1.types of structures and loads

Department of Civil Engineering NPIC

!> RbePTrcnasm<½n§ nigbnÞúk
Types of Structures and Loads
CMBUkenHerobrab;BIcMnucbzménkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM. dMbUg CMhanénkarGnuvtþcaM)ac;edIm,IbegáIt
rcnasm<½n§RtUv)anerobrab; nigbnþedaykarENnaMBIRbePTmUldæanéneRKOgbgÁúM FatupSM nigTMrrbs;va. cug
eRkay mankarBnül;y:agsegçbBIRbePTepSg²rbs;bnÞúkEdlRtUv)anBicarNasMrab;karsikSaviPaK nig
karsikSaKNna.

!>!> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)
rcnasm<½n§ b¤eRKOgbgÁúM (structure) sMedAeTAelIRbB½n§énGgát;EdltP¢ab;Kña ehIyRtUv)aneRbI
edIm,IRTbnÞúk. ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgEdlTak;TgeTAnwgvisVkmμsMNg;sIuvilrYmman GaKar s<an ehIyenAkñúg
visVkmμdéTeTotrYmman eRKagk):al; nigynþehaH/ GagsþúksarFaturav nig]sμ½n/ RbB½n§emkanic nig rcna
sm<½n§RTRbB½n§bBa¢ÚnGKÁisnI.
enAeBlsikSaKNnarcnasm<½n§edIm,IbMerIeGaykareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³ visVkrRtUvKitnUvsuvtßi-
PaB esaPN½ÐPaB nig serviceability bEnßmBIelIkarKitEpñkesdækic© niglkçN³brisßan. CaerOy² eK
RtUvkarkarsikSadab;edayELkBIKñaCaeRcInEdlpþl;nUvdMeNaHRsayepSg²Kña munnwgQaneTAdl;kar
sMercyknUvTMrg;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlmanlkçN³smRsbCageK. rebobénkarsikSaKNnaKWmanlkçN³écñ
RbDit nigbec©keTs ehIyTamTarnUvcMeNHdwgBIlkçN³sMPar³CamUldæan CamYynwgc,ab;emkanicEdl
QaneTAdl;kareRCIserIssMPar³. enAeBlkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMbzmRtUv)anesñIeLIg eK)anviPaK
eRKOgbgÁúMedIm,IFanafavamanlT§PaBRTRTg; nigPaBrwgmaMRKb;RKan;. edIm,IviPaKrcnasm<½n§eGay)anRtwm
RtUveK RtUveFVIkarKiteGay)anRtwmRtUvBIrebobEdlFaturbs;eRKOgbgÁúMRtUv)anRT nigtP¢ab;rvagKña. bnÞúk
(load) tUv)ankMNt;BI code nig local specification ehIyeKrkkMlaMgenAkñúgGgát; nigbM;las;TI (dis-

placement) edayeRbIRTWsþIénkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúMEdlCaRbFanbTénemeronenH. bnÞab;mkeKeRbIlT§pl

énkarsikSa viPaKenHedIm,IsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMeLIgvij edayKitnUvkarkMNt;TMgn;rbs;Ggát; nigTMhM
kan;EtCak;lak;. dUcenH karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMRtUvkarkarKNnaRbhak;RbEhlCaeRcInCMhan Edl
kñúgenaHTamTarnUvkarsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM. enAkñúgesovePAenH karviPaKeRKOgbgÁúMRtUv)anGnuvtþsMrab;
eRKOgbgÁúMvisVkmμ sMNg;sIuvil b:uEnþeKGaceRbIviFIénkarviPaKEdl)anerobrab;sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlTak;Tg
eTAnwgEpñkepSgeToténvisVkmμ.

RbePTrcnasm<½n§ nigbnÞúk T.Chhay -1

mhaviTüal½ysMNg;sIuvil viTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTskm<úCa

!>@> cMNat;fñak;eRKOgbgÁúM (Classification of Structures)
vaCakarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;visVkreRKOgbgÁúM (structural engineer) dwgnUvRbePTepSg²rbs;Fatu
(element) EdlpSMCaeRKOgbgÁúM nigGaccat;cMNat;fñak;eRKOgbgÁúMeTAtamTMrg; nigtYnaTIrbs;va. eyIgnwg

ENnaMcMnucxøHrbs;vaenATIenH nigcMnucxøHeTotenAkñúgemeronxagmux.
FatueRKOgbgÁúM (structural elements) eRKOgbgÁúMpSMeLIgBIFatuTUeTAxøHdUcmanerobrab;xageRkam³
Ggát;cMNg (tie rods) Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúM (structural member) EdlrgnUvkMlaMgTaj (tensile
force) CaerOy²RtUv)aneKsMedAeTAelI tie rods b¤ bracing struts. edaysarFmμCatiénbnÞúk

enH Ggát;TaMgenHmanlkçN³Evg b¤Rsav (slender) ehIyCaTUeTABYkvaeRcInCaEdkmUl (rod)
EdkRCug (bar) EdkEkg (angle) b¤EdkmanragGkSr C (channel) ¬rUbTI 1-1¦.

Fñwm (beam): CaTUeTAFñwmCaGgát;Rtg;EdlRtUv)aneKeRbICabzmedIm,IRTbnÞúkbBaÄr. CaerOy²
eKcat;cMNat;fñak;rbs;FñwmeTAtamviFIEdlvaRtUv)anRT dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-2. CaBiess
enAeBlEdlmuxkat;rbs;FñwmERbRbYl FñwmenaHRtUv)aneKeGayeQμaHfa tapered beam b¤
haunched beam. muxkat;rbs;FñwmGac built up edaybEnßmEdkbnÞH (plates) eTAelIEpñkxag

elI nigEpñkxageRkamrbs;Fñwm.
CaTUeTA eKsikSaKNnaFñwmedayeGayvaTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment) b:uEnþ
RbsinebIvaxøI nigRTbnÞúkEdlmanbrimaNFM kMlaMgkat;GacnwgmantMélFM ehIyeKnwgykkMlaMg
enHmkeFVIkarsikSaKNna. enAeBlEdlFñwmeFVIBIsMPar³elah³dUcCaEdk b¤GaluymIj:Úm mux
kat;EdlmanRbsiT§PaBCageK enAeBlEdlvamanragdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-3. kMlaMgEdl
ekItmanenAkñúgsøab (flange) xagelI nigsøabxageRkamrbs;FñwmbegáItCakMlaMgm:Um:g; couple
caM)ac;EdleRbIsMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Gnuvtþn_ M cMENkÉRTnug (web) manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTb;

Types of Structures and Loads T.Chhay -2


Tl;nwgkMlaMgkat; (shear) V . CaTUeTA muxkat;enHRtUv)aneKehAfa wide flange ehIyRbEvg
rbs;vaRtUv)aneKpliteLIgrhUtdl; 23m. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarRbEvgxøICagenH eBlxøHeKeRCIs
erIsmuxkat;Edlman tapered flange. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarFñwmEdlmanElVgEvg ehIyRTbnÞúkFM
eKeRCIserIsmuxkat;FñwmkñúgTMrg; plate girder. Ggát;enHRtuv)anpliteLIgedayeRbIbnÞHEdkFM²
CaRTnug nigsøab ehIIybnÞHTaMgenaHRtUv)anP¢ab;KñaedaykarTwkbnSar b¤edayb‘ULúg. CaerOy²
girder RtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚneTAkardæanCakMNat;² ehIyeKsikSaKNnakartP¢ab;kMNat;TaMgenaHRtg;

cMnucEdl girder rgm:Um:g;Bt;xagkñúgtUc.

