2. Macromolecules
• Monomers= single units
• Polymer= many
monomers bound
together
• Monomers, the single
units, are polymerized
(joined together) to form
a polymer
3. 4 Biomolecules in living things
Four groups of organic compounds found in
living things are:
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins
4. I. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates
• organic compound made
of C, H, & O.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are usually
in the ratio of 1:2:1
C6H12O6
5. Function of Carbohydrates
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main
source of energy
• Plants and some animals use them as
structural support
8. Fig. 5-2a
HO 1 2 3 H HO H
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
H2O
HO 1 2 3 4 H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
22. Fig. 5-10
(a) The structure (b) Chitin forms the (c) Chitin is used to make
of the chitin exoskeleton of a strong and flexible
monomer. arthropods. surgical thread.
23. Lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (examples)
• Are made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
• Are not soluble in water (they are nonpolar)
• Hydrogen : oxygen ratio is greater than 2:1
29. Fig. 5-12a
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid
(a) Saturated fat
30. Fig. 5-12b
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleicacid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
cis double
bond causes
bending
(b) Unsaturated fat
32. Q. What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
33. Q. What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
C10H20O2
C10H18O2
A. Unsaturated fatty acids have a
carbon = carbon double bond.
34. Fig. 5-11a
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
36. • Biomolecules composed mainly of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 2
hydrogen for every 1 oxygen would be a
___________.
b.Carbohydrate
c. Proteins
d.Amino acids
e.Nucleic acids
53. 3. Proteins are essential to living things:
Proteins are needed to build & maintain
cells, digest food, growth, insulin, antibodies
for immunity, transmit heredity, movement.
4. Examples of Proteins:
◊ Hemoglobin – carries O2
◊ Actin – muscle contraction
◊ Saliva (Enzyme) – breakdown
Carbohydrates.
◊ Lactase (Enzyme) – digest lactose
sugar
54. Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Amino Acids are linked
together to make
proteins.
Amino acids are the
monomers and proteins
are the polymers.
55. Amino acids
• There are 20 different amino acids that are
incorporated into proteins.
• All amino acids have an Amino Group (NH2), a
Carboxyl group (COOH), and an R-Group (unique side
chain that distinguishes that amino acid.
57. Fig. 5-UN1
g carbon
Amino Carboxyl
group group
58. Fig. 5-17
Nonpolar
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine
(Gly or G) (Ala or A) (Val or V) (Leu or L) (Ile or ( )
Methionine Phenylalanine Trypotphan Proline
(Met or M) (Phe or F) (Trp or W) (Pro or P)
Polar
Serine Threonine Cysteine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine
(Ser or S) (Thr or T) (Cys or C) (Tyr or Y) (Asn or N) (Gln or Q)
Electrically
charged
Acidic Basic
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Lysine Arginine Histidine
(Asp or D) (Glu or E) (Lys or K) (Arg or R) (His or H)
63. Fig. 5-21d
Abdominal glands of the
spider secrete silk fibers
made of a structural protein
containing c pleated sheets.
The radiating strands, made
of dry silk fibers, maintain
the shape of the web.
The spiral strands (capture
strands) are elastic, stretching
in response to wind, rain,
and the touch of insects.
64. Fig. 5-21f
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
66. Fig. 5-22c
10 µm 10 µm
Normal red blood Fibers of abnormal
cells are full of hemoglobin deform
individual red blood cell into
hemoglobin sickle shape.
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
68. 5. All chemical reactions that take place in
the body are controlled by enzymes and
all enzymes are proteins.
69. Which of the following is NOT a
function of proteins?
• A. store and transmit heredity in the form of a
chemical code
• B. Help to fight disease (antibodies for
immunity)
• C. Control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes
• D. Build tissues such as bone and muscle
70. Answer
• A. store and transmit heredity in the form of a
chemical code
71. ___ link together to make up
proteins.
• A. sugars
• B. lipids
• C. amino acids
• D. nucleic acids
73. If you were trying to identify a structural
formula as protein, what would you look for?
• A. less than 2:1
• B. greater than 2:1
• C. 2:1
• D. an NH2 & -COOH group, which are known as
an amino group and a carboxyl group
74. • D. an NH2 & -COOH group, which are known as
an amino group and a carboxyl group
75. D. Nucleic Acids
• Function- transmits and stores genetic
information
• Composed of C, H, O, N & P (Phosphorous).
76. Structure of a nucleotide, the
monomer of a nucleic acid
77. 2 types of Nucleic acids
• 1) Deoxyribonucleic acid
– Contains the sugar deoxyribose
– Double stranded
• 2)Ribonucleic acid
– Contains the sugar ribose
– Single stranded
78. Fig. 5-26-1
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
83. E. Testing summary for Biomolecules
• Benedict’s solution = yellow or
reddish-orange for simple sugars.
• Iodine solution = black for starch
(complex carbohydrate)
• Biuret solution = violet for
protein.
• Sudan IV solution = red for lipids
5. Lipids = clear or translucent spot on brown
paper.
84. Question
• Which biomolecule is composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorous. It also stores and transmits
genetic information?
b.Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d.Lipids
e.Nucleic acids
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals
Figure 5.10 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide
Figure 5.14 Bilayer structure formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in an aqueous environment
For the Cell Biology Video Space Filling Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Stick Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 5.15 Cholesterol, a steroid
Figure 5.12 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.12 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.11 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Figure 5.11 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Figure 5.17 The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.21 Levels of protein structure — primary structure
Figure 5.21 Levels of protein structure — primary structure
Figure 5.21 Levels of protein structure — secondary structure
Figure 5.21 Levels of protein structure — tertiary and quaternary structures
Figure 5.22 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease