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BLACK TREASURE OF PAKISTAN

THAR COAL

( A SURE BRIGHT FUTURE )
SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN
SERIES PRESENTATION No. 2 out of 17 Presentations
BY

Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan, Food Technologist,
Chairman Research Wing, Pakistan Flour Mills Association,
Editor, Wheat Milling News, PFMA .
Member Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists
&
Engineer Saima Khoro,
BE Electrical, MS Engineering Management.
Trans World International

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

1
A Comparison of Power Generation fuel Mix
World

Pakistan

World Power Generation fuel Mix 2008-09

Pakistan Power Generation Fuel Mix 2008-09
Nuclear, 1.8%

Others 2%

Nuclear 15%

Coal 41%

Nuclear
Hydel

Hydro 16%

Gas

Gas, 32.4
%

Hydel, 30.
3%

Oil
Coal

Gas 20%

others

Coal, 0.1%
Oil, 35.4%

Oil 6%

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

2
Demand & Supply Gap Projection for
Pakistan
Project Demand
Gap (MW)

Current Installed Capacity (MW)
Year

MW

2010

24,474

6,577

2015

36,217

18,320

54,359

36,462

80,566

62,669

113,695

95,798

2020

19,566

2025

2030
Source: Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO)

Future Energy Demand Supply Gap is Alarming!
3

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

3
Benefit to Economy – Reduction in Power Generation
Cost
• NPV of savings from Block II alone is over Rs. 3.2 Trillion

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

4
Annual Savings in Foreign Exchange from Thar
Block II
•

Cumulative savings of over USD 87 Billion from Block II alone

•

Net Present Value of USD 31 B discounted at the rate of inflation (US CPI: 3%)

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

5
Pakistan’s Coal Reserves
Sindh
186.560 billion tonnes
Thar 175 billion tonnes
Punjab
235 million tonnes
Balochistan
217 million tonnes

KPK
90 million tonnes

Azad Kashmir
Thar

9 million tonnes

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

6
Nation Appreciates the Spirit
(unity is the Strength)

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

7
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

8
GLOBAL COAL BASED POWER GENERATION
SCENARIO
• Coal is one of the world‘s most important sources of
energy, fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In
many countries, this figure is much higher:
• Poland relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity;
• South Africa for
92%;
• China for
77%;
• Australia for
76%.
• Coal has been the world‘s fastest growing energy
source in recent years — faster than
gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable sources.

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

9
THAR COAL FIELD
• The Thar coalfield is located in Thar Desert, Tharparkar
District of Sindh province in Pakistan. The deposits - 6th
largest coal reserves in the world, were discovered in 1991
by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) and the United State
Agency for International Development.
• Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading countries seventh in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the
discovery of huge lignite coal resources in Sindh. The
economic coal deposits of Pakistan are restricted to Paleocene
and Eocene rock sequences. It is one of the world’s
largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90’s, spread over
more than 9,000 km2. comprise around 175 billion tones
sufficient to meet the country’s fuel requirements for
centuries.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

10
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

11
Background Primer on Coal:
• Coal consists of the fossilized remains of ancient
plant life that have been transformed through
metamorphosis into carbon-rich mineral deposits.
Coal mineral classification considers type, rank, and
grade. The plant life that coal originated from
determines its type, and the degree of
metamorphosis determines its rank, grade, and the
amount of inorganic mineral matter present.
Qualities such as moisture, carbon, sulfur, and ash
content contribute to a coal’s heating value as a fuel
(measured in British thermal units Btu.

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

12
Classification of Coal

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

13
The Coal Cycle
• After being mined, coal goes through a
cleaning prep facility, where it is cleaned and
separated by grades. Cleaning upgrades the
quality of the coal by removing some of the
impurities such as rock, clay, and other ashproducing material. Utilities burn pulverized
coal to produce high-pressure steam that
powers an electric generator. As coal is
burned, emissions are produced that contain
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon
dioxide, particulate matter, ash, and mercury.
A discussion of coal combustion emissions is
found.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

14
Coal Quality Characteristics
(B = bituminous, S = sub-bituminous, L = lignite)
ICF
Coal
Grade
BA

Heat Content
(MMBtu/ton)