CaTUeTA Fñwmebtugmanmuxkat;ragctuekaNEkg EdlrUbragEbbenHgayRsYlkñúgkarsag
sg;enAkardæan. BIeRBaHebtugmanlkçN³exSaykñúgkarTb;Tl;kugRtaMgTaj Edk (reinforcing
rods) RtUv)aneKdMeLIgkñúgFñwmRtg;tMbn;NaEdlmuxkat;rgkugRtaMgTaj. Fñwm b¤r:tebtugcak;Rsab;

RtUv)aneKplitenAeragsib,kmμkñúgrebobdUcKña ehIybnÞab;mkeKdwkCBa¢ÚnvaeTA kan;kardæan.
eQIEdleKykmkeFVICaFñwmCaRbePTdMueQItan; b¤ laminated. Laminated beam RtUv
)anplitBImuxkat;eQItan;EdlbiTP¢ab;KñaedaykaversIusþg;x<s;.
ssr (column): Ggát;EdlCaTUeTAQrRtg; nigTb;Tl;bnÞúksgát;tamG½kS (axial compressive
load) RtUv)aneKehAfassr ¬rUbTI 1-4¦. CaerOy² eKeRcIneRbImuxkat; tube nig wide



sMrab;ssrEdk ehIymuxkat;mUl b¤kaer:sMrab;ssrEdleFVIebtugEdlBRgwgedayEdk
flange

srés. eBlxøH ssrrgnUvkMlaMgtamG½kS nigm:Um:g;Bt;dUceXIjkñúgrUb. Ggát;EbbenHRtUv)aneK
eGayeQμaHfa beam-column.

RbePTeRKOgbgÁúM (Types of structures): bnSMénFaturbs;eRKOgbgÁúM nigsMPar³EdlvapSM eLIg
RtUv)aneKsMedAelIRbB½n§eRKOgbgÁúM (structural system). RbB½n§nImYy²RtUv)anpliteLIgBIRb-
ePTmUldæanmYy b¤eRcInCagmYyénRbePTmUldæanbYnrbs;eRKOgbgÁúM. RbB½n§eRKOgbgÁúMmandUc
xageRkam edayerobtamlMdab;énkMritsμúKsμajkñúgkarviPaKkMlaMg rbs;va.
Trusses: enAeBlEdleKRtUvkarRbEvgElVgEvg ehIykMBs;rbs;vaminEmnCalkçN³ sMxan;kñúg

karsikSaKNna eKeRcIneRCIserIs truss. Truss pSMeLIgBIGgát;EdlmanRbEvgEvg ehIyRtUv
)antMerobkñúgTMrg;RtIekaN. Planar truss RtUv)anpÁúMeLIgedayGgát;Edl sßitenAkñúgbøg;EtmYy
ehIyTUeTAvaRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;s<an nigdMbUl cMEnkÉ space truss, Ggát;rbs;valatsn§wgkñúg
lMh b¤TMhMbI (three dimension) ehIyvasaksmsMrab; derrick nig tower.
edaysarkartMerobCaragFrNImaRténGgát;rbs;va bnÞúkEdleFVIeGay truss TaMgmUl
ekagRtUv)anbMElgeTACakMlaMgTaj nigkMlaMgsgát;enAkñúgGgát;. edaysarehtuenH KuNsm,tþi
dMbUgrbs; truss ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgFñwm KWfavaeRbIsMPar³ticedIm,IRTbnÞúkEdleKeGay ¬rUbTI
1-5¦. ehIy truss RtUv)ansg;BIGgát;EvgEdlGactMerobtam eRcInrebobedIm,IRTbnÞúk. edIm,I
TTYl)anlkçN³esdækic© eKeRcIneRbI truss sMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 9m eTA 122m eTaHbI
eBlxøHeKeRbI truss sMrab;RbEvgElVgEvgCagenH k¾eday.



kab nigeRKOgbgÁúMekag (cables and arches): TMrg;BIrepSgeTotrbs;eRKOgbgÁúMEdleRbIsMrab;
ElVgEvgKW kab nig arch. CaTUeTA kabmanlkçN³bt;Ebn (flexible) ehIyvaRTbnÞúkedaykM-
laMgTaj. b:uEnþmindUc tension ties eT bnÞúkxageRkAminRtUv)anGnuvtþtambeNþayG½kSrbs;
kabeT. Cavi)ak eKykTMrg;rbs;vaCarag defined sag ¬rUbTI 1-6a¦. CaFmμta eKeRbIkabedIm,I
BüÜrs<an b¤dMbUlGKar. enAeBleKeRbIvasMrab;eKalbMNgEbbenH kabmanKuNsm,tþilubelI
Fñwm nig truss CaBiesssMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgFMCag 46m. edaysarvaEtgEtrgkugRtaMg
TajkabnwgminKμansßirPaB b¤ collapse Pøam²eT EdlvaeRcInekItmancMeBaHFñwm nig truss.
elIsBIenH truss TamTarnUvtMélbEnßmsMrab; karsagsg; ehIyenAeBlEdlElVgekIneLIgkMBs;
k¾kan;EtekIneLIgEdr. mü:agvij eTot bMerIbMras;rbs;kabRtUvkMritEdnkMNt;eday sag, TMgn; nig
viFIkñúgkarf<k; (anchorage).
Arch CaeRKOgbgÁúMEdlrgkMlMagsgát; edaysarvamankMeNagbRBa©as;BIkab ¬rUb TI 1-

6 b¦. b:uEnþ arch RtUvEtrwg (rigid) edIm,IrkSaragrbs;va ehIyvaeFVIeGayekItman secondary
loading EdlBak;B½n§nwgkMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g; EdleKRtUvEtBicarNakñúgkarsikSaKNnava. eBl

xøHeKeRbI arch enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMs<an/ dome roof nigsMrab;rn§cMhenAkñúgCBa¢aMgdæ.

eRKag (Frames): eKeRbIeRKagenAkñúgsMNg;GKar ehIyvaRtUv)anpSMeLIgedayFñwm nig ssr
EdlmanTMrbgáb; (fixed) b¤tMN pin ¬rUbTI 1-7¦. dUcKña nwg truss Edr eRKaglatsg§wgkñúg


bøg; b¤BIrTMhM nigkñúglMh b¤bITMhM. bnÞúkenAelIeRKageFVIeGayGgát;ekag ehIyRbsinebIvaman
tMNrwg (rigid joint) enaHvamanlkçN³CaeRKOgbgÁúMminkMNt;. ersIusþg; rbs;eRKagEbbenHRtUv
)anbMEbkBI moment interaction rvagFñwm nigssrenARtg;tMNrwg. CalT§pl lkçN³esdækic©
énkareRbIeRKagGaRs½ynwgRbsiT§PaBEdlTTYlBIkarykTMhM FñwmtUc ehIyedaybegáInTMhMrbs;
ssr EdlbNþalBIGMeBI beam-column EdleFVIeGay ekagenARtg;tMN.
eRKOgbgÁúMépÞ (surface structures): Surface structure RtUv)aneFVIBIsMPar³EdlmankMras;esþIg
edayeFobeTAnwgTMhMepSg²eTotrbs;va. eBlxøH sMPar³enHmanlkçN³bt;EbnxøaMg ehIyeK
GacykvakñúgTMrg;tg; b¤ air-inflated structure. kñúgkrNITaMgBIrsMPar³eFVI skmμPaBCaPñas
(membrane) EdlrgkugRtaMgTajsuT§ (pure tension).

