1. Announcements 8/29 Lab starts this week! Proper Dress required There are no assignments due this week at the beginning of lab Good idea to look over Ex. 1 and 2 No labs Labor Day week due to short week (that is next week) All connect assignments are up for Module 1 Tegrity- explanation

2. The Chemistry of Life I Chapter 2

3. Outline for Today Matter and the Elements Inorganic Matter Water Minerals Gases Organic Compounds Overview Classes of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Continued in The Chemistry of Life_2

4. I. Matter and the Elements Cp Rg Ds http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/periodicchart.cfm

5. Hopefully, you remember much of your basic chemistry from last year Electrons important in bonding Covalent vs. ionic bonding Hydrogen bonding (discuss shortly)

6. >95% electrolytes Co-factors for Essential proteins Essential element of thyroid hormone COMPOSITION OF LIVING MATTER I. The Elements

7. II. Inorganic Matter: Water

8. i. Solvency ii. Polarity iii. Adhesion/cohesion iv. Neutral pH v. Thermal properties vi. Reactivity Fig. 2.8 COMPOSITION OF LIVING MATTER II. Inorganic Compounds 1. WATER a. Properties that make it the IDEAL solvent for the human body

9. Fig. 2.9 Solvency/Polarity δ- δ means a small charge Polar – slightly charged at opposite ends δ+ δ+ http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/matter/matter.htm

10. Solvency/Polarity http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html

11. Adhesion means to stick to other things while cohesion means to stick to itself Hydrogen bonds cause cohesiveness Get a surface tension Forms a lubrication What does this do? Cuts down on friction Adhesion/Cohesion

12. Fig. 2.8 Adhesion/Cohesion Notice the positive and negative interactions H bonds are due to H bonding with F, O, or N (F not seen in biological systems)

13. Acids or bases affect protein structure Can render the protein non-functional Fig. 2.12 Neutral pH

14. High Heat Capacity Amount of energy it takes to raise 1g of water 1 oC. Takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water Stabilization of body temperature Thermal Stability

15. High heat of vaporization Liquid  gas Heat goes with it Cools the body 1 ml of perspiration evaporating from the body removes 500 cals of heat Thermal Stability SWEATING is our main mechanism of heat release

16. Reactivity water is essential in many chemical reactions universal solvent water is added to break covalent bonds is crucial in metabolism (will discuss more in organic cmpds) Fig. 2.15 Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction

17. II. Inorganic Matter: Minerals

18. II. Inorganic Compounds 2. MINERALS a. elements extracted from the soil; consumed in our diet b. main minerals are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, zinc, copper c. are crucial for synthesis and maintenance of: Bones Muscles Neurons Calcium, phosphorus Calcium, sodium, phosphorus Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus

19. II. Inorganic Matter: Gases

20. Gases: Important ones Oxygen (O2) Cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Waste product Nitrous Oxide neurotransmitter Methane (CH4) Carbon monoxide (CO) is a problem

21. III. Organic Compounds Fig. 2.14

22. Overview - Carbon Valence of 4 Can form maximum of 4 bonds Single, double, triple bonds Gives a lot of variety due to the functional groups Clusters of atoms that determine the chemical properties/reactivity Fig. 2.23a http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/202linear.html

23. Functional Groups in Organic Compounds O- COO- NH3+ PO4- Fig. 2.14

24. Macromolecules are large molecules Usually composed of repeating units monomers  polymers ( a dimer in the above fig.) Put together via dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) Notice the loss of water from the molecule Fig. 2.15 Organic Compounds :Synthesis and Degradation Reactions

25. Fig. 2.15 Organic Compounds :Synthesis and Degradation Reactions Polymer (dimer)  smaller units (e.g. monomers) Larger molecules broken apart via hydrolysis reaction (“splitting with water”) Water is used up in the reaction

26. Notice that both involve water Loss from or addition to the molecule(s) Both also involve enzymes (get to later with proteins) Fig. 2.15 Organic Compounds :Synthesis and Degradation Reactions

27. You join 11 organic molecules together. How many water molecules are formed? 9 10 11 12 13 No way to tell

28. III. Major classes of compounds http://www.steve.gb.com/images/molecules/cofactors/NADH.jpg

29. “Carbon Water” C, H, and O Basic unit is the monosaccharide Can have disaccharides and polysaccharides Functions are energy and structure Carbohydrates

30. Simple sugars Most important are 6 carbon hexoses and 5 carbon pentoses Pentose examples are ribose and deoxyribose Hexose examples are shown on the right Monosaccharides Fig. 2.16

31. Tab 2.6

32. Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration synthesis Degraded to monosaccharides for nutritional purposes fructose glucose glucose galactose glucose glucose Disaccharides Fig. 2.17

33. Tab 2.6

34. What is a polymer? Link similar small molecules together Polysaccharides can have a mw of 500,000 or more while glucose is 180 Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are important polysaccharides Fig. 2.18 Polysaccharides

35. Glycogen Energy storing molecule Only polysaccharide found in human tissues Made by cells of liver, muscle, uterus, and vagina Can be broken down to maintain blood glucose Branching allows for more storage Fig. 2.18 Polysaccharides

36. Starch Energy storing molecule in plants Plants rely on it when photosynthesis is not occurring Polysaccharides

37. Cellulose Structural molecule for plant support Major component of wood Most common organic compound on earth Common component of our diets but we have no enzymes to digest it Roughage Polysaccharides http://www.steve.gb.com/images/molecules/sugars/cellulose.png

38. Tab 2.6

39. Means the carbs are covalently bonded to proteins or lipids Glycolipids and glycoproteins Many of the lipids and proteins on the cell surface have up to 12 sugars attached Proteoglycans Carb is the major portion Conjugated Carbohydrates

40. Notice a pattern? Glucose Fructose Ribose Sucrose Maltose Cellulose If a chemical ends in “ose” it is a carbohydrate Note: That does not mean that all carbohydrates end in “ose” (glycogen)