1. Kuchala‐A Poison into Ambrosia
An effect of Shodhana
BY
Dr. SANGAMESH.I.P
3rd YEAR P.G SCHOLAR
Under the guidance of
Dr Shobha G Hiremath
Professor & HOD
P.G DEPT OF RASASHASTRA
GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
BANGALORE‐09
2. CASE STUDY:-
Age- 45 yrs male
C/O- Pain in squatting position since
unable to walk for longer time 5 mths
Diagnosis:- Vatarakta
Treatment – A.V R,1 tid
Kaishora Guggulu, 1 tid
Later - Vishatinduka Vati, 1 tid since
1 month.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 2
6. CLASSIFICATION OF VISHA DRAVYAS.
LIST OF POISONOUS PLANTS AND THEIR
ACTIVE PRINCIPLES ,POISONOUS EFFECT.
DEFINITION OF SHODHANA
LIST OF SHODHANA PROCEDURES MENTIONED
PREVIOUS WORKS DONE ON KUPILU
VARIOUS RESEARCHES ON KUPILU SHODANA
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 6
7. Visha
Sthavara Jaangama
Vatsanabhadi Tindukadi
visha Upavisha
( R. T.)
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 7
8. Poisonous plants –their toxic principles and important
poisonous effect
Sl POISONOUS PLANTS IMPORTANT POISONOUS EFFECTS
No AND USEFUL PARTS TOXIC
PRINCIPLES
1. Vatsanabha(root) Aconitine, CARDIAC POISON,Nausea, Vomiting,
(Aconitum ferox) Pseudoaconite Abdominalpain, Muscular twitching
2. Dhattura (leaves & Daturine, CEREBRAL POISON. Headache,
seeds) Atropine, Dysphagia, Giddiness, Photophobia,.
(Dhat ura Hyoscine,
stromonium) Hyosciamine etc.
3. VISHAMUSHTI STRYCHNINE, SPINAL POISON. STIFFNESS OF
(SEEDS) BRUCINE NECK, MUSCLE TWITCHING,
(STRYCHNOS CHOKING SENSATION
NUXVOMICA)
4. Jayapala (seeds) Croton oil, Tiglic IRRITANT POISON. Irritates mucosa
(Croton tiglium) acid, Crotonic acid, of GIT, Vomiting, Loose motions,
Crotonol etc. Spasmodic pain,Dehydration,Death
5 Gunja (seeds) Abrin, Abrussic IRRITANT POISON. Affects as above
(Abrus precatorious) acid, Locally putrefies tissues.
Haemoglutinin etc.
08/03/2012 P.G Dept of Rasashastra 8
9. Contd_
Sl POISONOUS IMPORTANT TOXIC POISONOUS EFFECTS
N PLANTS AND PRINCIPLES
o USEFUL PARTS
6. Bhallataka (fruits) Irritant oil IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, local
(Semicarpus inflamation, Blisters etc.
anacardium)
7. Karaveera (seeds) Thevetin CARDIAC POISON. Vertigo, Giddiness,
(Thevetia nerifolia) Burning sensation, Hallucination,
Vomiting etc.
8. Bhanga (leaves) Cannabinone, CEREBRAL POISON. Unconsciousness,
(Cannabis sativa) Cannabinol, Hallucination, Vomiting etc.
cannabidiol,
cannabinolic acid
etc.
9. Snuhi (latex) Euphorbon. IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant,
(Euphorbia Destroys sight if falls in eye.
nerifolia)
10 Ahiphena Morphine, Codeine, NARCOTIC POISON. Euphorbia,
(Papaver Narcotine, Deep sleep, Necrosis.
somniferum) Papaverine, Thebine
etc.
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10. उिद्दष्टॆरौषधॆ: साद्ध्र्ं िबयते पेषणािदकम ् !
मलिविच्छत्तये यत्तु शोधनं तिदहोच्यते !!
र.त २/५३
The processes like peshana,mardana,
kshalana, swedana etc., karmas done with a
specified shodhana dravya to remove the
mala (dosha/visha) of a dravya is called
shodhana.
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11. Sthapana or nimajjana
Swedana
Bharjana
AYUR PHARMACOPOIEA COMMITTEE 2000.
Processing method such as treatment
of the seeds firstly with cow’s urine (7
days), then boiling in cow’s milk (3 h)
and finally frying the seeds in cow’s
ghee, has been described as an official
method P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 11
12. PREVIOUS WORK DONE
Varanasi (1983) – Department of R.S.
