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The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 7 || Pages || 46-53 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 46
Safety Assessments and Study of Radio Frequency Radiations
and its Effects from Cellular Base Station
1
Yahya H. A., 2
Danladi A. Tonga 2
Nura Ahmed and 2,3
A. U. Lawan
1
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna
2
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure,
2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering Bayero University Kano, NIGERIA
--------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------
Presently Nigeria is experiencing a steady growth in the telecommunication industry, with about twenty one (21) mobile
wireless telecommunication services providers, about fifteen thousand (15,000) Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) spreads
across the country, and One Hundred and seventeen million lines actively connected, (Nigeria Communication Commission,
June 2013). There is growing concern among Nigerians about the possible health hazard of electromagnetic radiation from
the BTS and the mobile handsets. This study focuses on measurement of Electromagnetic Radiation (w/m2
) radiated from
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). These measurements were carried out using handheld Spectrum Analyser. Maximum
radiation values were measured from (BTS) of the selected sites in Kaduna and the results were compared with the standard
provided by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, (ICNIRP, 1998) and a good agreement
was obtained.
Key-Words: Measurement,Electromagnetic Radiation, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 27 June 2014 Date of Publication: 20 July 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Cellular wireless technology now allow the delivery of voice, text, images, music, video and other
valuable services and it relies on an extensive network of base station to do this (Cooper TG et al., 2010).
However, base stations have generated much public concern. They need to be high up, so they are often located
on towers or masts or rooftops. Towers, which are usually 25 to 80 meters tall, are particularly often in the news
when local residents object to their location, because of health concerns or simply because of their appearance.
Electrical and electronic devices, wireless cellular telephones and other mobile personal communication
services is the fastest growing field in the world. There is uncertainty about the health effects of radio
frequencies(RF). Acertain amount of energy from radiation is absorbed by the body and converted to heat. This
is called thermaleffect. It results in public concern about possible health effects of human exposure to
electromagnetic energy (Cooper TG, 2006).Concerns about other possible thermal effects arising from exposure
to RF include, suggestions of subtle effects on cells that could have an effect on cancer development or
influences onelectrically excitable tissue. It could influence the function of the brain and nervous tissue.
There has alsobeen concern about whether there could be effects on brain function, with particular emphasis on
headachesand memory loss. Few studies have yet investigated these possibilities, (Stevens and Martens,
2000).The basic limit of exposure isexpressed by the quantity called “specific absorption rate” (SAR).SAR is
the time rate at which electromagnetic energy (EM) is absorbed/dissipated by an element of biological body
mass, and is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg), (Stevens and Martens, 2000). The maximum local
SAR, which is the most critical quantity in the context of potentialhealth effects of RF energy radiated, depends
on a large number of factors.The factors that influence how much RF an individual may be exposed to
include:The power output, frequency and type of transmitter,the distance the person is from the transmitter,the
location of the person with respect to the transmitted beam,the type of antenna and the direction of the
transmitted beam;the presence of other structures near the person that may shield them or reflect the RF signals
towards them; and the time spent in a particular area of the RF field(Henderson SI et`al,, 2006).