SO2 Content
(lbs/MMBtu)

Bituminous

22.70

0.69

Mercury
Content
(lbs/TBtu)
3.44

7.09

Chlorine
Content
(lbs/TBtu)
25,874

BB

Bituminous

24.64

1.06

5.26

7.82

62,248

BD

Bituminous

24.78

1.40

7.00

8.30

91,617

BE

Bituminous

25.06

2.34

9.28

7.49

90,230

BG

Bituminous

24.27

4.24

9.43

7.90

76,112

BH

Bituminous

23.14

5.87

7.87

9.35

71,963

SA

Subbituminous

17.63

0.58

4.99

5.47

9,138

SB

Subbituminous

17.58

0.94

5.97

7.04

12,995

SD

Subbituminous

17.26

1.44

5.44

11.83

7,782

SE

Subbituminous

18.19

2.23

7.45

15.97

29,803

LD

Lignite

13.63

1.49

7.65

11.84

13,656

LE

Lignite

13.32

2.78

12.51

21.86

17,952

LG

Lignite

13.14

3.95

15.29

24.96

32,931

Coal Rank

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

Ash Content
(lbs/MMBtu)

15
SO2 Grades and Ranges
SO2 Grade

SO2 Content Range
(lbs./MMBtu)

A
B
D
E
G
H

0.00 – 0.80
0.81 – 1.20
1.21 – 1.66
1.67 – 3.34
3.35 – 5.00
> 5.00

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

16
MINING METHODS
UNDERGROUND MINING
There are two main methods of underground mining:
A- room-and-pillar mining
B- long wall mining.
• The main advantage of room–and-pillar mining over longwall mining is
that it allows coal production to start much more quickly, using mobile
machinery that costs under $5 million (longwall mining machinery can
cost $50 million). The choice of mining technique is site specific but
always based on economic considerations; differences even within a
single mine can lead to both methods being used.
2- SURFACE MINING or open cut mining
• Surface mining – also known as opencast or opencut mining – is only
economic when the coal seam is near the surface. This method recovers
a higher proportion of the coal deposit than underground mining as all
coal seams are exploited – 90% or more of the coal can be recovered.
1-

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

17
ROOM AND PILLAR MINING
In room-and-pillar mining, coal deposits are mined by
cutting a network of ‘rooms’ into the coal seam and
leaving behind ‘pillars’ of coal to support the roof of
the mine. These pillars can be up to 40% of the total
coal in the seam – although this coal can sometimes
be recovered at a later stage. This can be achieved in
what is known as ‘retreat mining’, where coal is
mined from the pillars as workers retreat. The roof is
then allowed to collapse and the mine is abandoned.

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

18
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

19
LONG WALL MINING
• Long wall mining involves the full extraction of coal
from a section of the seam or ‘face’ using mechanical
shearers. A long wall face requires careful planning to
ensure favorable geology exists throughout the
section before development work begins. The coal
‘face’ can vary in length from 100-350m. Self
advancing, hydraulically-powered supports
temporarily hold up the roof while coal is extracted.
When coal has been extracted from the area, the
roof is allowed to collapse. Over 75% of the coal in
the deposit can be extracted from panels of coal that
can extend 3km through the coal seam.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

20
Pakistan Analysis in terms of Coal

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

21
COAL RESERVES IN PAKISTAN & AZAD KASHMIR

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

22
COAL RESERVES IN BALOCHISTAN

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

23
COAL RESERVES SINDH

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

24
COAL RESERVES PUNJAB

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

25
COAL RESERVES KPK

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

26
COAL RESERVES AZAD KASHMIR

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

27
Efforts & Achievements of Government of Sindh for Thar

• The road map for the development of Pakistan coal
reserve‘ needs to be built on recognizing coal as an
integral part of future energy mix and devising
strategy to develop it as ‗core resource‘ in energy
mix. This approach requires an enabling
environment, which can be achieved by investing
exclusively in building physical and institutional
infrastructure. The government of Sindh has taken
many initiatives and following benchmarks have
been achieved to provide enabling environment:-

