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Phil 5

Critical Thinking in Writing
Philosophy

in Three Thinkers
Philosophy
Thales, 620 — 546 BCE
How do you know?
mythos/logos
Philosophy

Anaximander, 610—546 BCE
What is real?
the Boundless
Philosophy

Heraclitus, 500 BCE
How to live?
All are bound by one law
Philosophy
Epistemology How do you know?
What is real?
How to live?
Philosophy
Epistemology How do you know?
Metaphysics

What is real?
How to live?
Philosophy
Epistemology How do you know?
Metaphysics
Ethics

What is real?
How to live?
Philosophy: the attempt to
answer, critically, the
epistemological,
metaphysical, and ethical
questions.
Philosophy: the attempt to
answer, critically, the
epistemological,
metaphysical, and ethical
questions.
Critical Thinking

Charity
Reason
Questions
Truth

Charity
Reason
Questions
Consistency
Truth

Charity
Reason
Questions
Validity, Soundness
Consistency
Truth

Charity
Reason
Questions
Critical Thinking

Two Basic Principles
Critical Thinking

Principle
of
Charity
Principle of Charity: for
any claim, give it the
strongest possible
interpretation.
Critical Thinking

Principle
of
Sufficient Reason
Principle of Sufficient
Reason: for or any claim,
give reason why it is true,
or not.
Critical Thinking

A Method of Questioning
Controlling the Question
Is drinking milk healthy for humans?
What are the healthiest drinks for humans?
What Constitutional rights should we
keep?
Has the Constitutional right to bear
arms outlived its usefulness?
Are single-sex schools better for education?
What is the best method of education?
Controlling the Question
Open Questions

What are the healthiest
drinks for humans?
What Constitutional
rights should we keep?
What is the best
method of
education?

Yes-or-no Questions

Is drinking milk
healthy for humans?
Has the Constitutional
right to bear arms
outlived its usefulness?
Are single-sex
schools better for
education?
Open Questions

Are Topic or Theme Questions

What are the healthiest
drinks for humans?
What Constitutional
rights should we keep?
What is the best
method of
education?
Yes-or-no Questions
Are Issue Questions

Is drinking milk
healthy for humans?
Has the Constitutional
right to bear arms
outlived its usefulness?
Are single-sex
schools better for
education?
An Issue Question: is a
yes-or-no question, and is
the way to formulate
questions for the disputed
question method (quaestio
disputata).
The Disputed Question Method
yes:

Reasons supporting
the yes answer or
refuting the no answer.
Which side
has the better
reasons?

the question
no:

Reasons supporting
the no answer or
refuting the yes
answer.
The Disputed Question Method
yes:

Reasons supporting
the yes answer or
refuting the no answer.

Is drinking
milk
healthy?

Which side
has the better
reasons?

no:

Reasons supporting
the no answer or
refuting the yes
answer.
The Disputed Question Method
yes:

Reasons supporting
the yes answer or
refuting the no answer.

Is the right
to bear arms
still useful?

Which side
has the better
reasons?

no:

Reasons supporting
the no answer or
refuting the yes
answer.
The Disputed Question Method
yes:
Are singlesex schools
better for
education?

Reasons supporting
the yes answer or
refuting the no answer.
Which side
has the better
reasons?

no:

Reasons supporting
the no answer or
refuting the yes
answer.
A virtue is an excellence, a
mean between two extremes
called vices.
Virtues
Extreme
Mean
Extreme
Virtues
vice
Virtue
vice
Virtues
vice?
Courage
cowardice
Virtues
foolhardy
Courage
cowardice
Virtues
vice?
Fair Minded
vice?
Virtues
gullible
Fair Minded
prejudiced
Virtues
vice?
Inquisitive
vice?
Virtues
obsessed
Inquisitive
indifferent
Virtues
vice?
Careful
vice?
Virtues
pedantic
Careful
careless

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Critical Thinking 01 Intro