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Kuchala‐A Poison into Ambrosia
    An effect of Shodhana



              BY
      Dr. SANGAMESH.I.P
    3rd YEAR P.G SCHOLAR

             Under the guidance of 
            Dr Shobha G Hiremath
               Professor & HOD
         P.G DEPT OF RASASHASTRA
      GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
               BANGALORE‐09
CASE STUDY:-
Age- 45 yrs male
C/O- Pain in squatting position                      since
      unable to walk for longer time                5 mths

 Diagnosis:- Vatarakta

 Treatment – A.V R,1 tid
             Kaishora Guggulu, 1 tid
 Later - Vishatinduka Vati, 1 tid since
 1 month.
             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012    2
P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   3
P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   4
P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   5
 CLASSIFICATION OF VISHA DRAVYAS.
 LIST OF POISONOUS PLANTS AND THEIR
  ACTIVE PRINCIPLES ,POISONOUS EFFECT.
 DEFINITION OF SHODHANA
 LIST OF SHODHANA PROCEDURES MENTIONED
 PREVIOUS WORKS DONE ON KUPILU
 VARIOUS RESEARCHES ON KUPILU SHODANA
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION



            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   6
Visha

                 Sthavara                                        Jaangama




Vatsanabhadi                                            Tindukadi
 visha                                                  Upavisha

                                                          ( R. T.)


               P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012              7
Poisonous plants –their toxic principles and important
                            poisonous effect
Sl     POISONOUS PLANTS       IMPORTANT                POISONOUS EFFECTS
No     AND USEFUL PARTS       TOXIC
                              PRINCIPLES
1.     Vatsanabha(root)       Aconitine,               CARDIAC POISON,Nausea, Vomiting,
       (Aconitum ferox)       Pseudoaconite            Abdominalpain, Muscular twitching

2.     Dhattura (leaves &     Daturine,                CEREBRAL POISON. Headache,
       seeds)                 Atropine,                Dysphagia, Giddiness, Photophobia,.
       (Dhat ura              Hyoscine,
       stromonium)            Hyosciamine etc.


3.     VISHAMUSHTI            STRYCHNINE,              SPINAL POISON. STIFFNESS OF
       (SEEDS)                BRUCINE                  NECK, MUSCLE TWITCHING,
       (STRYCHNOS                                      CHOKING SENSATION
       NUXVOMICA)
4.     Jayapala (seeds)       Croton oil, Tiglic       IRRITANT POISON. Irritates mucosa
       (Croton tiglium)       acid, Crotonic acid,     of GIT, Vomiting, Loose motions,
                              Crotonol etc.            Spasmodic pain,Dehydration,Death

5      Gunja (seeds)          Abrin, Abrussic    IRRITANT POISON. Affects as above
       (Abrus precatorious)   acid,              Locally putrefies tissues.
                              Haemoglutinin etc.
     08/03/2012                              P.G Dept of Rasashastra                  8
Contd_
Sl   POISONOUS               IMPORTANT TOXIC                       POISONOUS EFFECTS
N    PLANTS AND              PRINCIPLES
o    USEFUL PARTS
6.   Bhallataka (fruits)     Irritant oil                          IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, local
     (Semicarpus                                                   inflamation, Blisters etc.
     anacardium)
7.   Karaveera (seeds)       Thevetin                              CARDIAC POISON. Vertigo, Giddiness,
     (Thevetia nerifolia)                                          Burning sensation, Hallucination,
                                                                   Vomiting etc.

8.   Bhanga (leaves)         Cannabinone,                          CEREBRAL POISON. Unconsciousness,
     (Cannabis sativa)       Cannabinol,                           Hallucination, Vomiting etc.
                             cannabidiol,
                             cannabinolic acid
                             etc.
9.   Snuhi (latex)           Euphorbon.                            IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant,
     (Euphorbia                                                    Destroys sight if falls in eye.
     nerifolia)
10 Ahiphena                  Morphine, Codeine,                    NARCOTIC POISON. Euphorbia,
   (Papaver                  Narcotine,                            Deep sleep, Necrosis.
   somniferum)               Papaverine, Thebine
                             etc.

                            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012                  9
उिद्दष्टॆरौषधॆ: साद्ध्र्ं िबयते पेषणािदकम ् !
 मलिविच्छत्तये यत्तु शोधनं तिदहोच्यते !!
र.त २/५३

 The processes like peshana,mardana,
 kshalana, swedana etc., karmas done with a
 specified shodhana dravya to remove the
 mala (dosha/visha) of a dravya is called
 shodhana.