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

28
i. Thar Coal Projects declared as Projects of National Importance and
development of Thar coal as a matter of national security.
ii. Creation of one window organization viz. TCEB having both federal
and provincial governments sit together to facilitate collective
decisions making regarding Thar Coal Development.
iii. Provision of Fiscal Incentive Package for attracting FDI to Thar-Thar
Coal & Energy Board and ECC approved a comprehensive Incentive
package.
iv. There is no customs duty on Coal Mining Machinery and Equipment
and 20.5% IRR has been guaranteed by ECC to those projects, which
achieve financial close before December 2014.
v. Promotion of Joint Venture Partnership in Coal Development has
been introduced and bold initiative of entering into a unique joint
venture agreement, with one of the largest industrial groups of the
country, viz Engro Group for Thar Coal Development is one of the
key proactive steps taken by the Government of Sindh.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

29
vi. Detailed exploration and geological assessment of 12 Blocks
measuring 1483 Sq Km with total lignite resources of more than 20
billion tons sufficient to meet power requirement of the country for
next 100 years.
vii. Construction of Thar Airport to facilitate investors-Thar Coalfield is
located 410 km away from nearest airport. Air port Construction
works are in full swing and by December 2013 Thar Airport will be
available to facilitate travel of local and foreign investors to coalfields
and for transportation of light machinery and equipment.
viii. Improvement of Road Network leading to Thar Coal field for
movement of heavy Mining Machinery- Government of Sindh has
initiated the project for Improvement & Widening of Road Network
from Seaport Karachi to Thar Coalfield Area via Thatta, Badin, up to
Wango (Phase-I 200 KM) and Wango More to Thar Coalfield Area
(Phase-II 134.86 km). The Project will be completed in 2014.

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

30
ix. Construction and successful operation of Reverse Osmosis Plants in
Thar for supply of potable water to people of Thar Region-the
Government of Sindh as part of infrastructure development
undertook the task for providing long-term and economical solution
of potable water to the inhabitants living near coalfield area of Thar
Desert. Brackish/saline groundwater converted into potable water
through sophisticated Reverse Osmosis (water desalination)
technology. Government of Sindh has installed 110 RO plants in
Tharparkar, Thatta, Badin, Umarkot areas catering the population of
approx 850000 in four districts.
x. Construction of Thar Lodge-Keeping in view the requirements of
decent accommodation for investors near Coal Mining site at
Islamkot, the Government of Sindh has constructed a high standard
accommodation facility by the name of Thar Lodge. Thar Lodge is
consisting of five chalets each having two bed rooms and a main
building having 10 rooms, drawing/dining hall, kitchen, dormitories,
lobby, porch, mosque, garage and servant quarters.

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

31
TYPES & USES OF COAL
• Low Rank Coals 47%

• Hard Coals 53 %

•

(High Moisture Content of Coal)

•

•

Lignite 17 %
( Used for Power Generation)

1- Bituminous

•

Sub Bituminus 30 %
(Used for Power Generation, Cement
Manufacture,
Industrial Uses)

(Carbon/Energy Content of Coal)
52 %

A- Thermal Steam Cool
(Used for Power Generation, Cement
Manufacture,
Industrial Uses)
B- Metallurgical Coking Cool
Used for Manufacture of Iron and Steel
2- Anthracite .1 %
• Used for Domestic, Industrial and For
Smokeless Fuel

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

32
Uses of Lignite

Combustion (Steam)

Electricity (Steam Turbines)

Lignite
Coal

Gasification

CH4

CO

CO2

H2

H2
Ash
Tar
Naphta
Phenol
Catechols
Carbon Dioxide
Dephenolized Cresylic Acid

H2S
NH3

Crude Oil Refinery

Coal to Liquid

Fisher Tropsch
Synthesis

Ammonia
Fertilizer
Explosives

Source: Syngas and Coal Technology, R & D, SASOL – Mr Johannes Van Heerdeen

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
33

Ethanol
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Petrol
Paraffin
Chemicals (Ethylene 
Polymers
Coal in Electricity Generation

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

South Africa
Poland
China
Australia
Kazakhstan
India
Israel
Czech Rep
Morocco
Greece
USA
Germany

93%
87%
79%
78%
75%
68%
58%
51%
51%
54%
45%
41%
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