Surface structure k¾GacplitedaysMPar³rwg (rigid material) dUcCaebtugGarem:pg

Edr. edaysarvaGacmanTMrg;Ca folded plates, sIuLaMg b¤ hyperbolic paraboloid dUcenHeK
GacehAvafa thin plates b¤ shells. eRKOgbgÁúMTaMgenHeFVIkardUckab b¤ arch edaysarvaRTRTg;
kMlaMgTaj nigkMlaMgsgát;Cabzm edaymanPaBekagtictYcEmnETn. eTaHbICaEbbenHk¾eday
CaTUeTAeKBitCaBi)akkñúgkarviPaK plate b¤ shell structure xøaMgNas;edaysarragFrNImaRt
bITMhMrbs;va. karviPaKeRKOgbgÁúMépÞminRtUv)anelIkyk mkbgðajkñúgesovePAenHeT.

!>#> bnÞúk (Load)
enAeBlEdleKkMNt;TMhMrbs;eRKOgbgÁúMrYcehIy eKcaM)ac;kMNt;bnÞúkEdleRKOgbnÞúkRtUvRT. Ca
erOy² eKRtUveFVIkareRCIserIsbnÞúkeRcInRbePTEdleKrMBwgfavanwgeFVIGMeBImkelIeRKOgbgÁúMedIm,IeFVIkar
sikSaKNna. ]TahrN_ eRKOgbgÁúMGKarx<s;²RtUvTb;Tl;nwgbnÞúkxag (lateral load) d¾FMEdlbgáeLIg
edayxül; ehIyeKeRcIneRCIserIsRbB½n§ shear wall nigRbB½n§ tubular frame. cMENkÉGKarEdlsßit
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlgayrgkarrBa¢ÜydIRtUv)ansikSaKNnaCaeRKOg bgÁúMsVit (ductile frame) nigtMNsVit.



enAeBlEdleKkMNt;TMrg;eRKOgbgÁúM (structural form) rYcehIy karsikSaKNnaCak;Esþgcab;
epþImCamYynwgGgát;xagelIEdlrgbnÞúkrhUtdl;RKwH. dUcenHeKRtUvsikSaKNnakMralxNÐ (floor slab)
dMbUg ehIybnÞab;mkeKsikSaKNnaFñwm ssr nigcugeRkayKWRKwHeCIgtag. edIm,I sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúM
CaCMhandMbUgeKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIvaeGay)anCak;lak;.
CaerOy² bnÞúkKNna (design loading) sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMRtUv)ankMNt;edaykUd (code). CaTUeTA
visVkreRKOgbgÁúMeFVIkarCamYynwg code BIrRbePT³ kUdGKarTUeTA (general building code) nigkUdsikSa
KNna (design code). General building code kMNt;lkçN³tMrUvkarénGgát;sMrab; bnÞúkKNnaGb,-
brmaenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM nigbTdæanGb,brmasMrab;karsagsg;. Design code pþl;nUvbTdæanbec©keTs
lMGit ehIyeKeRbIvasMrab;skiSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMCak;Esþg. tarag 1-1 raynUv code sMxan;²EdleRbI
enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ. b:uEnþeKRtUvdwgfa code TaMgenaHpþl;eGayEtkarENnaMTUeTAsMrab;karsikSaKNnaEt
b:ueNÑaH. karTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputsMrab;karsikSaKNnaKW sßitelIvisVkreRKOgbgÁúM.

CaTUeTA edaysareRKOgbgÁúMrgnUvbnÞúkeRcInRbePT karENnaMy:agsegçbBIbnÞúkTaMgenHnwgbgðaj
BIrebobEdleKRtUvBicarNaBIT§iBlrbs;vakñúgkarGnuvtþ.
bnÞúkefr (dead loads)³ bnÞúkefrrYmmanTMgn;rbs;Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMepSg² nigTMgn;rbs;vtßúTaMgGs;Edl
P¢ab;CaGcié®nþy_eTAnwgeRKOgbgÁúM. dUcenH sMrab;sMNg;GKar bnÞúkefrrYmmanTMgn;rbs; ssr Fñwm r:t
kMralxNÐ dMbUl CBa¢aMg bg¥Üc RbB½n§bgðÚrTwk (plumbing) RbB½n§eRKOgGKÁisnI (electrical feature) nig
vtßúFatudéTepSgeTotEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgeRKOgbgÁúM.
kñúgkrNIxøH bnÞúkefreRKOgbgÁúMGackMNt;tamrUbmnþy:agsamBaØEdlQrelITMgn; nigTMhMrbs;
eRKOgbgÁúM. qøgtamry³bTBiesaFn_ eKk¾GacdwgBITMhMrbs;bnÞúkTaMgenH dUcCasMrab;sMNg; GKareQI



TMgn;mFümKW 1.9 − 2.4kN / m 2 sMrab;GKarEdlmaneRKagEdk TMgn;mFümKW 2.9 − 3.6kN / m 2 ehIy
sMrab;GKarebtugGarem: TMgn;mFümKW 5.3 − 6.2kN / m 2 . eTaHEbbnwgk¾eday enAeBleKkMNt;sMPar³
nigTMhMrbs;Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMrYcehIy eKGacrkTMgn;rbs;vaBItaragEdl manerobrab;BIdg;sIuetrbs;va.
dg;sIueténRbePTsMPar³EdleRbIenAkñúgsMNg;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 1-2 ehIyEpñkénta-
ragEdlerobrab;BITMgn;rbs;RbePTGgát;rbs;GKarmanbgðajenAkñúgtarag 1-3. eTaHbICaeKGacKNna
bnÞúkefredayQrelIkareRbIR)as;taragEdlmanbgðajTinñn½yy:aggay RsYlk¾eday k¾eKEtdwgEdrfa
eKRtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNbnÞúkTaMgenHkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkar sikSaKNna. kar)a:n;RbmaNTaMgenH
rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsMPar³EdlminmanCaeRKOgbgÁúM (nonstructural material) dUcCa prefabricated façade
panels, RbB½n§eRKOgGKÁisnI nigRbB½n§bgðÚrTwk.l.

elIsBIenH eTaHbIeKkMNt;sMPar³rYcehIykþI EtTMgn;Éktþarbs;Ggát;Edlerobrab;enAkñúg code GacERb
RbYleTAtamkarpþl;rbs;plitkr ehIyenAeBleKeRbIR)as;GKarvak¾GaccUlrYmkarEk ERbbnÞúkefrpg
Edr. CalT§pl kar)a:n;RbmaNbnÞúkefrGacmankMritlMeGogBI 15 − 20% b¤k¾ eRcInCagenH.
CaTUeTA bnÞúkefrminFMeT ebIeRbobeFobnwg design load sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMsamBaØdUcCaFñwm b¤
eRKagmYyCan; (single-story frame) b:uEnþsMrab;GKareRcInCan; (multistory building) eKcaM)ac;RtUvKit
bnÞúkefreGay)ansuRkitedIm,IsikSaKNnassreGay)anl¥ CaBiesssMrab;ssrCan;eRkam.