                 P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   10
 Sthapana   or nimajjana
 Swedana
 Bharjana
 AYUR PHARMACOPOIEA COMMITTEE 2000.

 Processing method such as treatment
 of the seeds firstly with cow’s urine (7
 days), then boiling in cow’s milk (3 h)
 and finally frying the seeds in cow’s
 ghee, has been described as an official
 method        P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   11
PREVIOUS WORK DONE

Varanasi (1983) – Department of R.S.
Katiyar C.K. – Study on Kupeelu Sattva. Pharmaceutical Chemical and Pharmacological Study. (M.D. thesis)
Katiyar Chandrakant (1988) – Neuro clinical and neuro pharmacological studies on Shuddha Kupeelu. (Ph.D.
   thesis)
Tewari O.P. (1979) – Sarvanga Gata Vata (peripheral neuritis) and its management by an indigenous drug
   Karaskara (S.nuxvomica).
Tripathi S.K. (1983) – Evaluation of Shuddha Kupeelu in the management of Amavata (Rheumatoid
   Arthritis).

Lucknow (1984)
Yadav R.S. – Kupeelu Bheshajika evam Dravya Gunatmaka Adhyayana.

Bangalore (Koppa) (2000)
Pradeep H.R. – Effect of Shodhana on toxicity (Purification) of Kupeelu.

Shimla (H.P.) (2003)
Saharan Dipti - A comparative clinical study on the role of Simhanada Guggulu and Shuddha Kupeelu in
   management of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid arthritis.

Nagpur (2000)
Thakare P.G. – Vanaspatika Visha – Kupeelu Beeja Ka Sanskara Poorva Evam Sanskara Paschat
  Prayogashaleeya Adhyana.

Ujjain (2005-2006)
A pharmacotherapeutic study of Kupeelu as a Vatahar w.s.r. katisoola (low back12
                             P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012
                                                                               pain).
Ayurvedic processings of nux vomica:
qualitative and quantitative determination
of total alkaloidal contents and relative
toxicity

  ABHISHEK KUMAR* AND B. N. SINHA
 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
 Birla Institute of Technology,
 MESRA, Ranchi - 835215, India

 Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical
 Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98 (2009)

                 P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   13
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material
The dried seeds of S. nuxvomica
SHODHANA:
  Sample A
   Dipping in Kanji for three days (Sharma
  1979).




              P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   14
SAMPLE B
SWEDANA IN DOLAYANTRA WITH GODUGDHA FOR 3
HRS;. (Sharma 1979).




         P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   15
SAMPLE C
     The seeds were soaked in cow urine for seven
  days (~7 L ) and kept under the sun.
   everyday the urine was taken freshly.
     On the eighth day, the seeds were properly
  washed.
 Subjected to swedana in dolayantra using milk as
  media.
 The seeds were washed, peeled, embryo removed,
  dried and fried in cow ghee till they turned
  brownish–red.
 They were then powdered (Ayurvedic
  Pharmacopoiea Committee 2000; Bhavmisra 2002).

             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   16
SAMPLE D
Bharjana in goghrita (q.s) till turns to reddish brown
(Sharma 1979; Shashtri 1999).




             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   17
Sample E
The seeds of S. nuxvomica were steamed to
facilitate the removal of the seed coat and the
embryo. The cotyledons so obtained were used as
reference for further experiments.




            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   18
Percentage of total alkaloidal content (TAC) from
the unprocessed and processed nux vomica.


  Sl.no        sample                    Wt of crude    % decrease in
                                         drug in gms.   TAC

  1            A                         10             2.99

  2            B                         10             50.99

  3            C                         10             96.68

  4            D                         10             19.43

  5            E                         10             -




           P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012             19
ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY
        Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) of either sex .
        DOSE -200 mg/kg body weight.
    B C D Samples- No mortality
      A and E 50% mortality;
     No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days
    observation.
   Samples B, C and D were further administered at 500 mg/kg body
    weight.
    Sample D-100% mortality
     Sample B and C- 50% mortality.
    No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days
    observation.
   The study shows that the concept of
    shodhan/detoxification as suggested by the divine
    scholars brings about a change in the toxic dose of
    the seeds and the toxic dose varies depending on
    the method used for processing.