34
How is Coal Converted to Electricity?

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

35
Lignite Based Power Generation in India
• Lignite mining all over the world is being carried out under
complex hydro geological and geotechnical environments
causing a range of problems affecting the production method
and utilization of run-off mine coal. There are many practical
examples of large lignite deposit developments in the world.
Neyvelli lignite deposit in South India is among those with
similar geological conditions at Thar Pakistan. There are no
technical difficulties in developing this lignite field and
producing lignite from a deep place.
• The lignite seam in Neyvelli lignite deposit was first exposed in
August 1961, and regular mining of lignite commenced in May
1962. Neyvelli Lignite Corporation Ltd. is producing
approximately 2.4 million tons of lignite from four open cast
pits, and feeds the lignite to mine-mouth power plants (Total
capacity 2740 MW).

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

36
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited India

• Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) is a governmentowned lignite mining and power generating company in India.
NLC operates the largest open-pit lignite mines in
India, presently mining 24 MT of lignite and has an installed
capacity of 2,740 MW of electricity. It also supplies a large
quantity of sweet water to Chennai from the artesian aquifers
in the lignite mines. On 11 April 2011, it joined the elite group
of Navratna Companies. In 1956 NLC was formed as a
Corporate body.
•
• Founded1956
• HeadquartersChennai, India
• Key people Shri. B Surender Mohan (Chairman & MD)
• Revenue
48.66 billion(US$780 million)(2011–2012)
• Net income 14.11 billion(US$230 million)(2011–2012)
Employees 18,434 (2011)
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

37
Pakistan Coal vs India Coal
Thar Lignite Coal field
Pakistan

Neyveli Lignite deposits
India

Overburden Condition

Upper strata dune sand 14-93
m (av 50 m) sand slit clay
Lower strata Alluvial deposit
11-209 m (av 150 m) sand
stone siltstone

Cuddalore sandstone 45 m to
103 m (Lateric-clayey very
hard sand stone)

Annual Production

Planned
5.0 million Tons (Bl. 1)
6.5 Million Tons (Bl. 2)
2.4 Million Tons (Bl. 6)

Mine 1 10.5 Million Tons,
Mine 1-A 3.0 Million Tons,
Mine 2 15.0 Million Tons,
Barsinsar 2.1 Million Tons

Strip Ratio

6.6 :1 (m3:t)

7.0 :1 (m3:t)

Quality Control Rank

Lignite A to Lignite B

Lignite (no coal rank data)

Moisture

44.77%

53.0 %

Volatile Matter

23.42 %

24.0 %

Fixed Carbon

16.66 %

20.0 %

Sulphur

1.16 %

0.6 %

Heating Value

(3208 Kcal/kg

2400 Kcal/kg

Ash

6.24

3.0

by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

38
Status of Mining & Power Projects at Thar Coal
THAR COAL BLOCKS

STATUS TIMELINES

BLOCK 1
Global Mining Company of China
Open cast mining of 10 mtpa 900 MW
Coal Supply to Local Thermal Plants and
Cement Industry

Bankable Feasibility Completed
Planned Coal Prod. by 2015-2016
Power Generation by 2017-2018

BLOCK 2
Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company
(JV 51 % GoS, 49 % Engro)
Open cast mining of 6.5 mtpa 600 MW

Bankable Feasibility completed 2010
Sovereign Guarantees by Goop for mining
approved to facilitate by Chinese financial
institutions
Ground Breaking held 14 March, 2013
Over burden removal on Jan 2014
Project plans to reach 3.5 years 2017

BLOCK 5
Under ground coal gasification Project
And Power plant Planned

36 bore holes have been drilled
Test bum done in Dec 2011 & Syn Gas being
produced
Power plant of 8-10 MW is being installed

BLOCK 6
Oracle Coal Fields PLC UK
Open cast mine of 2.2 mtpa

Detailed feasibility completed April 2011, Start
of mine development 2014
Agreement with KESC for 300 MW
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

39
Thanks a Lot
• It’s a Series of Presentations and Comprehensive
papers will be later printed in the shape for a Book
which will include
INTEGRATED ENERGY MODEL FOR PAKISTAN

and
WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN.

