1. The Development ofThe Development of
ScienceScience
Science is only about 400 yearsScience is only about 400 years
old and itold and it’s application to human’s application to human
thought is about 150 years oldthought is about 150 years old
James MulloolyJames Mullooly

2. Empiricist FoundationsEmpiricist Foundations in 4in 4thth
cen. BCcen. BC
Aristotle (b. 384 BC) started theAristotle (b. 384 BC) started the
empirical traditionempirical tradition
Titus Lucretius Carus (94 BC)Titus Lucretius Carus (94 BC)
wrote,wrote, The Nature of ThingsThe Nature of Things
where he made a clearwhere he made a clear
argument for empiricism.argument for empiricism.

3. Needs for Science inNeeds for Science in the 15th cen.the 15th cen.
1400s – European1400s – European
Adventurers on the highAdventurers on the high
seas motivated a need forseas motivated a need for
tools (compass and sextant)tools (compass and sextant)
andand
technologies (technologies (systematicsystematic
observations)observations)
to make money and travel.to make money and travel.
Motivates increased literacy and scientific thinking

4. ““Pressing” Needs in the 15th cen.Pressing” Needs in the 15th cen.
By the end of theBy the end of the
1400s, all cities1400s, all cities
had a presshad a press
– 1517 Protestant1517 Protestant
ReformationReformation
Motivates increased literacy and scientific thinking
14551455 Gutenberg's PressGutenberg's Press

5. Systematic EmpiricismSystematic Empiricism in the 16in the 16thth
cen.cen.
Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei (b. 1564) refuted(b. 1564) refuted
the Ptolemaic geocentric (earththe Ptolemaic geocentric (earth
centered) theory of the heavens.centered) theory of the heavens.
Galileo developed the practice ofGalileo developed the practice of
the experimentthe experiment and empiricaland empirical
procedures.procedures.

6. Systematic RationalismSystematic Rationalism in the 16in the 16thth
cen.cen.
René DescartesRené Descartes (b. 1596)(b. 1596)
wrote of this inwrote of this in Discourse onDiscourse on
MethodMethod
Francis BaconFrancis Bacon (b. 1561)(b. 1561)
practiced induction and directpracticed induction and direct
observation.observation.

7. ““Rational Empiricism”Rational Empiricism” in the 17in the 17thth
cen.cen.
Isaac Newton (b. 1643)–Isaac Newton (b. 1643)–
start of the scientificstart of the scientific
revolution at Cambridge,revolution at Cambridge,
via the invention ofvia the invention of
“the Calculus”.“the Calculus”.
Developed theDeveloped the
Hypothetico-DeductiveHypothetico-Deductive
model.model.

8. Hypothetico-Deductive modelHypothetico-Deductive model
CombinedCombined
Empirical observation (GalileoEmpirical observation (Galileo’s Experiment)’s Experiment)
withwith
Deduction (Cartesian Reason)Deduction (Cartesian Reason)
to maketo make
Science as we know it today.Science as we know it today.
Now: It does not matter where you get your ideas fromNow: It does not matter where you get your ideas from
– DescartesDescartes’ ideas or Galileo’s observations’ ideas or Galileo’s observations
Just that you have an idea and that you test it rigorously.Just that you have an idea and that you test it rigorously.

9. Science of Human Behavior?Science of Human Behavior?
John Locke (1632) Friend ofJohn Locke (1632) Friend of
NewtonNewton
– He said that NewtonHe said that Newton’s’s
observations of the stars could beobservations of the stars could be
applied to humans.applied to humans.
– But this was not done until overBut this was not done until over
100 years later.100 years later.

10. Science of the Social
August Comte (b. 1798) invented
the word sociology