                           P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   20
Among all the four methods used for
processing, the seeds processed with the
official method and those processed with
milk proved to be equally safe compared to
the unprocessed seeds, in rodents.




           P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   21
Effect of purification (Suthi) on the acute toxicity
  of seeds of Nux-vomica
M.S.Shree Devi1*,B.Sampath Kumar2 andM.S.Siva
  Shankar3
1. Ph.D., Scholar Vel’s University, Chennai.
2. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,Tirunelveli.
3. Ph.D., Scholar IVRI Barielly, Uttarkhand.




              P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   22
Plant material: The seeds of Strychnos nux
vomica.
 Selection of seeds: The dry seeds were
first dropped in a beaker containing water.
The seeds which float on the surface of
water or found broken, black in color are
rejected and the seeds which are found
settled at the bottom of the beaker are
selected for purification after drying in air.



            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   23
 Detoxification (Suthi) process: Suthi
  (detoxification) of nux-vomica seeds is
  performed as per the method described in
  siddha medicne. The book describes
  stepwise procedure for detoxification
  (suthi) of nux-vomica and it was adopted in
  the present study.
 This method is similar to the officially
  accepted method acc to A.F.I.



             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   24
Step 1:
The clean and dried seeds are kept in
cow’s urine for 7 nights. The urine is
changed every day.

GOMUTRA NIMAJJAN-7 NIGHTS




           P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   25
Step 2:
The seeds after 1st step are collected and
subjected to boiling (boiling process was
done by keeping the seeds after 1st step in
muslin cloth with banana leaf and tied. It is
completely dipped in cow’s milk and boiled
on low flame) for 3hours using dolayantra.

GODUGDHA SWEDANA-3 HOURS



            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   26
Step 3: GOGHRITA BHARJANA.
The above seeds are collected and washed
with water. The seed coat and embryo
removed. The seeds are roasted with cow’s
ghee in low flame on iron pan. The seeds
become dark brown and crispy.
 Then the seeds are immediately
powdered. The nux vomica which is
unprocessed form (UNV) and the seeds
detoxified by suthi process (PNV) were
subjected to phytochemical and acute
toxicity studies.



            P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   27
 Thephytochemical investigation showed the
 presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
 proteins and fixed oils in all the extracts.
 The presence of strychnine and brucine
 alkaloids was confirmed by chemical tests
 LD50 of unprocessed nux-vomica seed
 powder is256mg/kg
 processed seed powder LD50 is 2600mg/kg.




             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   28
 Seema Akbar1; Shamshad A Khan2; Akbar Masood*3 &
  M Iqbal1
 1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar
  (J&K) India
 2Central Council for Research in Unani medicine, New
  Delhi, India
 3Department of Biochemistry, Kashmir University,
  Srinagar (J&K) India



               P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   29
I. Detoxification using water and cow’s
milk.

Azaraqi seeds are immersed in excess of water for 5 days
with change of water every day. They are then immersed
in milk for 2 days, changing the milk everyday.
 The seeds are washed with water and boiled in milk till
the seed coat become soft.
The seed coat and the embryonic axis are removed and
cotyledons are powdered.


             P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   30
II. Detoxification using cow milk.

 Azraqi Seeds are immersed in milk for 7 days with change
 of milk every day. Remaining process is the same as in No
 I above.




              P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   31
Azraqi Seeds are roasted in Roughan-a- Zard
(clarified butter from cow’s milk) till the colour of
seed coat turns light reddish and seeds swell. The
seed coat is removed and cotyledons powdered.
Corelated to goghrita bharjana




              P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   32
Azraqi seeds (70 grams) are buried in Peeli
Matti (yellow clay) for 10 days.The clay is kept
moist throughout. The seeds are then removed
and washed. The seed coat is peeled off with
the help of a sharp knife and the cotyledons are
separated after removing the embryo.
 The cotyledons in a cloth bag are boiled in 2
litres of milk till it evaporates (the cloth bag
should not touch the bottom of the container).
The water washed cotyledons are then used
subsequently.
           P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   33
P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   34
P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   35
 The cell wall of kupilu seed is non- lignified
  but contains appreciable amount of complex
    carbohydrates. Therefore, on coming in
  contact with water, it swells and facilitates
  leaching strychnine out of the seed
  cotyledons. This results in a decrease in
  strychnine content of shodhita kupilu .
 The acute toxicity of the Shodhita kupilu is
  significantly reduced (1/10th) when compared
  to Ashodhita kupilu . ).
 Boiling the seeds in milk further reduces
  strychnine content by converting it to
  isostrychnine (Cai et al., 1990).