• Best Regards From:
MALIK TARIQ SARWAR AWAN
and
ENGR. SAIMA KHORO.
Hope our Efforts for Betterment of Pakistan Will be
appreciated by Our Viewers.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima

40

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Thar Coal, A Black Treasure OF Pakistan ( Series of Presentations, (No. 2/17)

  • 1. BLACK TREASURE OF PAKISTAN THAR COAL ( A SURE BRIGHT FUTURE ) SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN SERIES PRESENTATION No. 2 out of 17 Presentations BY Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan, Food Technologist, Chairman Research Wing, Pakistan Flour Mills Association, Editor, Wheat Milling News, PFMA . Member Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists & Engineer Saima Khoro, BE Electrical, MS Engineering Management. Trans World International by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 1
  • 2. A Comparison of Power Generation fuel Mix World Pakistan World Power Generation fuel Mix 2008-09 Pakistan Power Generation Fuel Mix 2008-09 Nuclear, 1.8% Others 2% Nuclear 15% Coal 41% Nuclear Hydel Hydro 16% Gas Gas, 32.4 % Hydel, 30. 3% Oil Coal Gas 20% others Coal, 0.1% Oil, 35.4% Oil 6% by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 2
  • 3. Demand & Supply Gap Projection for Pakistan Project Demand Gap (MW) Current Installed Capacity (MW) Year MW 2010 24,474 6,577 2015 36,217 18,320 54,359 36,462 80,566 62,669 113,695 95,798 2020 19,566 2025 2030 Source: Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Future Energy Demand Supply Gap is Alarming! 3 by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 3
  • 4. Benefit to Economy – Reduction in Power Generation Cost • NPV of savings from Block II alone is over Rs. 3.2 Trillion by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 4
  • 5. Annual Savings in Foreign Exchange from Thar Block II • Cumulative savings of over USD 87 Billion from Block II alone • Net Present Value of USD 31 B discounted at the rate of inflation (US CPI: 3%) by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 5
  • 6. Pakistan’s Coal Reserves Sindh 186.560 billion tonnes Thar 175 billion tonnes Punjab 235 million tonnes Balochistan 217 million tonnes KPK 90 million tonnes Azad Kashmir Thar 9 million tonnes by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 6
  • 7. Nation Appreciates the Spirit (unity is the Strength) by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 7
  • 8. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 8
  • 9. GLOBAL COAL BASED POWER GENERATION SCENARIO • Coal is one of the world‘s most important sources of energy, fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In many countries, this figure is much higher: • Poland relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity; • South Africa for 92%; • China for 77%; • Australia for 76%. • Coal has been the world‘s fastest growing energy source in recent years — faster than gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable sources. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 9
  • 10. THAR COAL FIELD • The Thar coalfield is located in Thar Desert, Tharparkar District of Sindh province in Pakistan. The deposits - 6th largest coal reserves in the world, were discovered in 1991 by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) and the United State Agency for International Development. • Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading countries seventh in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the discovery of huge lignite coal resources in Sindh. The economic coal deposits of Pakistan are restricted to Paleocene and Eocene rock sequences. It is one of the world’s largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90’s, spread over more than 9,000 km2. comprise around 175 billion tones sufficient to meet the country’s fuel requirements for centuries. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 10
  • 11. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 11
  • 12. Background Primer on Coal: • Coal consists of the fossilized remains of ancient plant life that have been transformed through metamorphosis into carbon-rich mineral deposits. Coal mineral classification considers type, rank, and grade. The plant life that coal originated from determines its type, and the degree of metamorphosis determines its rank, grade, and the amount of inorganic mineral matter present. Qualities such as moisture, carbon, sulfur, and ash content contribute to a coal’s heating value as a fuel (measured in British thermal units Btu. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 12
