This is Series if Presentations, total 17 Presentations, this is No. 2, Next will be Hydel Power of Pakistan, Finally ending in last 4 presentations at Solutions to energy crises to Pakistan.
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Thar Coal, A Black Treasure OF Pakistan ( Series of Presentations, (No. 2/17)
1. BLACK TREASURE OF PAKISTAN
THAR COAL
( A SURE BRIGHT FUTURE )
SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN
SERIES PRESENTATION No. 2 out of 17 Presentations
BY
Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan, Food Technologist,
Chairman Research Wing, Pakistan Flour Mills Association,
Editor, Wheat Milling News, PFMA .
Member Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists
&
Engineer Saima Khoro,
BE Electrical, MS Engineering Management.
Trans World International
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
1
2. A Comparison of Power Generation fuel Mix
World
Pakistan
World Power Generation fuel Mix 2008-09
Pakistan Power Generation Fuel Mix 2008-09
Nuclear, 1.8%
Others 2%
Nuclear 15%
Coal 41%
Nuclear
Hydel
Hydro 16%
Gas
Gas, 32.4
%
Hydel, 30.
3%
Oil
Coal
Gas 20%
others
Coal, 0.1%
Oil, 35.4%
Oil 6%
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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3. Demand & Supply Gap Projection for
Pakistan
Project Demand
Gap (MW)
Current Installed Capacity (MW)
Year
MW
2010
24,474
6,577
2015
36,217
18,320
54,359
36,462
80,566
62,669
113,695
95,798
2020
19,566
2025
2030
Source: Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO)
Future Energy Demand Supply Gap is Alarming!
3
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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4. Benefit to Economy – Reduction in Power Generation
Cost
• NPV of savings from Block II alone is over Rs. 3.2 Trillion
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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5. Annual Savings in Foreign Exchange from Thar
Block II
•
Cumulative savings of over USD 87 Billion from Block II alone
•
Net Present Value of USD 31 B discounted at the rate of inflation (US CPI: 3%)
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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6. Pakistan’s Coal Reserves
Sindh
186.560 billion tonnes
Thar 175 billion tonnes
Punjab
235 million tonnes
Balochistan
217 million tonnes
KPK
90 million tonnes
Azad Kashmir
Thar
9 million tonnes
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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9. GLOBAL COAL BASED POWER GENERATION
SCENARIO
• Coal is one of the world‘s most important sources of
energy, fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In
many countries, this figure is much higher:
• Poland relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity;
• South Africa for
92%;
• China for
77%;
• Australia for
76%.
• Coal has been the world‘s fastest growing energy
source in recent years — faster than
gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable sources.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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10. THAR COAL FIELD
• The Thar coalfield is located in Thar Desert, Tharparkar
District of Sindh province in Pakistan. The deposits - 6th
largest coal reserves in the world, were discovered in 1991
by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) and the United State
Agency for International Development.
• Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading countries seventh in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the
discovery of huge lignite coal resources in Sindh. The
economic coal deposits of Pakistan are restricted to Paleocene
and Eocene rock sequences. It is one of the world’s
largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90’s, spread over
more than 9,000 km2. comprise around 175 billion tones
sufficient to meet the country’s fuel requirements for
centuries.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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12. Background Primer on Coal:
• Coal consists of the fossilized remains of ancient
plant life that have been transformed through
metamorphosis into carbon-rich mineral deposits.
Coal mineral classification considers type, rank, and
grade. The plant life that coal originated from
determines its type, and the degree of
metamorphosis determines its rank, grade, and the
amount of inorganic mineral matter present.
Qualities such as moisture, carbon, sulfur, and ash
content contribute to a coal’s heating value as a fuel
(measured in British thermal units Btu.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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14. The Coal Cycle
• After being mined, coal goes through a
cleaning prep facility, where it is cleaned and
separated by grades. Cleaning upgrades the
quality of the coal by removing some of the
impurities such as rock, clay, and other ashproducing material. Utilities burn pulverized
coal to produce high-pressure steam that
powers an electric generator. As coal is
burned, emissions are produced that contain
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon
dioxide, particulate matter, ash, and mercury.
A discussion of coal combustion emissions is
found.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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16. SO2 Grades and Ranges
SO2 Grade
SO2 Content Range
(lbs./MMBtu)
A
B
D
E
G
H
0.00 – 0.80
0.81 – 1.20
1.21 – 1.66
1.67 – 3.34
3.35 – 5.00
> 5.00
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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17. MINING METHODS
UNDERGROUND MINING
There are two main methods of underground mining:
A- room-and-pillar mining
B- long wall mining.
• The main advantage of room–and-pillar mining over longwall mining is
that it allows coal production to start much more quickly, using mobile
machinery that costs under $5 million (longwall mining machinery can
cost $50 million). The choice of mining technique is site specific but
always based on economic considerations; differences even within a
single mine can lead to both methods being used.
2- SURFACE MINING or open cut mining
• Surface mining – also known as opencast or opencut mining – is only
economic when the coal seam is near the surface. This method recovers
a higher proportion of the coal deposit than underground mining as all
coal seams are exploited – 90% or more of the coal can be recovered.