]TahrN_1-1³ FñwmkMralenAkñúgrUbTI 1-8 RtUv)aneRbIsMrabRT
kMralebtugsuT§TMgn;RsalEdlmanTTwg 1.83m nigmankMras;
102mm . kMraleFVIkarCaEpñkénBidansMrab;Can;xageRkam dUc

enHEpñkxageRkam rbs;vaRtUv)anbUkedaykMe)arbUk (plaster).
elIsBIenH CBa¢aMgbøúkebtugtan;TMgn;RsalkMras; 305mm kMBs;
2.44m sßitenABIelIsøabxagelIrbs;Fñwm. kMNt;bnÞúkenAelIFñwm

edayKitkñúgmYyÉktaRbEvgrbs; Fñwm.
dMeNaHRsay
edayeRbITinñn½yenAkñúgtarag 1-2 nig 1-3 eyIgman
kMralebtug³ (0.012kN / m 2 .mm)(102mm)(1.83m) = 2.80kN / m
BidankMe)arbUk (plaster ceiling)³ (0.24kN / m 2 )(1.83) = 0.44kN / m
CBa¢aMgbøúk³ (16.5kN / m 2 )(2.44m)(0.305m) = 12.26kN / m
bnÞúksrub³ 15.50kN / m cMeLIy

bnÞúkGefr (live loads)³ bnÞúkGefrGacERbRbYlTaMgTMhMrbs;va nigTItaMg. vak¾GacbNþalBITMgn;rbs;
vtßúEdldak;CabeNþaHGasnñenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM karcl½trbs;rfynþ. bnÞúkGefrGb,brmaEdlkMNt;enA
kñúg code RtUv)ankMNt;BIkarsikSaBIRbvtþiénT§iBlrbs;vaeTAelIeRKOgbgÁúM EdlmanRsab;. CaTUeTA
bnÞúkTaMgenHrYmbBa©ÚlbEnßmnUvkarkarBarRbqaMgniwgPaBdabelIslub b¤bnÞúkelIs (overload) Pøam².
enAkñúgCMBUkTI 6 eyIgnwgbegáItbec©keTssMrab;kMNt;TItaMgd¾ smrmürbs;bnÞúkGefrenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM
dUcenHvaGacbgáeGay)ankugRtaMg b¤PaBdabrbs;Ggát;FMbMput. RbePTbnÞúkGefrepSg²CaeRcInRtUv)an
elIkykmkerobrab;enATIenH.
bnÞúksMNg; (building loads): eKsnμt;kMralrbs;sMNg;rgnUvbnÞúkGefresμI EdlGaRs½yeTAelItYnaTI
rbs;sMNg;EdleyIgRtUvsikSaKNna. bnÞúkTaMgenHCaTUeTARtUv)anerobcMCatarag ehIy bgðajenAkñúg
code tMbn; rdæ b¤Cati. ]TahrN_énbnÞúkGefrGb,brmaEdl)anBI ASCE 7-02 Standard RtUv)an

bgðajenAkñúgtarag 1-4. tMélrbs;bnÞúknImYy²RtUv)ankMNt;BI Rbvtþiénkardak;bnÞúkenAelIGKarCa
eRcInRbePT. varYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarkarBarRbqaMgnwglT§PaBén bnÞúkelIsEdlGacekItmanedaysar
sßanPaBbnÞan; bnÞúksagsg; nigtMrUvkar serviceability EdlbNþalBIrMj½r. bEnßmBIelIbnÞúkesμI/ code



xøHk¾)anENnaMBIbnÞúkGefrcMcMnucGb,brmaEdl bNþalBI hand cart, rfynþ.l. EdlGnuvtþenARKb;TI
kEnøgrbs;RbB½n§kMral. Ca]TahrN_ eK RtUvBicarNarTaMgbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI nigbnÞúkGefrcMcMnucenA
kñúgkarsikSaKNnakMral deck cMNtrfynþ.

sMrab;RbePTxøHrbs;GKarEdlmanépÞkMralFM/ code CaeRcInGnuBaØateGaykat;bnßybnÞúkGefr
BRgayesμIsMrab;kMral edaysarvaminTMngfabnÞúkGefrEdl)anBiBN’nanwgekItmanenAelIeRKOgbgÁúMTaMg
mUlkñúgeBlEtmYy. Ca]TahrN_/ ASCE 7-02 GnuBaØateGaykat;bnßybnÞúkGefrenAelIGgát;Edlman
influence area (K LL AT ) 37.2m 2 b¤eRcInCagenH. bnÞúkGefrEdl)ankat;bnßyRtUv)ankMNt;eday

eRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
⎛ 4.57 ⎞
L = Lo ⎜ 0.25 + ⎟ (1-1)
⎜ K LL AT ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Edl bnÞúkGefrKNnaEdlkat;bnßykñúgépÞmYyEm:RtRkLaEdlRTedayGgát;.
L=

Lo = bnÞúkGefrKNnaEdlminkat;bnßykñúgépÞmYyEm:RtRkLaEdlRTedayGgát; ¬emIltarag

1-4¦.
K LL = emKuNbnÞúkGefr (live load element factor). sMrab;ssrxagkñúg K LL = 4 .

AT = épÞrgsMBaF (tributary area) KitCa m 2 ¬]TahrN_sMrab;karkMNt;épÞrgsMBaFsMrab;

Fñwm nigssrmanbgðajenAkñúgkfax½NÐ 2-1¦.
bnÞúkGefrEdl)ankat;bnßyEdlkMNt;edaysmIkar 1-1 RtUv)ankMNt;mineGaytUcCag 50%
én Lo sMrab;Ggát;EdlRTmYykMral b¤minRtUvtUcCag 40% én Lo sMrab;Ggát;EdlRTeRcInCagmYykMral.
eKminGnuBaØateGayeFIVkarkat;bnßysMrab;bnÞúkFMCag 4.79kN / m 2 b¤sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMEdleRbIsMrab;sal
sarFaN³ (public assembly)/ cMNtrfynþ (garage) b¤dMbUl. ]TahrN_ 1-2 bgðajBIkarGnuvtþ
rbs;smIkar 1-1.