  • 13. Classification of Coal by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 13
  • 14. The Coal Cycle • After being mined, coal goes through a cleaning prep facility, where it is cleaned and separated by grades. Cleaning upgrades the quality of the coal by removing some of the impurities such as rock, clay, and other ashproducing material. Utilities burn pulverized coal to produce high-pressure steam that powers an electric generator. As coal is burned, emissions are produced that contain sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, ash, and mercury. A discussion of coal combustion emissions is found. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 14
  • 15. Coal Quality Characteristics (B = bituminous, S = sub-bituminous, L = lignite) ICF Coal Grade BA Heat Content (MMBtu/ton) SO2 Content (lbs/MMBtu) Bituminous 22.70 0.69 Mercury Content (lbs/TBtu) 3.44 7.09 Chlorine Content (lbs/TBtu) 25,874 BB Bituminous 24.64 1.06 5.26 7.82 62,248 BD Bituminous 24.78 1.40 7.00 8.30 91,617 BE Bituminous 25.06 2.34 9.28 7.49 90,230 BG Bituminous 24.27 4.24 9.43 7.90 76,112 BH Bituminous 23.14 5.87 7.87 9.35 71,963 SA Subbituminous 17.63 0.58 4.99 5.47 9,138 SB Subbituminous 17.58 0.94 5.97 7.04 12,995 SD Subbituminous 17.26 1.44 5.44 11.83 7,782 SE Subbituminous 18.19 2.23 7.45 15.97 29,803 LD Lignite 13.63 1.49 7.65 11.84 13,656 LE Lignite 13.32 2.78 12.51 21.86 17,952 LG Lignite 13.14 3.95 15.29 24.96 32,931 Coal Rank by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima Ash Content (lbs/MMBtu) 15
  • 16. SO2 Grades and Ranges SO2 Grade SO2 Content Range (lbs./MMBtu) A B D E G H 0.00 – 0.80 0.81 – 1.20 1.21 – 1.66 1.67 – 3.34 3.35 – 5.00 > 5.00 by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 16
  • 17. MINING METHODS UNDERGROUND MINING There are two main methods of underground mining: A- room-and-pillar mining B- long wall mining. • The main advantage of room–and-pillar mining over longwall mining is that it allows coal production to start much more quickly, using mobile machinery that costs under $5 million (longwall mining machinery can cost $50 million). The choice of mining technique is site specific but always based on economic considerations; differences even within a single mine can lead to both methods being used. 2- SURFACE MINING or open cut mining • Surface mining – also known as opencast or opencut mining – is only economic when the coal seam is near the surface. This method recovers a higher proportion of the coal deposit than underground mining as all coal seams are exploited – 90% or more of the coal can be recovered. 1- by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 17
  • 18. ROOM AND PILLAR MINING In room-and-pillar mining, coal deposits are mined by cutting a network of ‘rooms’ into the coal seam and leaving behind ‘pillars’ of coal to support the roof of the mine. These pillars can be up to 40% of the total coal in the seam – although this coal can sometimes be recovered at a later stage. This can be achieved in what is known as ‘retreat mining’, where coal is mined from the pillars as workers retreat. The roof is then allowed to collapse and the mine is abandoned. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 18
  • 19. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 19
  • 20. LONG WALL MINING • Long wall mining involves the full extraction of coal from a section of the seam or ‘face’ using mechanical shearers. A long wall face requires careful planning to ensure favorable geology exists throughout the section before development work begins. The coal ‘face’ can vary in length from 100-350m. Self advancing, hydraulically-powered supports temporarily hold up the roof while coal is extracted. When coal has been extracted from the area, the roof is allowed to collapse. Over 75% of the coal in the deposit can be extracted from panels of coal that can extend 3km through the coal seam. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 20
  • 21. Pakistan Analysis in terms of Coal by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 21
  • 22. COAL RESERVES IN PAKISTAN & AZAD KASHMIR by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 22
  • 23. COAL RESERVES IN BALOCHISTAN by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 23
  • 24. COAL RESERVES SINDH by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 24
  • 25. COAL RESERVES PUNJAB by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 25
  • 26. COAL RESERVES KPK by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 26
  • 27. COAL RESERVES AZAD KASHMIR by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 27