The mostinvestigated effect of EM energy on biological tissues is the transformation of energy
entering the tissues into increased kinetic energy of the absorbing molecules, thereby producing a general
heating in the medium. The power absorbed by the tissues will produce a temperature rise that is dependent on
the cooling mechanism of the tissue. The patterns of the fields producing the heating are complex functions of
the frequency, source configuration, tissue geometry and dielectric properties of the tissues. When the
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
thermoregulatory capability of the system is exceed tissue damage result, when a biological system is exposed
to microwave radiation, an internal field is induced in the system. The calculation of this internal field is named
as dosimetry (Benardi, et`tal, 2000). The development of models to predict the absorption of electromagnetic
energy and the physiologic thermoregulatory response for the human body has proceeded for several years. A
large epidemiological study is being coordinated in over 10 countries by the International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO established the
International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project, to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects
of EMF. There is also growing concern in Europe over such health effects. This initiated a European project
within the European COST (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) program (COST
244). In this project a multi-disciplinary group of engineers, physicians and biologists are investigating the link
between the fields absorbed by wireless-telephone users and possible health effects (Benardi, et`tal, 2000). In
the electromagnetic spectrum, gamma rays are given off by radioactive materials, cosmic rays and X-rays carry
this property and are called 'ionizing radiation'. Fields whose quanta are insufficient to break molecular bonds
are called 'non-ionizing radiation'. Man-made sources of electromagnetic fields are found at the relatively long
wavelength and low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum and their quanta are unable to break
chemical bonds. Mobile phones have non-ionizing radiation. Frequencies between about 30 kHz and 300 GHz
are widely used for telecommunication, including broadcast radio and television, and comprise the radio
frequency (RF) band. Cellular mobile phone services operate within the frequency ranges 872-960 MHz and
1710-1875 MHz Waves at higher frequencies but within the RF region. The SAR can be applicable to mobile
phones and it is a way of measuring the RF that is absorbed by the tissue. Determination of SAR can be made
either by using sophisticated computer modeling techniques or by performing tests on a model called a
“phantom”. The results of that research are the current and recently revised Federal Communication
Commission(FCC) RF emissions guidelines based on the American National Standard Institute/Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ANSI/IEEE) and National Commission on Radiation Protection(NCRP)
standards.(Tell,1972 and ICNIRP guide lines 1998). SAR testing on wireless phones is done at the maximum
power output level for the phone. Wireless phones though, typically operate at power levels below peak power
and often at just 25% their allowable power. Phones operate at constantly varying power levels due to many
factors such as distance from the nearest base station and also to conserve battery power.
II. SAFETY AND STANDARDS OF RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION
There are two main exposure guidelines for RF radiation in Europe. The National Radiological
Protection Board (NRPB) published the first guideline in 1993 and the International Commission on Non-
Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published the second one in 1998. The guidelines published by the
NRPB were based on the potential of RF radiation tocause illness or injury through heating of body tissues.
While some research had suggested that adverse health effects might occur from exposures lower than those
needed to produce significant heating, the evidence for this was not considered sufficient to form a basis for the
derivation of exposure guidelines which incorporate basic restrictions on the SAR. The SAR is averaged over
an exposure time and a specified mass tissue, depending on the tissue region. Average times are specified
because of the time taken for the temperature of tissues to equilibrate when they are exposed to the radiation.
The fields are assumed to be in the far-field region. The second guidelines on exposure to RF radiation were
also published by the ICNIRP, in 1998. An SAR of 1-4 W/kg or higher is needed to cause these changes. The
ICNIRP guidelines feature a two-tier system with lower limits (five times lower) for exposure to the general
public than for occupational exposure. Table 1. ICNIRP basic restrictions on occupational exposure and general
public exposure (in brackets) in the frequency range 10 MHz to 10 GHz (ICNIRP, 1998a).
II. INSTRUMENTATION METHOD
This investigation was arranged in two phases, the physical measurement and analysis. It covers some
sampled BTS of the four major telecommunication operators in three selected areas in Kaduna, namely, Mando
Kabala Costain and Malali, For the selected BTS, received power (dBm) and exposure limit (µwm2
), were
measured at distances ranging from 25-200 (meters) away from the BTS using Spectrum Analyser, type:
SPECTRAN HF 2025E with a frequency range of 700MHz to 2GHz. The instrument was obtained from the
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Laboratory of the Nigerian Defense Academy Kaduna.
TheSpectrum Analyser is a handheld instrument and as such was held in the hand during measurements for all
the selected BTS at a distance range of 25-200 m away from the BTS.