]TahrN_ 1-2³ ssrénGKarkariyal½yBIrCab;
manKMlatBIKña 6.71m kñúgTisEkgKñaTaMgBIr. Rbsin
ebIbnÞúkdMbUlrabesμIKW 0.96kN / m 2 cUrkMNt;bnÞúk
GefrEdlkat;bnßyedayssrkNþalEdlsßitenA
Can;pÞal;dI.
dMeNaHRsay³
dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-9/ ssrxagkñúgmanépÞrgsMBaF b¤épÞrgbnÞúkRbsiT§PaB (effect-tive
loaded area) AT = (6.71m )(6.71m ) = 45m 2 . dUcenH ssrCan;pÞal;dIRTbnÞúkGefrdMbUl

FR = (0.96kN / m 2 )(45.0m 2 ) = 43.1kN
edaysarvaCabnÞúkdMbUl minEmnbnÞúkkMral dUcenHeyIgminGackat;bnßyTMhMrbs;va)aneT. sMrab;kMral
TIBIr bnÞúkGefrRtUv)anykecjBItarag 1-4³ Lo = 2.4kN / m2 . edaysar K LL = 4 enaH 4 AT =
4(45.0m 2 ) = 180m 2 ehIy 180m 2 > 37.2m 2 enaHeKGackat;bnßybnÞúk GefredayeRbIsmIkar 1-1.

dUcenH
⎛ 4.57 ⎞
L = 2.4⎜ 0.25 +
⎜ ⎟ = 1.42kN / m 2
⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠
karkat;bnßybnÞúkenATIenHKW (1.42 / 2.4)100 = 59.1% > 50% O.K.

dUcenH FF = ( .42kN / m 2 )(45.0m 2 ) = 63.9kN
1

dUcenH bnÞúkGefrsrubEdlRTedayssrCan;pÞal;dIKW
F = FR + FF = 43.1kN + 63.9kN = 107.0kN cMeLIy

bnÞúks<an highway (highway bridge loads)³ bnÞúkGefrEdlsMxan;enAelIs<anKWbNþalBIcracrN_
ehIybnÞúkrfynþF¶n;²EdlCYbRbTHKWbNþalBIes‘rIénrfynþdwkTMnij (truck). lkçN³bec©keTs
(specification) sMrab; truck load enAelIs<an highway manBN’naenAkñúg LRFD Bridge Design

Specification rbs; American Association of State and Highway Transportation officials

(AASTHO). sMrab;rfynþdwkTMnijEdlmanePøArfBIr (two-axle truck) bnÞúkenH RtUv)ansMKal;eday

GkSr H ehIybnþedayTMgn;rbs;rfynþdwkTMnijEdlKitCaetan nigelxepSgeTotEdlbgðajBIqñaMrbs;
specification. Ca]TahrN_/ H 15-44 mann½yfarfynþdwkTMnij 15etan RtUv)ankMNt;eGayeRbIenA



kñúg specification qñaM 1944. rfynþdwkTMnijes‘rIGkSr H manTMgn;ERbRbYlBI 10etan eTA 20etan.
b:uEnþs<anEdlmanTItaMgenAtampøÚv highway EdlRT RTg;nUvcrcarN_F¶n;² CaerOy²RtUv)aneKsikSa
KNnasMrab;rfynþdwkTMnijEdlmanePøArfBIr nigmanrfseNþag (semi trailer) EdlmanePøArfmYy.
vaRtUv)aneKkMNt;sMKal;edaybnÞúk HS. Ca]TahrN_ HS 20-44. CaTUeTA eKeRCIserIs truck load
GaRs½yeTAnwgRbePTs<an TItaMg rbs;va nigRbePTcracrN_.
TMhMén standard truck nigkarEbgEckbnÞúkrbs;vak¾RtUv)anBN’naenAkñúg specification pgEdr.
Ca]TahrN_ bnÞúk HS 20-44 RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-10. eTaHbIeKsnμt;eGayrfynþdwkTMnijrt;
elIpøÚvcracrN_ (lane) 3.05m k¾edayEt lane TaMgGs;enAelIs<anminRtUv)andak;bnÞúkeBjedIm,ITTYl
bnÞúkeRKaHfñak;eT edaysarkardak;bnÞúkEbbenHBitCaminGacnwgekItman. elIsBIenH RbesIrCagkar
kMNt;bnÞúkeRKaHfñak;edaykardak;Caes‘rIén concentrated truck-wheel load/ kñúgkrNIxøH specifica-
tion GnuBaØateGayeRbI lane load EdlCabnÞúkBRgay bUkCa mYynwg kMlaMgcMcMnuceTal. enHmann½y

faBRgaycrcarN_TMgn;mFüm ehIydak;rfynþTMgn;F¶n; enARtg;TItaMgeRKaHfñak;enAelIElVgs<an. kar
BN’nalMGitmanenAkñúgCMBUk 6.

bnÞúks<anrfePøIg (railroad bridge loads)³ kardak;bnÞúkenAelIs<anrfePøIgRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúg
Specification for Steel Railway Bridges Edle)aHpSayeday American Railroad Engineers

Association (AREA). CaTUeTA bnÞúkGkSr E EdlbegáIteLIgdMbUgeday Theodore Cooper enAkñúg

qñaM1894 RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karsikSaKNna. Ca]TahrN_ rfePøIgTMenIbEdlmanbnÞúk 320kN (72 − K )
enAelIePøArfénm:asIunRtUv)ansMKal;CabnÞúk E − 72 . kardak;bnÞúk E − 72 TaMgGs;sMrab;karsikSaKNna
RtUv)anEbgEckdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-11. eRkaymk D.B. Steinmann )anGPivDÄkarEbgEck
bnÞúkrbs; Cooper ehIy)anbegáItnUvkardak;bnÞúkes‘rI M ehIyk¾RtUv)anTTYlyksMrab;karsikSaKNna.



edaysarbnÞúkrfePøIgBak;B½n§nwgPaBsμúKsμajénes‘rIénbnÞúkcMcMnuc eBlxøHeKeRbIkarKNnaedayéd
tarag RkaPic rYmCamYynwgExST§iBl (influence line) edIm,ITTYl)an critical load.

bnÞúkTgÁic (impact loads)³ karcl½trbs;rfynþenAelIs<anGaceFVIeGayelat b¤eyal (side-sway)
dUcenHvapþl;PaBTgÁiceTAelIkMral deck. PaKryekIneLIgénbnÞúkGefrEdlbNþalBIkarTgÁicRtUv)an
eKehAfaemKuNTgÁic I (impact factor). CaTUeTA emKuNenHRtUv)anTTYlBIrUbmnþEdlbegáIteLIgBIkar
BiesaF. Ca]TahrN_ sMrab;s<an highway, AASTHO specification TamTareGay
I=
15.24
L + 38.1
b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 0.3
Edl L CaRbEvgrbs;ElVgKitCa m EdlrgbnÞúkGefr.
enAkñúgkrNI eKk¾RtUvKitBibnÞúkTgÁicenAelIeRKOgbgÁúMsMNg;pgEdr. Ca]TahrN_ ASCE 7-02
standard TamTareGaybegáInTMgn;rbs;m:asIunCeNþIreyag (elevator machinery) 100% ehIyeKRtUv

begáInbnÞúkenAelI hanger TaMgGs;EdleRbIsMrab;BüÜrdMbUg b¤y: 33% .
bnÞúkxül; (wind loads)³ enAeBlEdleRKOgbgÁúMbiTxÞb;pøÚvxül; (flow of wind) enaHfamBlsIueNTic
rbs;xül;RtUv)anbMElgeTACafamBlbU:tg;EsülénsMBaF EdlbgáCabnÞúkxül;. T§iBlrbs;xül;enA
elIeRKOgbgÁúMGaRs½ynwgdg;sIuet nigel,Ónxül;/ mMuénépÞEdlb:Hxül;bk;/ rUbrag nig PaBrwgRkajrbs;
eRKOgbgÁúM nigPaBeRKIménépÞrbs;va. sMrab;karsikSaKNna eKGacKNna bnÞúkxül;edayeRbIviFIsþaTic
b¤viFIDINamic.
sMrab;viFIsþaTic sMBaFERbRbYlEdlbNþalBIkarbk;efrrbs;xül;RtUv)anKitCatMélRbhak;
RbEhl edayel,ÓnmFümEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgÁúM. eKkMNt;sMBaF q BIfamBlsIueNTicrbs;va
q = ρV 2 / 2 ¦ Edl ρ Cadg;sIuetrbs;xül; ehIy V Cael,Ónrbs;va. eyagtam ASCE 7-02