              P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   36
 Irrespective of system of medicine i.e siddha, unani
  ayurveda,concept of shodhana exists by different
  names like suthi in siddha and mudabbar in unani.
 The main motto behind shodhana is to reduce the
  toxicity and increase the therapeutic index of a drug .
 The Quantitative estimation by HPLC shows a
  significant decrease in strychnine and brucine after
  the process of shodhana.
 Since the LD50 value of PNV is reduced to 1/10th when
  compared with UNV. Thus, the toxicity of the
  processed sample is decreased significantly after
  shodhana process .
 Poisonous plants after purification with discrimination
  prove as BOON not BANE in promoting health,
  developing immunity, preventing aging and curing
  disease.      P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 37
Anonymous (1981). National Formularly of Unani Medicine, Ministry of
Health & family Welfare, Govt of India, vol-I
pp 319.( Reprinted in2006)
 Anonymous (1987). Physicochemical standards of compound
formulation , part II ,CCRUM, Ayush, Govt of India, pp
312-313
. Bensky, D. and Gamble, A. (1986). Chinese Herbal Medicine, Eastland
press, Sealtle, P. 646.
 Choi, Y. H.: Sohn,Y.M.; , Kim, C.: Oh, K. Y.; Kin, J. (2004). Analysis
of strychnine from detoxified Strychno nux-vomicaseeds using liquid
chromatography-electro spray mass spectrometry J.Ethnopharmacol. 93:
109-112.
Chung, B. and Shin , M.K. (1989). Dictionary of Folk Medicine, Young
Lin Press, Seoul. P 972.
Cai, B.C.; Hattori, M. and Namba, T.(1990). Procssing of Nux vomica
Changes in alkaloid composition of the seeds of Nux vomica on
traditional drug processing
                   P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012   38
   Rasatarangani, Commentary by AcharyaHariduttaShastri, Stanza, Sunder Lal Jain
    MotilalBanarasidas, Varanasi, 1954; 152-164,178-202,676-680.
   . Nadakarni AK, The Indian MateriaMedica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2, 1976;
    1175-1180.
    Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal plants, 2nd ed., Periodical experts book
    agency, New Delhi, Vol. 2, M/s BishensinghMahendrapalsingh, Dehradun,
    1975;2:1645-1647.
   . Wu Yin., Tian-Shan Wang, Fang-Zhou Yin and Bao-Chang Cai, Analgesic and anti-
    inflammatory properties of brucine and brucine-N-oxide extracted from seeds of
    Strychnosnux-vomica, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2003; 88:205-214.
    Xu-Kun Deng, Wu Yin, Wei-Dong Li, Fang-Zhou Yin, Xiao-Yu Lu et al, The anti-tumor
    effects of alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica on HepG2 cells and its
    possible mechanism, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006, 106:179- 186.
   . GricildaShoba F. and Molly Thomas, Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four
    medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhea, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001;
    76:73-76.
    Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A, Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed
    extracts of Strychnosnux-vomica Linn., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
    2004;42: 468-75.
    Trease GE and W.C. Evans, Pharmacognosy, 15th ed., W.B. Sauders Company, 2002:
    378.


                        P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012        39
   AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA COMMITTEE. (2000) The ayurvedic formulary of India,
    Part 1, pp. 367 (New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Planning).
   BHANU, M. N. & VASUDEVAN, T. N. (1989) Studies on sodhna of nux-vomica, Indian
    Drugs, 26: 150–152.
   BHAVMISRA. (2002) Bhavprakash, pp. 568 (Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Sanskrit
    Sansthan).
   BISSET, N. G. & PHILLIPSON, J. D. (1976) The Asian species of Strychnos. Part IV.
    The alkaloids, Lloydia, 39: 263–323.
   BRUNETON, J. (1998) Pharmacognosy, pp. 795 (Paris: Lavoisier Publishing House).
   CHOI, Y. H., SOHN, Y. M., KIM, C. Y., OH, K. Y. & KIM, J. (2004) Analysis of
    strychnine from detoxified Strychno nux-vomica seeds using liquid chromatography-
    electrospray mass spectrometry, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93: 109–112.
   GAO, H., SUN, W. & SHA, Z. (1990) Quantitative determination of strychnine and
    brucine in semen strychni and its preparations by gas chromatography, Zhongguo
    Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 15: 670–671.
   JIANG, Y. H., YANG, W. L. & GONG, Q. F. (2002) HPLC determination of strychnine
    and brucine in semen strychni and its processed products, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za
    Zhi, 27: 899–901.
   KATIYAR, C. K. (1984) Study on Kupilu satva, M.D. (Ayu.) diss., Banaras Hindu
    University.
   KIRTIKAR, K. R. & BASU, B. D. (1935) Indian medicinal plants, 2nd edition, part III,
    pp. 1645 (Allahabad: Lolit Mohan Basu).




