1. TAD Challenges and future prospective
TAD control
( Strengthening of Veterinary Services)
Presented
By
Prof. Hassan Aidaros
Prof. of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine
OIE Representative for Egypt (h.aidaros@oie.int)
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2. • The increased movements of livestock , animal products and human
play an important role in spreading Animal diseases.
• A remarkable progress in trade in livestock and animal products
through the last few decades.
• A plane can transport human or animal products ( including
pathogens)for several thousands kilometers in few hours

3. • The inter-relationships between agents causing disease, animal husbandry, human behavior and
the environment are numerous and complex
So the management of disease requires a holistic approach.
• The “One health” approach is appropriate to address zoonoses as well as livestock diseases such
as HPAI, FMD and other TADs which can have severe impacts on:
- people livelihood,
- access to local and national markets,
- wildlife conservation,
- Income of producers and availability of work
- Food for the population

4. • The main responsibility for the control and prevention of diseases of
livestock rests with animal health systems, which are underpinned by
Veterinary Services (VS)
• The VS is recognized as a global public goods

5. VS is a global public goods
• TAD control, based on sound strategies and tools,
generates “global public goods”.
Where the disease is better controlled, the benefits will
be shared across the society of the country as:
- Consumers will benefit from greater stability and
availability of livestock products,
- Livestock owners will have fewer losses and greater
market opportunities and
- People working and running businesses in the livestock
sector will have more reliable source of product of better
quality.

6. VS is a global public goods
• For countries that share borders and trading systems there will
be benefits for both.
• In general it is important to recognize that these benefits will
also be available for future generations.
• Conversely, a country that fails to control TADs may negatively
impact on its neighbors and possibly also those countries with
which it trades.
• That is the “global public goods”.

7. • FAO and OIE have embarked, under the umbrella of
the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of
Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs), on a
Global Strategy and Global Action Plan for FMD
control, with particular emphasis on regions of the
world where the disease is endemic.

8. Global Surveillance
Endemic
Intermediate, sporadic
Free with vaccination
Countries with multiples zones:
FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free
Free. Virus present in game parks
Free

9. Visualization of Regional Virus Pools
as an Aid to Global Control
Divides the Globe into 7 pools each with
• Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to that
pool
• Each pool may need tailored vaccines and strategies

10. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 1
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 2
O, A, Asia 1

11. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 5
O, A, SAT 1, 2
Pool 4
A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 6
SAT 1, 2, 3

12. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 7
O, A

13. WRLFMD Regional Analysis- 2012
®
What Else?
Pool 3 Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1 &O, A, Asia 1
SAT 2
Pool 5
No reports in 2012
Pool 1
O&A
Pool 7
No reports in 2012 Pool 2
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 4
A, O, SAT 1 & 2
Pool 6
SAT 1 & 2

14. Egypt- Recent FMD Outbreaks
Egypt has at least 3 serotypes of FMDV
and a number of topotypes
1. O/ME-SA/Egy-72 (2006-2009)
2. O/ME-SA/PanAsia 2 (Egy-09) (2009 & 2011
3. A/Africa/G-VII (Ken-05) (2006 & 2009)
4. A/Asia/Iran-05 (Bar-08) (2010-2011)
5. A/Africa/G-IV (ISM-12) (2012)
6. SAT2/VII/Alx-12 (2012)
7. SAT2/VII/Ghb-12 (2012)

15. FMD Outbreaks 2012
Vaccination against SAT 2 in Egypt
August 2012
Vaccination with monovalent SAT2 – 1st round with locally produced vaccine
Total= 827,954 in 21 governorates . 4 million cattle
cattle 431,568 3 million buffalo
Buffaloes 211,352
sheep 159,398
goat 25,636
2nd round vaccination with monovalent locally produced SAT2 vaccine = 148,741
cattle 114.439
buffaloes 31,946
sheep 1,289
goat 1,067
Information provided by Dr Soheir Hassan Abd El Kader
Under Secretary of centeral adminstration of preventive medicine
General Organization for Veterinary Services
Ministry of Agriculture
Cairo, Egypt

16. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype O vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2
Afghanistan O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Bahrain O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Congo O ME-SA PanAsia -
Egypt O ME-SA PanAsia-2 -
Ethiopia O EA-3 - -
Iran O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O ME-SA PanAsia-2 FAR-09
Israel O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Japan O SEA Mya 98 -
Kenya O EA-2 - -
Kuwait O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Libya O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O EA-3 - -
Malaysia O SEA Mya-98 -
Kingdom Saudi O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Arabia
Sudan O EA-3 - -
Thailand O SEA Mya-98 -
O ME-SA PanAsia -
Turkey O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
UAE O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Vietnam O ME-SA PanAsia -

17. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Pool 4 Eastern Africa
Serotype A vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage A A A A A
Eri Saudi Iran Tur MAY
98 95 A22 05 06 97
Congo A Africa G-I -
Egypt A Africa G-IV -
A Asia Iran-05 BAR-08
Sudan A Africa G-IV -
Good match
Some matches
No match

18. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
SAT Serotypes Vaccine Matching
Country Serotype Topotype
of Origin SAT 1
Pool 4 Rho
Eastern Africa Kenya SAT 1 I (NWZ)
SAT 2 Zim SAT 2 Eri
Bahrain SAT 2 IV
Egypt SAT 2 VII
Pool 3 Kenya SAT 2 IV
Eur-Asia Libya SAT 2 VII
Pool 4 PAT SAT 2 VII
Eastern Africa Sudan SAT 2 VII
Tanzania SAT 2 IV
Good match
Some matches
No match

19. • FMD is one of the most contagious animal diseases and
internationally the most important TAD.
• In countries where FMD is endemic the disease is often
under reported, even though farmers have been shown to
suffer serious economic losses.
• Many developing countries are poorly equipped to deal
effectively with livestock diseases, including FMD, and so
it continues to negatively affect food security and
economic development.

20. THE PROGRESSIVE CONTROL PATHWAY
FOR FMD CONTROL
(FMD-PCP)

21. PCP-FMD
• The PCP-FMD is a set of FMD control activity stages (Figure 1) that, if
implemented, should enable countries to progressively increase the level of
FMD control to the point where an application for OIE-endorsement of a
national control programme vaccination (in an advanced phase of Stage 3)
or official freedom from FMD with or without vaccination (end of Stages
4 and 5, respectively) may be successful and the status sustainable.

23. The PCP approach is based on the following
principles:
1) active monitoring for FMDV circulation and
understanding the epidemiology of FMD are the
foundation of a control program, and therefore
activities to meet these requirements are
common in all stages.
The monitoring of outcomes (indicators of control
effectiveness), within a national FMD
management system, is included at the higher
stages;

24. 2) activities in each PCP stage are appropriate to the
required reduction in virus circulation and mitigation of
disease risk to be achieved;
3) activities and their impacts are measurable in
each Stage, comparable between countries, and
generate information and potential benefits to national
as well as international stakeholders;
4) the optimization of resource use for FMD control is
achieved through the targeting of measures to the
husbandry systems and critical risk points where the
impact on disease control and/or virus circulation will be
greatest.

25. Strengthening Veterinary Services
• VS are an essential component of the animal health system that
protects animal health and safeguards animal production;
To function effectively, VS require:
- Appropriate infrastructure,
- Trained and effective personnel
- Sufficient operating budgets to perform their disease
mitigation activities.
Unfortunately, in many developing countries, the VS infrastructure is
often of insufficient quality and the operating budget inadequate.

26. With globalisation and the growth of international
trade, the responsibility of VS extends beyond
national borders, in particular in regard to trade in
livestock and animal products. Importers and
consumers desire healthy livestock and safe animal
products and this brings into consideration the quality
and credibility of VS.

27. • PVS pathway: evaluation of the veterinary services
The OIE tool for the Evaluation of Performance of
Veterinary Services (OIE PVS Tool) is an objective,
qualitative mechanism for assessing the quality of VS
that creates a basis for a Gap Analysis and the
development of an investment plan to seek the
necessary funds to redress these weaknesses.

28. Key Words:

29. Critical competencies
I- Human Physical and Financial Resources:
I.2.A. Professional competencies of veterinarians
I.2.B. Competencies of veterinary para-professionals
I.3. Continuing education
I.4. Technical independence
I.5. Stability of structures and sustainability of policies
I.6.A. Internal coordination (chain of command)
I.6.B. External coordination
I.7. Physical resources
1.8. Funding
1.9. Contingency and compensatory funding
1.10. Capability to invest and develop

30. II- Technical Authority and Capability:
II.1.Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
II.2.Laboratory quality assurance
II.3.Risk analysis
II.4.Quarantine and border security
II.5.Epidemiological surveillance
II.6.Early detection and emergency response
II.7.Disease prevention control and eradication
II.8.Veterinary pubic health and food safety
II.9.Veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals
II.10.Residue testing
II.11.Emergency issues
II.12.Technical innovation

31. III- Interaction with stakeholders:
III.1.Communications
III.2.Consultation with stakeholders
III.3.Official representation
III.4.Accredetation/authorization/delegation
III.5.Veterinary statutory body
III.6. Participation of producers and other stakeholders
in joint programmes

32. IV-Access to markets:
IV.1.Preparation of legislation and regulations, and its
implementation
IV.2.Stakeholder compliance with legislation and regulations
IV.3.International harmonization
IV.4.International certification
IV.5.Equivalence and other types of sanitary agreements
IV.6.Traceability
IV.7.Transparency
IV.8.Zoning
IV.9.Compatmentalisation

33. Thank you for your
kind attention
Prof. Hassan Aidaros
Prof. of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine
OIE Representative for Egypt (h.aidaros@oie.com)
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