Standard smIkarenHRtUv)anEksMrYledIm,IKitBIPaBsMxan;rbs;eRKOgbgÁúM kMBs;rbs;va nigTIvalEdl

GKarsßitenA. smIkarenHRtUv)ansMEdgCa³



q z = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 I (N / m )
2
(1-2)

Edl V= el,Ónxül;KitCa m / s énkMsYlxül; (gust of wind) kñúgry³eBlbIvinaTI Edlvas;enARtg;
kMBs;10m BIdI EdlGacekItmankñúgGMLúg50qñaM. tMélRtUv)anTTYl BIEpnTIxül;Edlbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 1-12.
I = emKuNsMxan; (importance factor) EdlGaRs½ynwgtYnaTIrbs;GKar ]TahrN_ sMrab;GaKar

EdlGaceFVIeGaymaneRKaHfñak;dl;mnusSTab dUcCabrikçaksikmμenAkñúgtMbn;Edlmingay
rgxül;BüúH eKyk I = 0.87 b:uEnþsMrab;mnÞIreBTü I = 1.15 .
K z = velocity pressure exposure coefficient CaGnuKmn_nwgkMBs; nigGaRs½ynwgTIval.

tarag 1-5 raytMélsMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlmanTItaMgenATIvalEdlman]bsKÁtictYc.
K zt = emKuNEdlKitBIkMeNInel,Ónxül;EdlbNþalBIkUnPñM nigkEnøgecaT. sMrab;TIlanrabesμI

K zt = 1 .

K d = emKuNEdlKitBITisrbs;xül;. eKeRbIvaEtenAeBlEdleRKOgbgÁúMrgnUvbnSMbnÞúk ¬emIl

kfax½NÐ 1-4¦. sMrab;xül;EdleFVIskmμPaBEtÉg K d = 1 .



sMBaFxül;KNnasMrab;GKarbiTCit (design wind pressure for enclosed building)³ enAeBlEdl
eyIgTTYl)an q z eyIgGackMNt;sMBaFKNnaBIbBa¢IsmIkarEdlmanbgðajenAkñúg ASCE 7-02
Standard. kareRCIserIsGaRs½ynwgPaBbt;Ebn (flexibility) nigkMBs;rbs;GKar. ehIyvaGaRs½yfa

etIkarsikSaKNnaKWsMrab;RbB½n§Tb;Tb;nwgkMlaMgxül; b¤sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMrbs;sMNg;. ]TahrN_ kar
sikSaKNnaEdlmanTMenarksuvtßiPaB eKkMNt;sMBaFxül;enAelI nonflexible building eTaHkMBs;Na
k¾edayedayeRbIsmIkarEdlmanBIrtYEdl)anBIsMBaFxagkñúg nigsMBaF xageRkA eBalKW
(
p = qGC p − qh GC pi ) (1-3)

Edl q = qz sMrab;CBa¢aMgRbQmTisxül;bk;enARtg;kMBs; z BIdI ¬smIkar 1-2¦ ehIy
q = qh sMrab;CBa¢aMgEdlenAeRkamxül; CBa¢aMgxag nigdMbUl Edl z = h kMBs;mFümrbs;

dMbUl.
G = emKuNT§iBlkMsYlxül; (wind-gust effect factor) EdlGaRs½ynwgkarRbQm.

Ca]TahrN_ sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMrwg G = 0.85 .
C p = emKuNsMBaFCBa¢aMg b¤dMbUlEdlkMNt;BItarag. tMél C p sMrab;dMbUlEdlman CMral

θ = 10 o RtUv)aneGayenAkñúgrUbTI 1-13. cMNaMfa enAkñúgbøg;KMehIj sMBaFERbRbYleTA
tamkMBs;enARtg;RCu’EdlRbQmnwgTisxül; b:uEnþenARCugepSgeTot nigenAelIdMbUl eKsnμt;
fasMBaFmantMélefr. tMélGviC¢manbBa¢ak;faeFVIGMeBIedayman TisedAecjBIépÞ.
(GC pi ) = emKuNsMBaFxagkñúgEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTrn§cMh (opening) enAkñúgGKar. sMrab;
GKarEdlbiTCitTaMgGs; (GC pi ) = ±0.18 . enATIenH sBaØabgðajfa sMBaFviC¢man
b¤sMBaFGviC¢man (suction) GacekItmanenAkñúgGKar.



]TahrN_ 1-3³ GKarbiTCitdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1-14a
RtUvsMrab;ksidæan ehIysßitenACayRkug Chicago, Illinois
enAelI flat terrain. enAeBlEdlxül;bk;tamTisEdl
bgðajkñúgrUb cUrkMNt;sMBaFxül;KNna (design wind load)
EdleFVIGMeBIenA elIdMbUl nigCBa¢aMgxagrbs;GKaredayeRbI
ASCE 7-02 Specifications .
dMeNaHRsay³
dMbUgeyIgkMNt;sMBaFel,Ón (velocity pressure) edayeRbIsmIkar 1-2. BIrUbTI 1-12 el,Ónxül;
mUldæan (basic wind speed) KW V = 40m / s ehIyedaysareKeRbIGKarsMrab;kargarksikmμ enaHem
KuNsMxan; (importance factor) KW I = 0.87 . ehIy sMrab;TIvalrabesμI (flat terrain) K zt = 1 .
ehIyedaysarEteKKitEtbnÞúkxül; enaHeKyk K d = 1. dUcenH
q z = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 I

= 0.612 K z (1)(1)(40 )2 (0.87 )

= 853.3K z



BIrUbTI 1-14a/ h' = 22.86 tan 10o = 4.03m dUcenHkMBs;mFümrbs;dMbUlKW h = 7.62 + 4.03 / 2 =
9.63m . edayeRbItMélrbs; K z enAkñúgtarag 1-5/ tMélrbs;sMBaFmanrayenAkñúgtaragenA kñúgrUbTI

1-14b. cMNaMfatMélrbs; K z RtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIviFanéRtzansmamaRt (linear interpolation)
sMrab; z = h mann½yfa (1.04 − 0.98) /(12.2 − 9.1) = (1.04 − K h ) /(12.2 − 9.63) / K h = 0.990
dUcenH qh = 853.3(0.990) = 845N / m2 .
edIm,IGnuvtþsmIkar 1-3 emKuNkMsYl (gust factor) KW G = 0.85 ehIy (GC pi ) = ±0.18 .
dUcenH
(
p = qGC p − qh GC pi )
= q(0.85)C p − 845(± 0.18)
= 0.85qC p m 152 (1)

bnÞúksMBaFEdlTTYl)ansmIkarEdleRbItMél qz enAkñúgrUbTI 1-14b EdlGnuelameTAtam wind-
pressure profile enAkñúgrUbTI 1-13