                        P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012        40
THANK YOU



 P.G Dept of Rasashastra   08/03/2012   41

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Kuchala

  • 1. Kuchala‐A Poison into Ambrosia An effect of Shodhana BY Dr. SANGAMESH.I.P 3rd YEAR P.G SCHOLAR Under the guidance of  Dr Shobha G Hiremath Professor & HOD P.G DEPT OF RASASHASTRA GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE BANGALORE‐09
  • 2. CASE STUDY:- Age- 45 yrs male C/O- Pain in squatting position since unable to walk for longer time 5 mths Diagnosis:- Vatarakta Treatment – A.V R,1 tid Kaishora Guggulu, 1 tid Later - Vishatinduka Vati, 1 tid since 1 month. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 2
  • 3. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 3
  • 4. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 4
  • 5. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 5
  • 6.  CLASSIFICATION OF VISHA DRAVYAS.  LIST OF POISONOUS PLANTS AND THEIR ACTIVE PRINCIPLES ,POISONOUS EFFECT.  DEFINITION OF SHODHANA  LIST OF SHODHANA PROCEDURES MENTIONED  PREVIOUS WORKS DONE ON KUPILU  VARIOUS RESEARCHES ON KUPILU SHODANA  DISCUSSION  CONCLUSION P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 6
  • 7. Visha Sthavara Jaangama Vatsanabhadi Tindukadi visha Upavisha ( R. T.) P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 7
  • 8. Poisonous plants –their toxic principles and important poisonous effect Sl POISONOUS PLANTS IMPORTANT POISONOUS EFFECTS No AND USEFUL PARTS TOXIC PRINCIPLES 1. Vatsanabha(root) Aconitine, CARDIAC POISON,Nausea, Vomiting, (Aconitum ferox) Pseudoaconite Abdominalpain, Muscular twitching 2. Dhattura (leaves & Daturine, CEREBRAL POISON. Headache, seeds) Atropine, Dysphagia, Giddiness, Photophobia,. (Dhat ura Hyoscine, stromonium) Hyosciamine etc. 3. VISHAMUSHTI STRYCHNINE, SPINAL POISON. STIFFNESS OF (SEEDS) BRUCINE NECK, MUSCLE TWITCHING, (STRYCHNOS CHOKING SENSATION NUXVOMICA) 4. Jayapala (seeds) Croton oil, Tiglic IRRITANT POISON. Irritates mucosa (Croton tiglium) acid, Crotonic acid, of GIT, Vomiting, Loose motions, Crotonol etc. Spasmodic pain,Dehydration,Death 5 Gunja (seeds) Abrin, Abrussic IRRITANT POISON. Affects as above (Abrus precatorious) acid, Locally putrefies tissues. Haemoglutinin etc. 08/03/2012 P.G Dept of Rasashastra 8
  • 9. Contd_ Sl POISONOUS IMPORTANT TOXIC POISONOUS EFFECTS N PLANTS AND PRINCIPLES o USEFUL PARTS 6. Bhallataka (fruits) Irritant oil IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, local (Semicarpus inflamation, Blisters etc. anacardium) 7. Karaveera (seeds) Thevetin CARDIAC POISON. Vertigo, Giddiness, (Thevetia nerifolia) Burning sensation, Hallucination, Vomiting etc. 8. Bhanga (leaves) Cannabinone, CEREBRAL POISON. Unconsciousness, (Cannabis sativa) Cannabinol, Hallucination, Vomiting etc. cannabidiol, cannabinolic acid etc. 9. Snuhi (latex) Euphorbon. IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, (Euphorbia Destroys sight if falls in eye. nerifolia) 10 Ahiphena Morphine, Codeine, NARCOTIC POISON. Euphorbia, (Papaver Narcotine, Deep sleep, Necrosis. somniferum) Papaverine, Thebine etc. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 9
  • 10. उिद्दष्टॆरौषधॆ: साद्ध्र्ं िबयते पेषणािदकम ् ! मलिविच्छत्तये यत्तु शोधनं तिदहोच्यते !! र.त २/५३ The processes like peshana,mardana, kshalana, swedana etc., karmas done with a specified shodhana dravya to remove the mala (dosha/visha) of a dravya is called shodhana. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 10
  • 11.  Sthapana or nimajjana  Swedana  Bharjana AYUR PHARMACOPOIEA COMMITTEE 2000. Processing method such as treatment of the seeds firstly with cow’s urine (7 days), then boiling in cow’s milk (3 h) and finally frying the seeds in cow’s ghee, has been described as an official method P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 11