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 48
III. RADIATION ABSORPTION RATE
Specific Abortion Rate (SAR) is defined as;
SAR = (1)
orSAR = (2)
or
SAR = 3)Where:
σ = conductivity of body tissue s/m, T = temperature,
ρ = density of body tissue in kg/m3,
Ei = rms of value electric field in the tissue V/m
Ci = heat capacity of body tissue in J/kgK,
J = magnitude of the induced current density in the body tissue A/m2
The ICNIRP guidelines for the public have been adopted in a European Council Recommendation (1999),
which has been agreed to in principle by all countries in the European Union. Table2. ICNIRP reference levels
for public exposureto mobile telecommunications frequencies (ICNIRP, 1998a).
Table1. ICNIRP Basic Restrictions on Occupational Exposure
Tissue region SAR Limit (W/Kg) Mass (g) Time (s)
Whole body 0.4 (0.08) - 6
Head,Trunk 10 (2) 10 6
Limbs 20 (4) 10 6
Table 2 ICNIRP Reference Level for Public Exposure to Mobile Telecommunication Frequencies
Frequencies ( MHz ) Electric Field strength ( V/M ) Magnetic field strength ( A/M
1-2
10-400
400-2000
2000-3000
87/√F
27.5
1.375*√F
61
0.73/√F
0.073
0.0037*√F
0.16
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 49
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig. 1 showing the plot of exposure limits (µw/m2
) values measured at some distance (m) from the
BTSs of the four major operators namely Airtel, MTN, Etisalat and Glo. Among the BTSs, subjected to
measurements, MTN and Etisalat BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the lowest radiation of 2.3and 2.4µw/m2
at a
distance of 200m respectively. Airtel and Glo BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the highestradiation of 4µw/m2
at a distance of 200m. On the other hand, MTN and Glo BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the lowest radiation of
16and19µw/m2
at a distance of 25m respectively, while, Etisalat and Airtel BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the
highest radiation of 24and 31µw/m2
at a distance of 25m respectively.Measurements with distance show that
the decreasing rate of radiation with distance is different for each BTS. The results of radiation values obtained
for all the BTS used in this investigation, falls within the safety limit of 10 mW/cm2
or 100W/m2
specified by
the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection of (ICNIRP, 1998). Therefore, these BTS
are safe for use as far as electromagnetic radiation safety guide lines are concerned.
Table3 Farin Gida Radiation Exposure
GLO NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in dBm
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -27 100.39
50 -31 81.1
75 -36 68.3
100 -34 48.96
125 -33 39.18
150 -30 23.41
175 -29 18.54
200 -38 5.34
Table4 Farin Gida Mando Radiation Exposure
AIRTEL NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µwm2
25 -26 96.11
50 -27 87.35
75 -28 32.98
100 -32 19.38
125 -33 18.35
150 -34 13.86
175 -36 12.48
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 50
Table5 Farin Gida Mando
MTN NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit
in‟ µw/m2
25 -27 100.89
50 -27 97.33
75 -28 86.74
100 -32 35.48
125 -35 18.58
150 -38 14.27
Table6KABALA COSTAINRadiation Exposure
AIRTEL NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure in
µw/m2
25 -32 30.95
50 -34 18.24
75 -35 16.67
100 -35 16.33
125 -36 11.51
Table 7 KABALA COSTAIN Exposure
MTN NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in‟ dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -35 16.49
50 -37 10.97
75 -38 8.44
100 -41 4.26
125 -42 3.27
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 51
Table 8KABALA COSTAIN Exposure
ETISALAT NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µwm2
25 -33 23.92
50 -37 9.95
75 -40 5.20
100 -42 5.12
125 -43 4.79
150 -44 4.41
Table 9KABALA COSTAIN Exposure
GLO NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in ‟dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -26 19.72
50 -29 16.33
75 -30 11.80
100 -36 10.49
125 -37 8.68
Table 10 MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A
AIRTEL NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -33 24.29
50 -35 15.69
75 -36 13.7
100 -37 11.70
125 -38 8.79
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 52
Table 11. MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A
MTN NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -29 56.64
50 -32 32.16
75 -33 27.99
100 -34 21.21
125 -36 12.98
Table 12 MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A
ETISALAT NETWORK
Distance in „m‟ Power received
in „dBm‟
Exposure limit in
µw/m2
25 -27 89.54
50 -28 73.42
75 -32 42.50
100 -31 32.74
125 -34 24.89
Fig. 1 showing the plot of exposure limits value measured at some distance from the BTS.