CBa¢aMgRbQmnwgTisxül;bk; (windwad wall): sMBaFERbRbYleTAtamkMBs; z edaysarEteKRtUv
EteRbI q GC . sMrab;tMélTaMgGs;én L / B / C = 0.8 dUcenH BIsmIkar (1)
z p p

p = 344 N / m
0 − 4. 6 b¤ 651N / m2 2

p = 374 N / m
6.1 b¤ 680N / m
2 2

P = 400 N / m
7.6 b¤ 709N / m
2 2

CBa¢aMgEdlminRtUvTisxül;bl; (leeward wall): enATIenH L / B = 2(22.86) / 45.72 = 1 dUcenH
C p = −0.5 . dUcKña q = qh ehIyBI smIkar (1)
p = −517 N / m 2 b¤ − 211N / m 2

CBa¢aMgxag (side wall): sMrab;RKb;tMélTaMgGs;rbs; L / B / C p = −0.7 dUcenH edaysareyIgRtUv
EteRbI q = qh enAkñúgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an


p = −666 N / m 2 b¤ − 356 N / m 2

dMbUlEdlRbQmnwgTisxülbk; (windward roof): enATIenH h / L = 9.63 / 22.86 = 0.211
< 0.25 / dUcenH C = −0.7 ehIy q = q . dUcenH
p h

p = −666 N / m b¤ − 356N / m
2 2

dMbUlEdlminRtUvTisxül;bk; (leeward roof): enAkñúgkrNIenH C = −0.3 dUcenHCamYynwg
p

q = qh eyIg)an
p = −356 N / m 2 b¤ − 65 N / m 2

bnÞúkTaMgBIsMnuMenHRtUv)anbgðanenAelIbøg;KMehIjrbs;GKar EdltMNageGaysMBaFxagkñúgviC¢man b¤
GviC¢man (suction) rUbTI 1-14 c. eRKOgbgÁúMemrbs;GKarRtUvEtTb;Tl;bnÞúkTaMgenH k¾dUcbnÞúkEdl
KNnaBIxül;Edlbk;BIxagmuxGKar b¤BIxageRkayGKar.

sMBaFxül;KNnasMrab;søaksBaØa (design wind pressure for signs)³ RbsinebIeRKOgbgÁúMtMNag
eGaysøaksBaØaEdlmankMBs;BIdI xül;nwgbegáItkMlaMgpÁÜbEdleFVIGMeBIelIépÞrbs;søaksBaØaEdl
RtUv)ankMNt;BI
F = q z GC f A f (1-4)

Edl qz = sMBaFel,Ón (velocity pressure) EdlkMNt;enARtg;kMBs; z énTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; A f .
G = emKuNkMsYlxül; (wind-gust coefficient factor) EdlkMNt;dUcelIkmun.

C f = emKuNkMlaMgEdlGaRs½ynwgpleFobénTMhMFM M elITMhMtUc N rbs;søaksBaØa.

tMélRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 1-6.
A f = RkLaépÞrbs;søaksBaØaEdlRbQmnwgxül;.



bnÞúkRBil (snow load) nigbnÞúkrBa¢ÜydI (earthquake load): edaysarRbeTseyIgminrgnUv)atuPUt
FmμCatiTaMgBIrenH bnÞúkTaMgBIrenHminRtUv)anENnaMenATIenHeT.
sMBaFdI nigsMBaFGIuRdUsþaTic (design wind pressure for signs)³ enAEdleKeRbIeRKOgbgÁúMedIm,ITb;Tik
Tb;dI b¤Tb;sMPar³eRKaH sMBaFEdlbegáItedaybnÞúkTaMgenHkøayCalkçxNÐd¾sMxan;kñúgkarsikSaKNna.
eRKOgbgÁúMRbePTenHrYmman GagsþúkTwk TMnb;Twk k)a:l; nigCBa¢aMgTb;dI. eKGnuvtþc,ab;GIuRdUsþaTic nig
emkanicdI edIm,IkMNt;GaMgtg;sIuetbnÞúkenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM.
bnÞúkFmμCatiepSgeTot (other natural loads): eKmanbnÞúkGefrepSgeTotCaeRcInEdleKRtUvKitBicar-
Na kñúgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMEdlGaRs½yeTAnwgTItaMg nigbMerIbMras;rbs;va. bnÞúkTaMgenHrYmman
T§iBlénkarpÞúH bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB nigsMrutDIepr:g;Esülrbs;RKwH.

!>$> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúM (Structural Design)
RKb;eBlEdleKeFVIkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúM eKcaM)ac;RtUvKitBicarNaBIPaBminR)akdRbCarbs;
sMPar³ nigbnÞúk. PaBminCak;lak;rbs;sMPar³ekIteLIgbNþalmkBIPaBERbRbYlenAkñúglkçN³rbs;
sMPar³ kugRtaMgEdlenAesssl;enAkñúgsMPar³ PaBxusKñaénTMhMEdlplitBIeragcRk bnÞúkeRKaHfñak;
EdlbNþalBIkarrMj½r b¤TgÁic nigkarBukpuy b¤ERcHsIusMPar³. viFIkarsikSaKNnakugRtaMgGnuBaØat
(allowable-stress design method) Kitral;ktþaEdlerobrab;xagelITaMgGs;enHkñúgemKuNsuvtßiPaBEt

mYysMrab;karKitBIPaBminCak;lak;rbs;sMPar³. RbePTénbnÞúkCaeRcInEdl)anerobrab;xagelIGacman
GMeBImkelIeRKOgbgÁúMkñúgeBlEtmYy b:uEnþeKminR)akdfatMélGtibrmaénbnÞúkTaMgenHekItmankñúgeBlEt
mYyenaHeT. enAkñúgkarsikSaKNnakugRtaMgeFVIkar (working-stress design) kugRtaMgeGLasÞicenAkñúg
sMPar³minRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØatieT ehIyxageRkamenHCabnSMbnÞúkxøHEdlkMNt;eday ASCE 7-02
standard.



bnÞúkefr
0.6 ¬bnÞúkefr¦ + bnÞúkxül;

0.6 ¬bnÞúkefr¦ + 0.7 ¬bnÞúkrBa¢ÜydI¦

Ca]TahrN_ FmμtaTaMgbnÞúkxül; nigbnÞúkrBa¢ÜydImingaynwgekItmanmkelIeRKOgbgÁúMkñúgeBl
dMNalKñaeT ehIyenAeBleKbnSMbnÞúkxøHcUlKña eKGackat;bnßyvaedayemKuNkat;bnßybnÞúk.
edaysareKGacBicarNaPaBminCak;lak;edayeRbIRTwsþIRbU)ab‘IlIet eK)anKitPaBminCak;lak;
rbs;sMPar³ nigPaBminCak;lak;rbs;bnÞúkdac;edayELkBIKña. viFIenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQμaHfaviFIKNna
ersIusþg; (strength design) b¤ LRFD (load and resistance factor design). CaBiess karsikSaKNna
ersIusþg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength design) KWQrelIkarsikSaKNna ultimate strength rbs;mux
kat;eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgebtugGarem: ehIyviFIsikSaKNna)aøsÞic (plastic design method) RtUv)aneRbI
sMrab;eRKag nigGgát;EdleFVIBIEdk. edIm,IKitBIPaBminCak;lak;rbs;bnÞúk viFIenHeRbIemKuNbnÞúkEdl
GnuvtþeTAelI bnÞúk b¤karbnSMbnÞúk. eyagtam ASCE 7-02 standard emKuNbnÞúk nigkarbnSMbnÞúkxøHKW³
1.4 ¬bnÞúkefr¦