  • 12. PREVIOUS WORK DONE Varanasi (1983) – Department of R.S. Katiyar C.K. – Study on Kupeelu Sattva. Pharmaceutical Chemical and Pharmacological Study. (M.D. thesis) Katiyar Chandrakant (1988) – Neuro clinical and neuro pharmacological studies on Shuddha Kupeelu. (Ph.D. thesis) Tewari O.P. (1979) – Sarvanga Gata Vata (peripheral neuritis) and its management by an indigenous drug Karaskara (S.nuxvomica). Tripathi S.K. (1983) – Evaluation of Shuddha Kupeelu in the management of Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Lucknow (1984) Yadav R.S. – Kupeelu Bheshajika evam Dravya Gunatmaka Adhyayana. Bangalore (Koppa) (2000) Pradeep H.R. – Effect of Shodhana on toxicity (Purification) of Kupeelu. Shimla (H.P.) (2003) Saharan Dipti - A comparative clinical study on the role of Simhanada Guggulu and Shuddha Kupeelu in management of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nagpur (2000) Thakare P.G. – Vanaspatika Visha – Kupeelu Beeja Ka Sanskara Poorva Evam Sanskara Paschat Prayogashaleeya Adhyana. Ujjain (2005-2006) A pharmacotherapeutic study of Kupeelu as a Vatahar w.s.r. katisoola (low back12 P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 pain).
  • 13. Ayurvedic processings of nux vomica: qualitative and quantitative determination of total alkaloidal contents and relative toxicity ABHISHEK KUMAR* AND B. N. SINHA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, MESRA, Ranchi - 835215, India Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98 (2009) P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 13
  • 14. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material The dried seeds of S. nuxvomica SHODHANA: Sample A Dipping in Kanji for three days (Sharma 1979). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 14
  • 15. SAMPLE B SWEDANA IN DOLAYANTRA WITH GODUGDHA FOR 3 HRS;. (Sharma 1979). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 15
  • 16. SAMPLE C  The seeds were soaked in cow urine for seven days (~7 L ) and kept under the sun. everyday the urine was taken freshly.  On the eighth day, the seeds were properly washed.  Subjected to swedana in dolayantra using milk as media.  The seeds were washed, peeled, embryo removed, dried and fried in cow ghee till they turned brownish–red.  They were then powdered (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoiea Committee 2000; Bhavmisra 2002). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 16
  • 17. SAMPLE D Bharjana in goghrita (q.s) till turns to reddish brown (Sharma 1979; Shashtri 1999). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 17
  • 18. Sample E The seeds of S. nuxvomica were steamed to facilitate the removal of the seed coat and the embryo. The cotyledons so obtained were used as reference for further experiments. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 18
  • 19. Percentage of total alkaloidal content (TAC) from the unprocessed and processed nux vomica. Sl.no sample Wt of crude % decrease in drug in gms. TAC 1 A 10 2.99 2 B 10 50.99 3 C 10 96.68 4 D 10 19.43 5 E 10 - P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 19
  • 20. ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY  Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) of either sex .  DOSE -200 mg/kg body weight.  B C D Samples- No mortality A and E 50% mortality; No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days observation.  Samples B, C and D were further administered at 500 mg/kg body weight.  Sample D-100% mortality  Sample B and C- 50% mortality.  No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days observation.  The study shows that the concept of shodhan/detoxification as suggested by the divine scholars brings about a change in the toxic dose of the seeds and the toxic dose varies depending on the method used for processing. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 20
  • 21. Among all the four methods used for processing, the seeds processed with the official method and those processed with milk proved to be equally safe compared to the unprocessed seeds, in rodents. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 21
  • 22. Effect of purification (Suthi) on the acute toxicity of seeds of Nux-vomica M.S.Shree Devi1*,B.Sampath Kumar2 andM.S.Siva Shankar3 1. Ph.D., Scholar Vel’s University, Chennai. 2. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,Tirunelveli. 3. Ph.D., Scholar IVRI Barielly, Uttarkhand. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 22
  • 23. Plant material: The seeds of Strychnos nux vomica. Selection of seeds: The dry seeds were first dropped in a beaker containing water. The seeds which float on the surface of water or found broken, black in color are rejected and the seeds which are found settled at the bottom of the beaker are selected for purification after drying in air. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 23
