australia (1997-2009), NZ (2004-09)
238 CCP councils covering 84% population
 CCP Partners now include 60 LGs in Aust/NZ
(CCP-Adapt, CCP-Mitigate, CCP-Integrated Action)
25

26. CCP Programme & Governance
Interest Representation
 Dominated by large cities & ‘North’ climate agenda
 Corporate mitigation leads community abatement
 CCP resources and software (GHG calculation)
Organisational Responsibility
 No external auditing of CCP reports, or enforcement
 CCP milestones/targets listed, CCP city reports
Decision-making
 ICLEI USA involved LG in community GHG protocol
 Voluntary CCP targets set by cities, no verification
Implementation
 CCP changed LG behaviour on GHG/climate change
 CCP shaped LG climate networks in USA & Europe

27. CCP & Urban Climate Governance
 CCP: civic environmentalism to green governance
 Business approach to assessing GHG emissions
 CCP focus on climate policy and climate actions
 Limited input & feedback from LG on CCP program
Recommendations
 LG involvement in assessing reports submitted by
CCP members within each country
 Involving LG members in ICLEI’s collaboration with
other municipal/urban climate networks
 Supporting a diverse range of CCP members
(North/South; large/small) at global climate
negotiations
27

28. Chapter 15
The Influence of Non-State
Actors on Corporate Climate
Change Disclosure
Julie Cotter
Julie.Cotter@usq.edu.au
28

29. “You can’t manage it if
you don’t measure it”

30. Influence of non-state
actors
NGO

32. Conclusions
 Average climate change disclosure score is 19,
with a maximum of 51 out of 100
 NGOs rather than traditional disclosure
regulators and state actors have been most
influential in improving international climate
change disclosure
 Measurement protocols
 Disclosure frameworks
 GRI, CDP and CDSB have different strengths
when evaluated against Cadman’s governance
framework

33. Governance and policy
recommendations
NGOs
 Work collaboratively with state actors to
increase international consistency across
mandatory and voluntary reporting schemes
 Strive for continual improvement in their
standards of governance
National regulators
 Mandate a comprehensive set of climate
change disclosure requirements, preferably
based on a rigorously determined disclosure
framework

34. Conclusions and Recommendations:
• Greater involvement of those impacted or
threatened by climate change is essential in shaping
effective climate policy
– Experience and expertise of different interests is more
important than their status or power
• Action across the climate regime ‘complex’ remains
fragmented, and inconsistent across issue-areas
– State and non-state participants should work
collaboratively across regimes
– governance standards are essential to ensure consistency
• The scientific consensus on the need for action in a
vast array of human systems (health, water, food,
migration, etc.) is overwhelming
– Business-as-usual is not an option.
34

35. Thank
you
http://globalclimatechangepolicy.org