1-
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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18. ROOM AND PILLAR MINING
In room-and-pillar mining, coal deposits are mined by
cutting a network of ‘rooms’ into the coal seam and
leaving behind ‘pillars’ of coal to support the roof of
the mine. These pillars can be up to 40% of the total
coal in the seam – although this coal can sometimes
be recovered at a later stage. This can be achieved in
what is known as ‘retreat mining’, where coal is
mined from the pillars as workers retreat. The roof is
then allowed to collapse and the mine is abandoned.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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20. LONG WALL MINING
• Long wall mining involves the full extraction of coal
from a section of the seam or ‘face’ using mechanical
shearers. A long wall face requires careful planning to
ensure favorable geology exists throughout the
section before development work begins. The coal
‘face’ can vary in length from 100-350m. Self
advancing, hydraulically-powered supports
temporarily hold up the roof while coal is extracted.
When coal has been extracted from the area, the
roof is allowed to collapse. Over 75% of the coal in
the deposit can be extracted from panels of coal that
can extend 3km through the coal seam.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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28. Efforts & Achievements of Government of Sindh for Thar
• The road map for the development of Pakistan coal
reserve‘ needs to be built on recognizing coal as an
integral part of future energy mix and devising
strategy to develop it as ‗core resource‘ in energy
mix. This approach requires an enabling
environment, which can be achieved by investing
exclusively in building physical and institutional
infrastructure. The government of Sindh has taken
many initiatives and following benchmarks have
been achieved to provide enabling environment:-
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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29. i. Thar Coal Projects declared as Projects of National Importance and
development of Thar coal as a matter of national security.
ii. Creation of one window organization viz. TCEB having both federal
and provincial governments sit together to facilitate collective
decisions making regarding Thar Coal Development.
iii. Provision of Fiscal Incentive Package for attracting FDI to Thar-Thar
Coal & Energy Board and ECC approved a comprehensive Incentive
package.
iv. There is no customs duty on Coal Mining Machinery and Equipment
and 20.5% IRR has been guaranteed by ECC to those projects, which
achieve financial close before December 2014.
v. Promotion of Joint Venture Partnership in Coal Development has
been introduced and bold initiative of entering into a unique joint
venture agreement, with one of the largest industrial groups of the
country, viz Engro Group for Thar Coal Development is one of the
key proactive steps taken by the Government of Sindh.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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30. vi. Detailed exploration and geological assessment of 12 Blocks
measuring 1483 Sq Km with total lignite resources of more than 20
billion tons sufficient to meet power requirement of the country for
next 100 years.
vii. Construction of Thar Airport to facilitate investors-Thar Coalfield is
located 410 km away from nearest airport. Air port Construction
works are in full swing and by December 2013 Thar Airport will be
available to facilitate travel of local and foreign investors to coalfields
and for transportation of light machinery and equipment.
viii. Improvement of Road Network leading to Thar Coal field for
movement of heavy Mining Machinery- Government of Sindh has
initiated the project for Improvement & Widening of Road Network
from Seaport Karachi to Thar Coalfield Area via Thatta, Badin, up to
Wango (Phase-I 200 KM) and Wango More to Thar Coalfield Area
(Phase-II 134.86 km). The Project will be completed in 2014.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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31. ix. Construction and successful operation of Reverse Osmosis Plants in
Thar for supply of potable water to people of Thar Region-the
Government of Sindh as part of infrastructure development
undertook the task for providing long-term and economical solution
of potable water to the inhabitants living near coalfield area of Thar
Desert. Brackish/saline groundwater converted into potable water
through sophisticated Reverse Osmosis (water desalination)
technology. Government of Sindh has installed 110 RO plants in
Tharparkar, Thatta, Badin, Umarkot areas catering the population of
approx 850000 in four districts.
x. Construction of Thar Lodge-Keeping in view the requirements of
decent accommodation for investors near Coal Mining site at
Islamkot, the Government of Sindh has constructed a high standard
accommodation facility by the name of Thar Lodge. Thar Lodge is
consisting of five chalets each having two bed rooms and a main
building having 10 rooms, drawing/dining hall, kitchen, dormitories,
lobby, porch, mosque, garage and servant quarters.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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32. TYPES & USES OF COAL
• Low Rank Coals 47%
• Hard Coals 53 %
•
(High Moisture Content of Coal)
•
•
Lignite 17 %
( Used for Power Generation)
1- Bituminous
•
Sub Bituminus 30 %
(Used for Power Generation, Cement
Manufacture,
Industrial Uses)
(Carbon/Energy Content of Coal)
52 %
A- Thermal Steam Cool
(Used for Power Generation, Cement
Manufacture,
Industrial Uses)
B- Metallurgical Coking Cool
Used for Manufacture of Iron and Steel
2- Anthracite .1 %
• Used for Domestic, Industrial and For
Smokeless Fuel
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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33. Uses of Lignite
Combustion (Steam)
Electricity (Steam Turbines)
Lignite
Coal
Gasification
CH4
CO
CO2
H2
H2
Ash
Tar
Naphta
Phenol
Catechols
Carbon Dioxide
Dephenolized Cresylic Acid
H2S
NH3
Crude Oil Refinery
Coal to Liquid
Fisher Tropsch
Synthesis
Ammonia
Fertilizer
Explosives
Source: Syngas and Coal Technology, R & D, SASOL – Mr Johannes Van Heerdeen
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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Ethanol
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Petrol
Paraffin
Chemicals (Ethylene
Polymers
34. Coal in Electricity Generation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
South Africa
Poland
China
Australia
Kazakhstan
India
Israel
Czech Rep
Morocco
Greece
USA
Germany
93%
87%
79%
78%
75%
68%
58%
51%
51%
54%
45%
41%
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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35. How is Coal Converted to Electricity?