  • 24.  Detoxification (Suthi) process: Suthi (detoxification) of nux-vomica seeds is performed as per the method described in siddha medicne. The book describes stepwise procedure for detoxification (suthi) of nux-vomica and it was adopted in the present study.  This method is similar to the officially accepted method acc to A.F.I. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 24
  • 25. Step 1: The clean and dried seeds are kept in cow’s urine for 7 nights. The urine is changed every day. GOMUTRA NIMAJJAN-7 NIGHTS P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 25
  • 26. Step 2: The seeds after 1st step are collected and subjected to boiling (boiling process was done by keeping the seeds after 1st step in muslin cloth with banana leaf and tied. It is completely dipped in cow’s milk and boiled on low flame) for 3hours using dolayantra. GODUGDHA SWEDANA-3 HOURS P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 26
  • 27. Step 3: GOGHRITA BHARJANA. The above seeds are collected and washed with water. The seed coat and embryo removed. The seeds are roasted with cow’s ghee in low flame on iron pan. The seeds become dark brown and crispy. Then the seeds are immediately powdered. The nux vomica which is unprocessed form (UNV) and the seeds detoxified by suthi process (PNV) were subjected to phytochemical and acute toxicity studies. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 27
  • 28.  Thephytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, proteins and fixed oils in all the extracts.  The presence of strychnine and brucine alkaloids was confirmed by chemical tests  LD50 of unprocessed nux-vomica seed powder is256mg/kg  processed seed powder LD50 is 2600mg/kg. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 28
  • 29.  Seema Akbar1; Shamshad A Khan2; Akbar Masood*3 & M Iqbal1  1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar (J&K) India  2Central Council for Research in Unani medicine, New Delhi, India  3Department of Biochemistry, Kashmir University, Srinagar (J&K) India P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 29
  • 30. I. Detoxification using water and cow’s milk. Azaraqi seeds are immersed in excess of water for 5 days with change of water every day. They are then immersed in milk for 2 days, changing the milk everyday. The seeds are washed with water and boiled in milk till the seed coat become soft. The seed coat and the embryonic axis are removed and cotyledons are powdered. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 30
  • 31. II. Detoxification using cow milk. Azraqi Seeds are immersed in milk for 7 days with change of milk every day. Remaining process is the same as in No I above. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 31
  • 32. Azraqi Seeds are roasted in Roughan-a- Zard (clarified butter from cow’s milk) till the colour of seed coat turns light reddish and seeds swell. The seed coat is removed and cotyledons powdered. Corelated to goghrita bharjana P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 32
  • 33. Azraqi seeds (70 grams) are buried in Peeli Matti (yellow clay) for 10 days.The clay is kept moist throughout. The seeds are then removed and washed. The seed coat is peeled off with the help of a sharp knife and the cotyledons are separated after removing the embryo. The cotyledons in a cloth bag are boiled in 2 litres of milk till it evaporates (the cloth bag should not touch the bottom of the container). The water washed cotyledons are then used subsequently. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 33
  • 34. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 34
  • 35. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 35
  • 36.  The cell wall of kupilu seed is non- lignified but contains appreciable amount of complex carbohydrates. Therefore, on coming in contact with water, it swells and facilitates leaching strychnine out of the seed cotyledons. This results in a decrease in strychnine content of shodhita kupilu .  The acute toxicity of the Shodhita kupilu is significantly reduced (1/10th) when compared to Ashodhita kupilu . ).  Boiling the seeds in milk further reduces strychnine content by converting it to isostrychnine (Cai et al., 1990). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 36
