3. HOWEVER
The vast majority of cases of vertigo
are due to peripheral causes or
benign central conditions (migraine).
4. Is it vertigo?
► Definition: an illusion of motion
Spinning, dropping, tilting, falling
“something moving inside my head”
► Usually aggravated by head movements
► Differential diagnosis large
Anxiety and hyperventilation
Postural hypotension
8. Vestibular neuritis (neuronitis)
►A common cause of acute vertigo
► Many cases thought to be due to reactivation of
herpes simplex I
► Similar pathogenesis to Bell’s palsy
► Acute vertigo, unidirectional nystagmus
10. Management:
Shupak et al, Otology & Neurotology. 2008. 29:368-374.
Strupp et al, NEJM. 2004. 351:354-361.
► Prednisolone aids clinical and laboratory recovery
1 mg/kg for 5 days, followed by reducing dose over
next 15 days.
► Valacyclovirineffective
► Other treatment
prochlorperazine, promethazine
11. HINTS to Diagnose Stroke in the Acute
Vestibular Syndrome
Three-Step Bedside Oculomotor Examination
More Sensitive Than Early MRI Diffusion-
Weighted Imaging
Jorge C. Kattah, MD; Arun V. Talkad, MD; David Z. Wang, DO;
Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, PhD, MS; David E. Newman-Toker, MD, PhD
Stroke 2009;40;3504-3510
14. Benign HINTS examination result at the
bedside “rules out” stroke better than a
negative MRI with DWI in the first 24 to
48 hours after symptom onset
The sensitivity of early MRI with DWI
for lateral medullary or pontine
infarction was lower than that of the
bedside examination (72% versus
100%)
17. Benign positional vertigo
► ~25% of cases of vertigo.
► May be primary or secondary.
► Short-lived bouts of vertigo.
► Positional features
in bed, head extension (“top shelf vertigo”), bending.
► Usually curable!
19. Diagnosis
► Must see nystagmus with vertigo
► Patients with other vestibular disorders will often
feel dizzy during the Hallpike manoeuvre
► Spontaneous or central nystagmus may be more
prominent during positional testing
22. Brandt-Daroff exercises for management of benign
positional vertigo (posterior canal)
Acta Otolaryngol. 1980;106:484-485
23. 4. Disequilibrium
► CNS
cerebellar disease
normal pressure hydrocephalus
multi infarct state
► Proprioceptive loss
spinal disease
peripheral neuropathy
► Other
bilateral vestibular hypofunction
ageing
hypothyroidism
multi-sensory dizziness/disequilibrium
(visual, vestibular, cervical spine, neuropathy, orthopaedic)
24. “Red Flags”
► Other neurological signs
► Ataxia out of proportion to vertigo
► Nystagmus out of proportion to vertigo
► Central nystagmus
vertical, gaze evoked, dissociated, acquired
pendular
► Central eye movement abnormalities
broken pursuit , gaze palsy, dysmetric or slow
saccades, skew deviation
25. Summary
► Learn to differentiate between spontaneous and
(head) motion induced vertigo
► Think of migraine, particularly in the younger
patient presenting with unexplained recurrent
vertigo.
► Vertebro-basilar ischaemia is a rare diagnosis
► Examine the eye movements carefully
► Do a Hallpike test (except when there is obvious
spontaneous nystagmus).