Katiyar C.K. – Study on Kupeelu Sattva. Pharmaceutical Chemical and Pharmacological Study. (M.D. thesis)
Katiyar Chandrakant (1988) – Neuro clinical and neuro pharmacological studies on Shuddha Kupeelu. (Ph.D.
thesis)
Tewari O.P. (1979) – Sarvanga Gata Vata (peripheral neuritis) and its management by an indigenous drug
Karaskara (S.nuxvomica).
Tripathi S.K. (1983) – Evaluation of Shuddha Kupeelu in the management of Amavata (Rheumatoid
Arthritis).
Lucknow (1984)
Yadav R.S. – Kupeelu Bheshajika evam Dravya Gunatmaka Adhyayana.
Bangalore (Koppa) (2000)
Pradeep H.R. – Effect of Shodhana on toxicity (Purification) of Kupeelu.
Shimla (H.P.) (2003)
Saharan Dipti - A comparative clinical study on the role of Simhanada Guggulu and Shuddha Kupeelu in
management of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid arthritis.
Nagpur (2000)
Thakare P.G. – Vanaspatika Visha – Kupeelu Beeja Ka Sanskara Poorva Evam Sanskara Paschat
Prayogashaleeya Adhyana.
Ujjain (2005-2006)
A pharmacotherapeutic study of Kupeelu as a Vatahar w.s.r. katisoola (low back12
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012
pain).
13. Ayurvedic processings of nux vomica:
qualitative and quantitative determination
of total alkaloidal contents and relative
toxicity
ABHISHEK KUMAR* AND B. N. SINHA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Birla Institute of Technology,
MESRA, Ranchi - 835215, India
Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98 (2009)
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 13
14. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material
The dried seeds of S. nuxvomica
SHODHANA:
Sample A
Dipping in Kanji for three days (Sharma
1979).
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15. SAMPLE B
SWEDANA IN DOLAYANTRA WITH GODUGDHA FOR 3
HRS;. (Sharma 1979).
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16. SAMPLE C
The seeds were soaked in cow urine for seven
days (~7 L ) and kept under the sun.
everyday the urine was taken freshly.
On the eighth day, the seeds were properly
washed.
Subjected to swedana in dolayantra using milk as
media.
The seeds were washed, peeled, embryo removed,
dried and fried in cow ghee till they turned
brownish–red.
They were then powdered (Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoiea Committee 2000; Bhavmisra 2002).
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17. SAMPLE D
Bharjana in goghrita (q.s) till turns to reddish brown
(Sharma 1979; Shashtri 1999).
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 17
18. Sample E
The seeds of S. nuxvomica were steamed to
facilitate the removal of the seed coat and the
embryo. The cotyledons so obtained were used as
reference for further experiments.
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19. Percentage of total alkaloidal content (TAC) from
the unprocessed and processed nux vomica.
Sl.no sample Wt of crude % decrease in
drug in gms. TAC
1 A 10 2.99
2 B 10 50.99
3 C 10 96.68
4 D 10 19.43
5 E 10 -
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20. ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY
Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) of either sex .
DOSE -200 mg/kg body weight.
B C D Samples- No mortality
A and E 50% mortality;
No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days
observation.
Samples B, C and D were further administered at 500 mg/kg body
weight.
Sample D-100% mortality
Sample B and C- 50% mortality.
No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days
observation.
The study shows that the concept of
shodhan/detoxification as suggested by the divine
scholars brings about a change in the toxic dose of
the seeds and the toxic dose varies depending on
the method used for processing.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 20
21. Among all the four methods used for
processing, the seeds processed with the
official method and those processed with
milk proved to be equally safe compared to
the unprocessed seeds, in rodents.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 21
22. Effect of purification (Suthi) on the acute toxicity
of seeds of Nux-vomica
M.S.Shree Devi1*,B.Sampath Kumar2 andM.S.Siva
Shankar3
1. Ph.D., Scholar Vel’s University, Chennai.
2. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,Tirunelveli.
3. Ph.D., Scholar IVRI Barielly, Uttarkhand.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 22
23. Plant material: The seeds of Strychnos nux
vomica.
Selection of seeds: The dry seeds were
first dropped in a beaker containing water.