Safety Assessments and Study of...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 53
V. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this study focuses on measurement and evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation (w/m2
)
radiated fromBase Transceiver Stations (BTS). These measurements were carried out using handheld Spectrum
Analyser. Maximum radiation values were measured from (BTS) of the selected sites in Kaduna and the results
were compared with the standard provided by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection, (ICNIRP, 1998) and a good agreement was obtained (standard exposure not exceeded). Therefore,
these BTS are safe for use.
REFERENCES:
[1] Nigerian Communications Commission, (2009), http://www.ncc.gov.ng/aboutis.htm.
[2] Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), ICNIRP GUIDELINES (1998), Vol.74, No.4, Pp.494- 522, International Commission on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, www.icnirp.de
[3] Tell R.A, (1972)”Broadcast Radiation How Safe is Safe”, IEEE Spectrum, vol, 38, no.5, Pp, 128-133.
[4] Bernardi, P., Pisa. S and Puizzi E.,( 2000 ), “Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Increases in the Head of a Cellular-Phone
User,” IEEETransactions on Microwave Theory andTechniques, Vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1118-1126.
[5] Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Electromagnetic radiation. British Medical Bulletin 2003;68:157-165.
[6] Cooper TG, Mann SM, Khalid M, Blackwell RP. Exposure of the general public to radio Waves near microcell and Picocell base
stations for mobile telecommunications. NRPB Report, September 2010.
[7] Cooper TG, Mann SM, Khalid M, Blackwell RP. Public exposure to radio waves near GSM Microcell and Pico cell base stations. J.
Radiol Prot 2006; 26:199-211.
[8] Henderson SI, Bangay MJ. Survey of RF exposure levels from mobile telephone base stations in Australia. Bio
electromagnetics2006; 27:73-76.

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F03702046053

  • 1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) || Volume || 3 || Issue || 7 || Pages || 46-53 || 2014 || ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805 www.theijes.com The IJES Page 46 Safety Assessments and Study of Radio Frequency Radiations and its Effects from Cellular Base Station 1 Yahya H. A., 2 Danladi A. Tonga 2 Nura Ahmed and 2,3 A. U. Lawan 1 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna 2 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, 2,3 Department of Electrical Engineering Bayero University Kano, NIGERIA --------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------- Presently Nigeria is experiencing a steady growth in the telecommunication industry, with about twenty one (21) mobile wireless telecommunication services providers, about fifteen thousand (15,000) Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) spreads across the country, and One Hundred and seventeen million lines actively connected, (Nigeria Communication Commission, June 2013). There is growing concern among Nigerians about the possible health hazard of electromagnetic radiation from the BTS and the mobile handsets. This study focuses on measurement of Electromagnetic Radiation (w/m2 ) radiated from Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). These measurements were carried out using handheld Spectrum Analyser. Maximum radiation values were measured from (BTS) of the selected sites in Kaduna and the results were compared with the standard provided by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, (ICNIRP, 1998) and a good agreement was obtained. Key-Words: Measurement,Electromagnetic Radiation, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Safety. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 27 June 2014 Date of Publication: 20 July 2014 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION Cellular wireless technology now allow the delivery of voice, text, images, music, video and other valuable services and it relies on an extensive network of base station to do this (Cooper TG et al., 2010). However, base stations have generated much public concern. They need to be high up, so they are often located on towers or masts or rooftops. Towers, which are usually 25 to 80 meters tall, are particularly often in the news when local residents object to their location, because of health concerns or simply because of their appearance. Electrical and electronic devices, wireless cellular telephones and other mobile personal communication services is the fastest growing field in the world. There is uncertainty about the health effects of radio frequencies(RF). Acertain amount of energy