  • 37.  Irrespective of system of medicine i.e siddha, unani ayurveda,concept of shodhana exists by different names like suthi in siddha and mudabbar in unani.  The main motto behind shodhana is to reduce the toxicity and increase the therapeutic index of a drug .  The Quantitative estimation by HPLC shows a significant decrease in strychnine and brucine after the process of shodhana.  Since the LD50 value of PNV is reduced to 1/10th when compared with UNV. Thus, the toxicity of the processed sample is decreased significantly after shodhana process .  Poisonous plants after purification with discrimination prove as BOON not BANE in promoting health, developing immunity, preventing aging and curing disease. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 37
  • 38. Anonymous (1981). National Formularly of Unani Medicine, Ministry of Health & family Welfare, Govt of India, vol-I pp 319.( Reprinted in2006) Anonymous (1987). Physicochemical standards of compound formulation , part II ,CCRUM, Ayush, Govt of India, pp 312-313 . Bensky, D. and Gamble, A. (1986). Chinese Herbal Medicine, Eastland press, Sealtle, P. 646. Choi, Y. H.: Sohn,Y.M.; , Kim, C.: Oh, K. Y.; Kin, J. (2004). Analysis of strychnine from detoxified Strychno nux-vomicaseeds using liquid chromatography-electro spray mass spectrometry J.Ethnopharmacol. 93: 109-112. Chung, B. and Shin , M.K. (1989). Dictionary of Folk Medicine, Young Lin Press, Seoul. P 972. Cai, B.C.; Hattori, M. and Namba, T.(1990). Procssing of Nux vomica Changes in alkaloid composition of the seeds of Nux vomica on traditional drug processing P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 38
  • 39. Rasatarangani, Commentary by AcharyaHariduttaShastri, Stanza, Sunder Lal Jain MotilalBanarasidas, Varanasi, 1954; 152-164,178-202,676-680.  . Nadakarni AK, The Indian MateriaMedica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2, 1976; 1175-1180.  Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal plants, 2nd ed., Periodical experts book agency, New Delhi, Vol. 2, M/s BishensinghMahendrapalsingh, Dehradun, 1975;2:1645-1647.  . Wu Yin., Tian-Shan Wang, Fang-Zhou Yin and Bao-Chang Cai, Analgesic and anti- inflammatory properties of brucine and brucine-N-oxide extracted from seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2003; 88:205-214.  Xu-Kun Deng, Wu Yin, Wei-Dong Li, Fang-Zhou Yin, Xiao-Yu Lu et al, The anti-tumor effects of alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica on HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006, 106:179- 186.  . GricildaShoba F. and Molly Thomas, Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhea, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001; 76:73-76.  Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A, Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extracts of Strychnosnux-vomica Linn., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2004;42: 468-75.  Trease GE and W.C. Evans, Pharmacognosy, 15th ed., W.B. Sauders Company, 2002: 378. P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 39
  • 40. AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA COMMITTEE. (2000) The ayurvedic formulary of India, Part 1, pp. 367 (New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Planning).  BHANU, M. N. & VASUDEVAN, T. N. (1989) Studies on sodhna of nux-vomica, Indian Drugs, 26: 150–152.  BHAVMISRA. (2002) Bhavprakash, pp. 568 (Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan).  BISSET, N. G. & PHILLIPSON, J. D. (1976) The Asian species of Strychnos. Part IV. The alkaloids, Lloydia, 39: 263–323.  BRUNETON, J. (1998) Pharmacognosy, pp. 795 (Paris: Lavoisier Publishing House).  CHOI, Y. H., SOHN, Y. M., KIM, C. Y., OH, K. Y. & KIM, J. (2004) Analysis of strychnine from detoxified Strychno nux-vomica seeds using liquid chromatography- electrospray mass spectrometry, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93: 109–112.  GAO, H., SUN, W. & SHA, Z. (1990) Quantitative determination of strychnine and brucine in semen strychni and its preparations by gas chromatography, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 15: 670–671.  JIANG, Y. H., YANG, W. L. & GONG, Q. F. (2002) HPLC determination of strychnine and brucine in semen strychni and its processed products, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 27: 899–901.  KATIYAR, C. K. (1984) Study on Kupilu satva, M.D. (Ayu.) diss., Banaras Hindu University.  KIRTIKAR, K. R. & BASU, B. D. (1935) Indian medicinal plants, 2nd edition, part III, pp. 1645 (Allahabad: Lolit Mohan Basu). P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 40
  • 41. THANK YOU P.G Dept of Rasashastra 08/03/2012 41