1.2 ¬bnÞúkefr¦+ 0.6 ¬bnÞúkGefr¦ + 0.5 ¬bnÞúkRBil¦

1.2 ¬bnÞúkefr¦+ 1.5 ¬bnÞúkrBa¢ÜydI¦ + 0.5 ¬bnÞúkGefr¦

kñúgkrNITaMgenH eKykbnSMbnÞúkNaEdleFVIeGaymantMélGtibrma eTaHbIvaminEmnCabnÞúk
BitR)akdEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgÁúMk¾eday.



cMeNaT

!>!> kMralrbs;XøaMgEdlpÞúkTMnijRsal²RtUv)an !>$> kMralEdlmanRbehagxagkñúgmYlRtUv)aneFVI
eFIVeLIgedayebtugkMras; 150mm . RbsinebIkM- BIebtugsuT§. kMNt;TMgn;rbs;kMralenH. Rbehag
ralmanbeNþay 3m nigTTwwg 2.4m cUrkMNt;kM- nImYy²manGgát;p©it 100mm
laMgpÁÜbEdlbgáeLIgedaybnÞúkefr nigEdlbgá
eLIgedaybnÞúkGefr.

!>@> CBa¢aMgGKarmYyeFVIBIdæTMhM 200mm . enA
épÞmçagrbs;CBa¢aMgeFVIBIr)areQITMhM 50mm ×
100mm nigmanbUkEtelIépÞCBa¢aMgmçag. Rbsin
!>%> kMralxNÐénfñak;eronmYyeFIVBIebtugsuT§TMgn;
ebICBa¢aMgenHmankMBs; 3m cUrkMNt;bnÞúkkñúgmYy RsalEdlmankMras;125mm . RbsinebIkMralenH
ÉktþaRbEvgrbs;CBa¢aMg. manbeNþay 8m nigTTwg 6m cUrkMNt;kMlaMgpÁÜb
EdlbgáeLIgedaybnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr.

!>^> FñwmGkSr T cak;Rsab;manmuxkat;dUcbgðaj
kñúgrUb. kMNt;TMgn;rbs;vakñúgmYyÉktþa RbsinebI
vaRtUv)anplitBIebtugGarem: nigmaneRbIEdk
BRgwgTMhM 20mm .

!>#> kMralCan;TIBIréneragcRkTMgn;RsalmYy RtUv
)ansagsg;BIebtugGarem:kMras;100mm nigbEnßm
BIelIeday cinder fill kMras; 75mm dUcbgðaj
kñúgrUb. RbsinebIBidansMrab;Can;TImYypSMBI metal
lath nigbnÞHmñagsila cUrkMNt;bnÞúkefrkñúgmYy !>&> kMralCan;TIBIrbs;eragcRkTMgn;RsalmYy
ÉktþaépÞrbs;kMral. RtUv)ansagsg;BIkMralebtugkMras; 125mm nig
manbEnßm cider fill dUcbgðajkñúgrUb. RbsinebI

cMeNaT T.Chhay -21

BidansMrab;Can;TImYypSMBI metal lath nigbnÞHmñag
sila cUrkMNt;bnÞúkefrkñúgmYyÉktþaépÞrbs;kMral.

!>*> FñwmGkSa T EdleRbIsMrab;XøaMgpÞúkTMnijF¶n;² !>!0> salaEdlmankMBs;BIrCan;mYymanssr
RtUv)ansagsg;BIebtugEdlmanTMgn;maD EdlmanKMlatBIKña 4.5m kñúgTisEkgTaMgBIr.
19.6kN / m3 . kMNt;bnÞúkefrkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvg RbsinebIeK)a:n;RbmaNfakMraldMbUlRTbnÞúk
rbs;FñwmedayminKitTMgn;rbs;EdkBRgwg nigbnÞúk 1kN / m 2 cUrkMNt;bnÞúkGefrEdlkat;bnßyEdl
GefrEdlmanGMeBIenABIxagelIFñwmkñúgmYyÉktþa RtUv)anRTedayssrkNþalenA (a) Can;pÞal;dI
RbEvg. nig (b) enACan;TIBIr.

!>!!> GKarkariyal½ykMBs;bYnCan;mYymanssr
EdlmanKMlat 9m BIKñatamTisEkgTaMgBIr.
RbsinebIeKKitfadMbUlRTbnÞúk 1.5kN / m2 cUr
kMNt;bnÞúkGefrEdlkat;bnßyEdlRTedayssr
xagkñúgenACan;pÞal;dI.

!>!@> sNæaKarkMBs;bICan;mYymanssrEdlman
!>(> FñwmRTdMbUlEdleFVIBI asphalt shingle nigkþa
KMlat 6m BIKñatamTisEkgTaMgBIr. RbsinebIeK
bnÞHeQI (wood sheathing board). RbsinebI
KitfadMbUlRTbnÞúk 1.5kN / m2 cUrkMNt;bnÞúk
bnÞHkþamankMras; 38mm nigmanTMgn;maD
GefrEdl kat;bnßyEdlRTedayssrxagkñúgenA
7.86kN / m ehIydMbUlmanmMu 30 cUrkMNt;
2 o
(a) Can;pÞal;dI nig (b) enACan;TIBIr.
bnÞúkefrrbs;dMbUlkñúgmYyÉktþaépÞ EdlRtUv)an
RTkñúgTis x nigkñúgTis y rbs;édrENg (purlin).
!>!#> kMNt;kMlaMgpÁÜbEdlmanGMeBIenAelIépÞén
søaksBaØaEdlRTeday truss EdlsßitenAEk,r
Los Angeles, California enAelITIvalrabesμI.

Problems T.Chhay -22


søaksBaØaenHmanTTwg 6m nigkMBs; 3m dUcbgðaj.
eRbIemKuNsMxan; I = 0.87 .

!>!^> xül;bk;eTAelIRCugbiTCitrbs;ksidæanEdl
manTItaMgenAelITIvalrabesμIén Oklahoma.
kMNt;sMBaFxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTaMg
bYn. ehIykMNt;sMBaFxagkñúgEdlmanGMeBIelI
!>!$> søaksBaØamYysßitenATIvalrabesμIén CBa¢aMg. edayeRbI linear interpolation kMNt;
qh nig C p . ¬rUbxagelI¦
Minnesota. cUrkMNt;kMlaMgpÁÜbrbs;xül;Edl

manGMeBIelIépÞrbs;va. eRbIemKuNsMxan;
I = 0.87 .

!>!%> xül;bk;eTAelIRCugbiTCitrbs;ksidæanEdl
manTItaMgenAelITIvalrabesμIén Oklahoma.
kMNt;sMBaFxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl.
ehIykMNt;sMBaFxagkñúgEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl.
edayeRbI linear interpolation kMNt; qh nig C p
enAkñúgrUbTI 1-13.
cMeNaT T.Chhay -23

1.types of structures and loads

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