1. Bacterial resistance
against antibiotics
and it’s prevention
By:
ZARA KHASROW
SHERWAN RAZAQ
WTAR OMER

2. What Are Antibiotics?
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are types of
medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria
There r 2 types of antibacterials:

3. Spectrum of Activity
Broad spectrum
antibacterials
Narrow spectrum
antibacterials

4. Mode of Action

5. Mode of Action

6. Mode of Action
Inhibitors of other
metabolic processes.
Other antibiotics act on selected cellular
processes essential for the survival of the
bacterial pathogens.

7. How to use
antibiotics?
orally
injection
applied directly to the affected part of the body.
or

8. Some antibiotics should not be consumed with certain
foods and drinks. Others should not be taken with
food in your stomach - these would normally be taken
about an hour before meals, or two hours after.
Antibiotics are appropriate to use when :
1.There is a known bacterial infection
2.The cause of the infection is unknown
and bacteria are suspected.

9. ANTIBIOTICS KILL
BACTERIA, NOT VIRUSES
If a virus is making you
sick, taking antibiotics may do
more harm than good.
most respiratory tract
infections are caused by
viruses, so antibiotics
won’t have any effect.

10. What kinds of infections are
caused by viruses and should not
be treated with antibiotics?
• colds
• Flu
• Most coughs and bronchitis
• Sore throats
• Some ear infections

11. 1.Diarrhea
2.Feeling and being sick
3.Fungal infections of the
mouth, digestive tract and vagina
What are the side-
effects of antibiotics?

12. 1. kidney stones 2.Abnormal blood clotting 3.Sensitivity to sun
5.Deafness4.Blood disorders

13. It is a specific type of drug resistance.

14. Multi-drug resistant (superbug)
• When bacteria resist to several types of
antibiotics
• Due to plasmids
• shigella (sul,chlo,str,tetra)
• MRSA (hospital)
• TB (tuberculosis)

15. DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
• Bacterial cells that have
developed resistance are
not killed off.
– They continue to divide
– Resulting in a completely
resistant population.
• Mutation and evolutionary
pressure cause a rapid
increase in resistance to
antibiotics.

16. There are two types of resistance;
1-Natural Resistance: Bacteria may be inherently carrying
resistant genes
• Streptomyces
• Penicillin
2-Acquired Resistance:
.Mutations
. mobile genetic elements

17. •Examples of drug-resistant organisms include:
•MRSA - methicillin/oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
•VRE - vanomycin-resistant enterococci
•ESBLs -extended-spectrum beta lactamases (resistant to cephalosporins and
monobactams)
•PRSP - penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
•GISA - glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
•VISA - vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
•VSRA - vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (not yet found in
nature, but it is believed it will emerge or evolve from VISA),
•MDR-TB- multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
LIST OF DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA

18. How bacteria become resistance?
1. Inappropriate Use
One of the main causes of
antibiotics drug resistance
is antibiotic
overuse, abuse, and in
some
cases, misuse, due to incorrect
diagnosis.
2. Inadequate Diagnostics
3. Hospital Use 4. Agricultural Use
Scientists also believe that the
practice of adding antibiotics
to agricultural feed promotes
drug resistance.
Critically ill patients are more susceptible to
infections and, thus, often require the aid of
antimicrobials. However, the heavier use of
antimicrobials in these patients can worsen
the problem by selecting for antimicrobial-
resistant microorganisms

19. 5. Mutation During replication, mutations arise and
some of these mutations may help an individual
microbe survive exposure to an antimicrobial
6. Gene Transfer Microbes also may get genes from each
other, including genes that make the microbe drug
resistant.
7. Selective Pressure
In the presence of an antimicrobial, microbes are either
killed or, if they carry resistance genes, survive. These
survivors will replicate, and their progeny will quickly
become the dominant type throughout the microbial
population.

20. Mechanisms of being resistant
• (A) Chromosomal mutations:
• 1. Reduced permeability.
• 2. Enhanced efflux
• 3. Enzymatic inactivation (beta-
lactamase)
• 4. Alteration of drug target
• 5. Loss of enzymes involved in drug
activation
• (B) Plasmid or transposon
mediated:

21. How does antibiotic resistance
spread?
Genetically, antibiotic resistance spreads through bacteria
populations both "vertically," when new generations inherit
antibiotic resistance genes, and "horizontally," when bacteria
share or exchange sections of genetic material with other
bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer can even occur between
different bacterial species.
Environmentally, antibiotic resistance spreads as bacteria
themselves move from place to place; bacteria can travel via
airplane, water and wind. People can pass the resistant bacteria
to others; for example, by coughing or contact with unwashed
hands.

22. Using antibiotics when you don’t need them may mean that
they won’t work for you when you do need them in the future.
If you have an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection:
•you will have
the infection
for longer
•you may be more likely to
have complications of the
infection
•you could remain
infectious for
longer, and pass
your infection to
other people,
which increases the
problem.

23. Can bacteria lose their antibiotic resistance?
• Yes sure
• but this reverse process
occurs more slowly
• By selective pressure
1- adequate diagnosis
2-effective antibiotic
3-apropriate dose
May take several
months or even years

24. prevention
Can you imagine a day when antibiotics don't
work anymore?
It's concerning to think that:
could no longer work
Unfortunately, the threat of untreatable infections is
very real.

25. So how can we prevent bacterial resistance against
antibiotics?
Optimize Use
Prevent
Transmission
Prevent
Infection
Effective
Diagnosis
and Treatment
Pathogen
Antimicrobial-Resistant
Pathogen
Antimicrobial
Resistance
Antimicrobial Use
Infection

26. Key Prevention Strategies
Prevent infection Diagnose and treat
infection effectively
Use antimicrobials
wisely
Prevent transmission

27. Prevent infection
• Patients can do:
Wash your hands frequently Don't share personal items Get vaccinated.

28. What else Patients can do:
•Take antibiotics exactly as the
doctor prescribes.
•Only take antibiotics prescribed for you
•Do not save antibiotics for the next illness.
•Do not ask for antibiotics when your doctor thinks
you do not need them
Prevent antibiotic resistance

29. Healthcare providers can:
•Prescribecorrectly:
Bacteria and Viruses
On necessary
overlaps in antibiotics
Collaborate with each other and with patients
"Are these really necessary?"
"antibiotic timeout"
Stop and assess

30. What precautions might be in
place if I work in a hospital?
Universal precautions:
•Hand hygiene
•Safe collection and disposal of sharps
• Gloves for contact with body fluids, non-
intact skin and mucous membranes
•Wearing a mask, eye protection
and a gown if blood or other body
fluids might splash
Avoid Needle Stick Injuries

31. We need to preserve this
resource by working
together
Because
No action today,
no cure tomorrow
Antibiotics are
invaluable resources

33. • References:
• 1.http://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/antimicrobials/effect-on-bacteria
• 2.http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/drugresist.html
• 3.http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/infections-and-infestations/antibiotic-
4.medicines/antibiotics-for-respiratory-tract-infections/for-individuals/what-is-
antibiotic-resistance
• 5.http://www.medicinenet.com/antibiotic_resistance/page4.htm#causes_of_ant
imicrobial_drug_resistance
• 6.http://www.cdc.gov/features/antibioticresistance/
• 7.http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/resistance.htm
• 8.http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibioticres.shtml
• 9.http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance-faqs.html
• Book: Antibiotics the perfect storm by David M. shlaes