from radiation is absorbed by the body and converted to heat. This is called thermaleffect. It results in public concern about possible health effects of human exposure to electromagnetic energy (Cooper TG, 2006).Concerns about other possible thermal effects arising from exposure to RF include, suggestions of subtle effects on cells that could have an effect on cancer development or influences onelectrically excitable tissue. It could influence the function of the brain and nervous tissue. There has alsobeen concern about whether there could be effects on brain function, with particular emphasis on headachesand memory loss. Few studies have yet investigated these possibilities, (Stevens and Martens, 2000).The basic limit of exposure isexpressed by the quantity called “specific absorption rate” (SAR).SAR is the time rate at which electromagnetic energy (EM) is absorbed/dissipated by an element of biological body mass, and is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg), (Stevens and Martens, 2000). The maximum local SAR, which is the most critical quantity in the context of potentialhealth effects of RF energy radiated, depends on a large number of factors.The factors that influence how much RF an individual may be exposed to include:The power output, frequency and type of transmitter,the distance the person is from the transmitter,the location of the person with respect to the transmitted beam,the type of antenna and the direction of the transmitted beam;the presence of other structures near the person that may shield them or reflect the RF signals towards them; and the time spent in a particular area of the RF field(Henderson SI et`al,, 2006). The mostinvestigated effect of EM energy on biological tissues is the transformation of energy entering the tissues into increased kinetic energy of the absorbing molecules, thereby producing a general heating in the medium. The power absorbed by the tissues will produce a temperature rise that is dependent on the cooling mechanism of the tissue. The patterns of the fields producing the heating are complex functions of the frequency, source configuration, tissue geometry and dielectric properties of the tissues. When the
  • 2. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47 thermoregulatory capability of the system is exceed tissue damage result, when a biological system is exposed to microwave radiation, an internal field is induced in the system. The calculation of this internal field is named as dosimetry (Benardi, et`tal, 2000). The development of models to predict the absorption of electromagnetic energy and the physiologic thermoregulatory response for the human body has proceeded for several years. A large epidemiological study is being coordinated in over 10 countries by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO established the International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project, to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF. There is also growing concern in Europe over such health effects. This initiated a European project within the European COST (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) program (COST 244). In this project a multi-disciplinary group of engineers, physicians and biologists are investigating the link between the fields absorbed by wireless-telephone users and possible health effects (Benardi, et`tal, 2000). In the electromagnetic spectrum, gamma rays are given off by radioactive materials, cosmic rays and X-rays carry this property and are called 'ionizing radiation'. Fields whose quanta are insufficient to break molecular bonds are called 'non-ionizing radiation'. Man-made sources of electromagnetic fields are found at the relatively long wavelength and low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum and their quanta are unable to break chemical bonds. Mobile phones have non-ionizing radiation. Frequencies between about 30 kHz and 300 GHz are widely used for telecommunication, including broadcast radio and television, and comprise the radio frequency (RF) band. Cellular mobile phone services operate within the frequency ranges 872-960 MHz and 1710-1875 MHz Waves at higher frequencies but within the RF region. The SAR can be applicable to mobile phones and it is a way of measuring the RF that is absorbed by the tissue. Determination of SAR can be made either by using sophisticated computer modeling techniques or by performing tests on a model called a “phantom”. The results of that research are the current and recently revised Federal Communication Commission(FCC) RF emissions guidelines based on the American National Standard Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ANSI/IEEE) and National Commission on Radiation Protection(NCRP) standards.(Tell,1972 and ICNIRP guide lines 1998). SAR testing on wireless phones is done at the maximum power output level for the phone. Wireless phones though, typically operate at power levels below peak power and often at just 25% their allowable power. Phones operate at constantly varying power levels due to many factors such as distance from the nearest base station and also to conserve battery power. II. SAFETY AND STANDARDS OF RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION There are two main exposure guidelines for RF radiation in Europe. The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) published the first guideline in 1993 and the International Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published the second one in 1998. The guidelines published by the NRPB were based on the potential of RF radiation tocause illness or injury through heating of body tissues. While some research had suggested that adverse health effects might occur from exposures lower than those needed to produce significant heating, the evidence for this was not considered sufficient to form a basis for the derivation of exposure guidelines which incorporate basic restrictions on the SAR. The SAR is averaged over an exposure time and a specified mass tissue, depending on the tissue region. Average times are specified because of the time taken for the temperature of tissues to equilibrate when they are exposed to the radiation. The fields are assumed to be in the far-field region. The second guidelines on exposure to RF radiation were also published by the ICNIRP, in 1998. An SAR of 1-4 W/kg or higher is needed to cause these changes. The ICNIRP guidelines feature a two-tier system with lower limits (five times lower) for exposure to the general public than for occupational exposure. Table 1. ICNIRP basic restrictions on occupational exposure and general public exposure (in brackets) in the frequency range 10 MHz to 10 GHz (ICNIRP, 1998a). II. INSTRUMENTATION METHOD This investigation was arranged in two phases, the physical measurement and analysis. It covers some sampled BTS of the four major telecommunication operators in three selected areas in Kaduna, namely, Mando Kabala Costain and Malali, For the selected BTS, received power (dBm) and exposure limit (µwm2 ), were measured at distances ranging from 25-200 (meters) away from the BTS using Spectrum Analyser, type: SPECTRAN HF 2025E with a frequency range of 700MHz to 2GHz. The instrument was obtained from the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Laboratory of the Nigerian Defense Academy Kaduna. TheSpectrum Analyser is a handheld instrument and as such was held in the hand during measurements for all the selected BTS at a distance range of 25-200 m away from the BTS.
  • 3. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 48 III. RADIATION ABSORPTION RATE Specific Abortion Rate (SAR) is defined as; SAR = (1) orSAR = (2) or SAR = 3)Where: σ = conductivity of body tissue s/m, T = temperature, ρ = density of body tissue in kg/m3, Ei = rms of value electric field in the tissue V/m Ci = heat capacity of body tissue in J/kgK, J = magnitude of the induced current density in the body tissue A/m2 The ICNIRP guidelines for the public have been adopted in a European Council Recommendation (1999), which has been agreed to in principle by all countries in the European Union. Table2. ICNIRP reference levels for public exposureto mobile telecommunications frequencies (ICNIRP, 1998a). Table1. ICNIRP Basic Restrictions on Occupational Exposure Tissue region SAR Limit (W/Kg) Mass (g) Time (s) Whole body 0.4 (0.08) - 6 Head,Trunk 10 (2) 10 6 Limbs 20 (4) 10 6 Table 2 ICNIRP Reference Level for Public Exposure to Mobile Telecommunication Frequencies Frequencies ( MHz ) Electric Field strength ( V/M ) Magnetic field strength ( A/M 1-2 10-400 400-2000 2000-3000 87/√F 27.5 1.375*√F 61 0.73/√F 0.073 0.0037*√F 0.16
  • 4. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 49 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Fig. 1 showing the plot of exposure limits (µw/m2 ) values measured at some distance (m) from the BTSs of the four major operators namely Airtel, MTN, Etisalat and Glo. Among the BTSs, subjected to measurements, MTN and Etisalat BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the lowest radiation of 2.3and 2.4µw/m2 at a distance of 200m respectively. Airtel and Glo BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the highestradiation of 4µw/m2 at a distance of 200m. On the other hand, MTN and Glo BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the lowest radiation of 16and19µw/m2 at a distance of 25m respectively, while, Etisalat