  • 28. Efforts & Achievements of Government of Sindh for Thar • The road map for the development of Pakistan coal reserve‘ needs to be built on recognizing coal as an integral part of future energy mix and devising strategy to develop it as ‗core resource‘ in energy mix. This approach requires an enabling environment, which can be achieved by investing exclusively in building physical and institutional infrastructure. The government of Sindh has taken many initiatives and following benchmarks have been achieved to provide enabling environment:- by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 28
  • 29. i. Thar Coal Projects declared as Projects of National Importance and development of Thar coal as a matter of national security. ii. Creation of one window organization viz. TCEB having both federal and provincial governments sit together to facilitate collective decisions making regarding Thar Coal Development. iii. Provision of Fiscal Incentive Package for attracting FDI to Thar-Thar Coal & Energy Board and ECC approved a comprehensive Incentive package. iv. There is no customs duty on Coal Mining Machinery and Equipment and 20.5% IRR has been guaranteed by ECC to those projects, which achieve financial close before December 2014. v. Promotion of Joint Venture Partnership in Coal Development has been introduced and bold initiative of entering into a unique joint venture agreement, with one of the largest industrial groups of the country, viz Engro Group for Thar Coal Development is one of the key proactive steps taken by the Government of Sindh. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 29
  • 30. vi. Detailed exploration and geological assessment of 12 Blocks measuring 1483 Sq Km with total lignite resources of more than 20 billion tons sufficient to meet power requirement of the country for next 100 years. vii. Construction of Thar Airport to facilitate investors-Thar Coalfield is located 410 km away from nearest airport. Air port Construction works are in full swing and by December 2013 Thar Airport will be available to facilitate travel of local and foreign investors to coalfields and for transportation of light machinery and equipment. viii. Improvement of Road Network leading to Thar Coal field for movement of heavy Mining Machinery- Government of Sindh has initiated the project for Improvement & Widening of Road Network from Seaport Karachi to Thar Coalfield Area via Thatta, Badin, up to Wango (Phase-I 200 KM) and Wango More to Thar Coalfield Area (Phase-II 134.86 km). The Project will be completed in 2014. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 30
  • 31. ix. Construction and successful operation of Reverse Osmosis Plants in Thar for supply of potable water to people of Thar Region-the Government of Sindh as part of infrastructure development undertook the task for providing long-term and economical solution of potable water to the inhabitants living near coalfield area of Thar Desert. Brackish/saline groundwater converted into potable water through sophisticated Reverse Osmosis (water desalination) technology. Government of Sindh has installed 110 RO plants in Tharparkar, Thatta, Badin, Umarkot areas catering the population of approx 850000 in four districts. x. Construction of Thar Lodge-Keeping in view the requirements of decent accommodation for investors near Coal Mining site at Islamkot, the Government of Sindh has constructed a high standard accommodation facility by the name of Thar Lodge. Thar Lodge is consisting of five chalets each having two bed rooms and a main building having 10 rooms, drawing/dining hall, kitchen, dormitories, lobby, porch, mosque, garage and servant quarters. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 31
  • 32. TYPES & USES OF COAL • Low Rank Coals 47% • Hard Coals 53 % • (High Moisture Content of Coal) • • Lignite 17 % ( Used for Power Generation) 1- Bituminous • Sub Bituminus 30 % (Used for Power Generation, Cement Manufacture, Industrial Uses) (Carbon/Energy Content of Coal) 52 % A- Thermal Steam Cool (Used for Power Generation, Cement Manufacture, Industrial Uses) B- Metallurgical Coking Cool Used for Manufacture of Iron and Steel 2- Anthracite .1 % • Used for Domestic, Industrial and For Smokeless Fuel by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 32
  • 33. Uses of Lignite Combustion (Steam) Electricity (Steam Turbines) Lignite Coal Gasification CH4 CO CO2 H2 H2 Ash Tar Naphta Phenol Catechols Carbon Dioxide Dephenolized Cresylic Acid H2S NH3 Crude Oil Refinery Coal to Liquid Fisher Tropsch Synthesis Ammonia Fertilizer Explosives Source: Syngas and Coal Technology, R & D, SASOL – Mr Johannes Van Heerdeen by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 33 Ethanol Jet Fuel Diesel Petrol Paraffin Chemicals (Ethylene  Polymers