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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36. Lignite Based Power Generation in India
• Lignite mining all over the world is being carried out under
complex hydro geological and geotechnical environments
causing a range of problems affecting the production method
and utilization of run-off mine coal. There are many practical
examples of large lignite deposit developments in the world.
Neyvelli lignite deposit in South India is among those with
similar geological conditions at Thar Pakistan. There are no
technical difficulties in developing this lignite field and
producing lignite from a deep place.
• The lignite seam in Neyvelli lignite deposit was first exposed in
August 1961, and regular mining of lignite commenced in May
1962. Neyvelli Lignite Corporation Ltd. is producing
approximately 2.4 million tons of lignite from four open cast
pits, and feeds the lignite to mine-mouth power plants (Total
capacity 2740 MW).
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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37. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited India
• Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) is a governmentowned lignite mining and power generating company in India.
NLC operates the largest open-pit lignite mines in
India, presently mining 24 MT of lignite and has an installed
capacity of 2,740 MW of electricity. It also supplies a large
quantity of sweet water to Chennai from the artesian aquifers
in the lignite mines. On 11 April 2011, it joined the elite group
of Navratna Companies. In 1956 NLC was formed as a
Corporate body.
•
• Founded1956
• HeadquartersChennai, India
• Key people Shri. B Surender Mohan (Chairman & MD)
• Revenue
48.66 billion(US$780 million)(2011–2012)
• Net income 14.11 billion(US$230 million)(2011–2012)
Employees 18,434 (2011)
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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38. Pakistan Coal vs India Coal
Thar Lignite Coal field
Pakistan
Neyveli Lignite deposits
India
Overburden Condition
Upper strata dune sand 14-93
m (av 50 m) sand slit clay
Lower strata Alluvial deposit
11-209 m (av 150 m) sand
stone siltstone
Cuddalore sandstone 45 m to
103 m (Lateric-clayey very
hard sand stone)
Annual Production
Planned
5.0 million Tons (Bl. 1)
6.5 Million Tons (Bl. 2)
2.4 Million Tons (Bl. 6)
Mine 1 10.5 Million Tons,
Mine 1-A 3.0 Million Tons,
Mine 2 15.0 Million Tons,
Barsinsar 2.1 Million Tons
Strip Ratio
6.6 :1 (m3:t)
7.0 :1 (m3:t)
Quality Control Rank
Lignite A to Lignite B
Lignite (no coal rank data)
Moisture
44.77%
53.0 %
Volatile Matter
23.42 %
24.0 %
Fixed Carbon
16.66 %
20.0 %
Sulphur
1.16 %
0.6 %
Heating Value
(3208 Kcal/kg
2400 Kcal/kg
Ash
6.24
3.0
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
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39. Status of Mining & Power Projects at Thar Coal
THAR COAL BLOCKS
STATUS TIMELINES
BLOCK 1
Global Mining Company of China
Open cast mining of 10 mtpa 900 MW
Coal Supply to Local Thermal Plants and
Cement Industry
Bankable Feasibility Completed
Planned Coal Prod. by 2015-2016
Power Generation by 2017-2018
BLOCK 2
Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company
(JV 51 % GoS, 49 % Engro)
Open cast mining of 6.5 mtpa 600 MW
Bankable Feasibility completed 2010
Sovereign Guarantees by Goop for mining
approved to facilitate by Chinese financial
institutions
Ground Breaking held 14 March, 2013
Over burden removal on Jan 2014
Project plans to reach 3.5 years 2017
BLOCK 5
Under ground coal gasification Project
And Power plant Planned
36 bore holes have been drilled
Test bum done in Dec 2011 & Syn Gas being
produced
Power plant of 8-10 MW is being installed
BLOCK 6
Oracle Coal Fields PLC UK
Open cast mine of 2.2 mtpa
Detailed feasibility completed April 2011, Start
of mine development 2014
Agreement with KESC for 300 MW
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
39
40. Thanks a Lot
• It’s a Series of Presentations and Comprehensive
papers will be later printed in the shape for a Book
which will include
INTEGRATED ENERGY MODEL FOR PAKISTAN
and
WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN.
• Best Regards From:
MALIK TARIQ SARWAR AWAN
and
ENGR. SAIMA KHORO.
Hope our Efforts for Betterment of Pakistan Will be
appreciated by Our Viewers.
by Tariq Sarwar & Engr. Saima
40