and Airtel BTSs are the BTSs that radiated the highest radiation of 24and 31µw/m2 at a distance of 25m respectively.Measurements with distance show that the decreasing rate of radiation with distance is different for each BTS. The results of radiation values obtained for all the BTS used in this investigation, falls within the safety limit of 10 mW/cm2 or 100W/m2 specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection of (ICNIRP, 1998). Therefore, these BTS are safe for use as far as electromagnetic radiation safety guide lines are concerned. Table3 Farin Gida Radiation Exposure GLO NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in dBm Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -27 100.39 50 -31 81.1 75 -36 68.3 100 -34 48.96 125 -33 39.18 150 -30 23.41 175 -29 18.54 200 -38 5.34 Table4 Farin Gida Mando Radiation Exposure AIRTEL NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in µwm2 25 -26 96.11 50 -27 87.35 75 -28 32.98 100 -32 19.38 125 -33 18.35 150 -34 13.86 175 -36 12.48
  • 5. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 50 Table5 Farin Gida Mando MTN NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in‟ µw/m2 25 -27 100.89 50 -27 97.33 75 -28 86.74 100 -32 35.48 125 -35 18.58 150 -38 14.27 Table6KABALA COSTAINRadiation Exposure AIRTEL NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure in µw/m2 25 -32 30.95 50 -34 18.24 75 -35 16.67 100 -35 16.33 125 -36 11.51 Table 7 KABALA COSTAIN Exposure MTN NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in‟ dBm‟ Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -35 16.49 50 -37 10.97 75 -38 8.44 100 -41 4.26 125 -42 3.27
  • 6. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 51 Table 8KABALA COSTAIN Exposure ETISALAT NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in µwm2 25 -33 23.92 50 -37 9.95 75 -40 5.20 100 -42 5.12 125 -43 4.79 150 -44 4.41 Table 9KABALA COSTAIN Exposure GLO NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in ‟dBm‟ Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -26 19.72 50 -29 16.33 75 -30 11.80 100 -36 10.49 125 -37 8.68 Table 10 MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A AIRTEL NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -33 24.29 50 -35 15.69 75 -36 13.7 100 -37 11.70 125 -38 8.79
  • 7. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 52 Table 11. MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A MTN NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -29 56.64 50 -32 32.16 75 -33 27.99 100 -34 21.21 125 -36 12.98 Table 12 MALALI LOW-COST/G.R.A ETISALAT NETWORK Distance in „m‟ Power received in „dBm‟ Exposure limit in µw/m2 25 -27 89.54 50 -28 73.42 75 -32 42.50 100 -31 32.74 125 -34 24.89 Fig. 1 showing the plot of exposure limits value measured at some distance from the BTS.
  • 8. Safety Assessments and Study of... www.theijes.com The IJES Page 53 V. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study focuses on measurement and evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation (w/m2 ) radiated fromBase Transceiver Stations (BTS). These measurements were carried out using handheld Spectrum Analyser. Maximum radiation values were measured from (BTS) of the selected sites in Kaduna and the results were compared with the standard provided by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, (ICNIRP, 1998) and a good agreement was obtained (standard exposure not exceeded). Therefore, these BTS are safe for use. REFERENCES: [1] Nigerian Communications Commission, (2009), http://www.ncc.gov.ng/aboutis.htm. [2] Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), ICNIRP GUIDELINES (1998), Vol.74, No.4, Pp.494- 522, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, www.icnirp.de [3] Tell R.A, (1972)”Broadcast Radiation How Safe is Safe”, IEEE Spectrum, vol, 38, no.5, Pp, 128-133. [4] Bernardi, P., Pisa. S and Puizzi E.,( 2000 ), “Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Increases in the Head of a Cellular-Phone User,” IEEETransactions on Microwave Theory andTechniques, Vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1118-1126. [5] Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Electromagnetic radiation. British Medical Bulletin 2003;68:157-165. [6] Cooper TG, Mann SM, Khalid M, Blackwell RP. Exposure of the general public to radio Waves near microcell and Picocell base stations for mobile telecommunications. NRPB Report, September 2010. [7] Cooper TG, Mann SM, Khalid M, Blackwell RP. Public exposure to radio waves near GSM Microcell and Pico cell base stations. J. Radiol Prot 2006; 26:199-211. [8] Henderson SI, Bangay MJ. Survey of RF exposure levels from mobile telephone base stations in Australia. Bio electromagnetics2006; 27:73-76.