  • 34. Coal in Electricity Generation • • • • • • • • • • • • South Africa Poland China Australia Kazakhstan India Israel Czech Rep Morocco Greece USA Germany 93% 87% 79% 78% 75% 68% 58% 51% 51% 54% 45% 41% by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 34
  • 35. How is Coal Converted to Electricity? by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 35
  • 36. Lignite Based Power Generation in India • Lignite mining all over the world is being carried out under complex hydro geological and geotechnical environments causing a range of problems affecting the production method and utilization of run-off mine coal. There are many practical examples of large lignite deposit developments in the world. Neyvelli lignite deposit in South India is among those with similar geological conditions at Thar Pakistan. There are no technical difficulties in developing this lignite field and producing lignite from a deep place. • The lignite seam in Neyvelli lignite deposit was first exposed in August 1961, and regular mining of lignite commenced in May 1962. Neyvelli Lignite Corporation Ltd. is producing approximately 2.4 million tons of lignite from four open cast pits, and feeds the lignite to mine-mouth power plants (Total capacity 2740 MW). by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 36
  • 37. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited India • Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) is a governmentowned lignite mining and power generating company in India. NLC operates the largest open-pit lignite mines in India, presently mining 24 MT of lignite and has an installed capacity of 2,740 MW of electricity. It also supplies a large quantity of sweet water to Chennai from the artesian aquifers in the lignite mines. On 11 April 2011, it joined the elite group of Navratna Companies. In 1956 NLC was formed as a Corporate body. • • Founded1956 • HeadquartersChennai, India • Key people Shri. B Surender Mohan (Chairman & MD) • Revenue 48.66 billion(US$780 million)(2011–2012) • Net income 14.11 billion(US$230 million)(2011–2012) Employees 18,434 (2011) by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 37
  • 38. Pakistan Coal vs India Coal Thar Lignite Coal field Pakistan Neyveli Lignite deposits India Overburden Condition Upper strata dune sand 14-93 m (av 50 m) sand slit clay Lower strata Alluvial deposit 11-209 m (av 150 m) sand stone siltstone Cuddalore sandstone 45 m to 103 m (Lateric-clayey very hard sand stone) Annual Production Planned 5.0 million Tons (Bl. 1) 6.5 Million Tons (Bl. 2) 2.4 Million Tons (Bl. 6) Mine 1 10.5 Million Tons, Mine 1-A 3.0 Million Tons, Mine 2 15.0 Million Tons, Barsinsar 2.1 Million Tons Strip Ratio 6.6 :1 (m3:t) 7.0 :1 (m3:t) Quality Control Rank Lignite A to Lignite B Lignite (no coal rank data) Moisture 44.77% 53.0 % Volatile Matter 23.42 % 24.0 % Fixed Carbon 16.66 % 20.0 % Sulphur 1.16 % 0.6 % Heating Value (3208 Kcal/kg 2400 Kcal/kg Ash 6.24 3.0 by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 38
  • 39. Status of Mining & Power Projects at Thar Coal THAR COAL BLOCKS STATUS TIMELINES BLOCK 1 Global Mining Company of China Open cast mining of 10 mtpa 900 MW Coal Supply to Local Thermal Plants and Cement Industry Bankable Feasibility Completed Planned Coal Prod. by 2015-2016 Power Generation by 2017-2018 BLOCK 2 Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (JV 51 % GoS, 49 % Engro) Open cast mining of 6.5 mtpa 600 MW Bankable Feasibility completed 2010 Sovereign Guarantees by Goop for mining approved to facilitate by Chinese financial institutions Ground Breaking held 14 March, 2013 Over burden removal on Jan 2014 Project plans to reach 3.5 years 2017 BLOCK 5 Under ground coal gasification Project And Power plant Planned 36 bore holes have been drilled Test bum done in Dec 2011 & Syn Gas being produced Power plant of 8-10 MW is being installed BLOCK 6 Oracle Coal Fields PLC UK Open cast mine of 2.2 mtpa Detailed feasibility completed April 2011, Start of mine development 2014 Agreement with KESC for 300 MW by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 39
  • 40. Thanks a Lot • It’s a Series of Presentations and Comprehensive papers will be later printed in the shape for a Book which will include INTEGRATED ENERGY MODEL FOR PAKISTAN and WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN. • Best Regards From: MALIK TARIQ SARWAR AWAN and ENGR. SAIMA KHORO. Hope our Efforts for Betterment of Pakistan Will be appreciated by Our Viewers. by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima 40