The seeds which float on the surface of
water or found broken, black in color are
rejected and the seeds which are found
settled at the bottom of the beaker are
selected for purification after drying in air.
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24. Detoxification (Suthi) process: Suthi
(detoxification) of nux-vomica seeds is
performed as per the method described in
siddha medicne. The book describes
stepwise procedure for detoxification
(suthi) of nux-vomica and it was adopted in
the present study.
This method is similar to the officially
accepted method acc to A.F.I.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 24
25. Step 1:
The clean and dried seeds are kept in
cow’s urine for 7 nights. The urine is
changed every day.
GOMUTRA NIMAJJAN-7 NIGHTS
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 25
26. Step 2:
The seeds after 1st step are collected and
subjected to boiling (boiling process was
done by keeping the seeds after 1st step in
muslin cloth with banana leaf and tied. It is
completely dipped in cow’s milk and boiled
on low flame) for 3hours using dolayantra.
GODUGDHA SWEDANA-3 HOURS
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 26
27. Step 3: GOGHRITA BHARJANA.
The above seeds are collected and washed
with water. The seed coat and embryo
removed. The seeds are roasted with cow’s
ghee in low flame on iron pan. The seeds
become dark brown and crispy.
Then the seeds are immediately
powdered. The nux vomica which is
unprocessed form (UNV) and the seeds
detoxified by suthi process (PNV) were
subjected to phytochemical and acute
toxicity studies.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 27
28. Thephytochemical investigation showed the
presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
proteins and fixed oils in all the extracts.
The presence of strychnine and brucine
alkaloids was confirmed by chemical tests
LD50 of unprocessed nux-vomica seed
powder is256mg/kg
processed seed powder LD50 is 2600mg/kg.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 28
29. Seema Akbar1; Shamshad A Khan2; Akbar Masood*3 &
M Iqbal1
1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar
(J&K) India
2Central Council for Research in Unani medicine, New
Delhi, India
3Department of Biochemistry, Kashmir University,
Srinagar (J&K) India
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 29
30. I. Detoxification using water and cow’s
milk.
Azaraqi seeds are immersed in excess of water for 5 days
with change of water every day. They are then immersed
in milk for 2 days, changing the milk everyday.
The seeds are washed with water and boiled in milk till
the seed coat become soft.
The seed coat and the embryonic axis are removed and
cotyledons are powdered.
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31. II. Detoxification using cow milk.
Azraqi Seeds are immersed in milk for 7 days with change
of milk every day. Remaining process is the same as in No
I above.
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32. Azraqi Seeds are roasted in Roughan-a- Zard
(clarified butter from cow’s milk) till the colour of
seed coat turns light reddish and seeds swell. The
seed coat is removed and cotyledons powdered.
Corelated to goghrita bharjana
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33. Azraqi seeds (70 grams) are buried in Peeli
Matti (yellow clay) for 10 days.The clay is kept
moist throughout. The seeds are then removed
and washed. The seed coat is peeled off with
the help of a sharp knife and the cotyledons are
separated after removing the embryo.
The cotyledons in a cloth bag are boiled in 2
litres of milk till it evaporates (the cloth bag
should not touch the bottom of the container).
The water washed cotyledons are then used
subsequently.
P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 33
36. The cell wall of kupilu seed is non- lignified
but contains appreciable amount of complex
carbohydrates. Therefore, on coming in
contact with water, it swells and facilitates
leaching strychnine out of the seed
cotyledons. This results in a decrease in
strychnine content of shodhita kupilu .
The acute toxicity of the Shodhita kupilu is
significantly reduced (1/10th) when compared
to Ashodhita kupilu . ).
Boiling the seeds in milk further reduces
strychnine content by converting it to
isostrychnine (Cai et al., 1990).
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37. Irrespective of system of medicine i.e siddha, unani
ayurveda,concept of shodhana exists by different
names like suthi in siddha and mudabbar in unani.
The main motto behind shodhana is to reduce the
toxicity and increase the therapeutic index of a drug .
The Quantitative estimation by HPLC shows a
significant decrease in strychnine and brucine after
the process of shodhana.
Since the LD50 value of PNV is reduced to 1/10th when
compared with UNV. Thus, the toxicity of the
processed sample is decreased significantly after
shodhana process .
Poisonous plants after purification with discrimination
prove as BOON not BANE in promoting health,
developing immunity, preventing aging and curing
disease. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 37
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