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気候・文明・天文学
麻布学園 理科(地学)教諭
林 隆之
文明とは
• 文明が文明であるために・・・
– 農耕牧畜: 狩猟採集からの移行 (食糧生産革命)
– 交易: 商人・職人の誕生 (都市)
– 階級: 富の蓄積による支配者の誕生 (都市国家)
– 文化: 支配階級のもとで発展
• 四大文明はなぜ「四大」?
– Cradle of civilization
(文明のゆりかご)
(大同江文明を加えて五大文明と呼ぶことも・・・)
四大文明
• 大河川の沿岸で発達した四つの文明
Suntory webサイト
天文学は最古の学問のうちの1つ
• 地上から見える星空は
– 場所
– 時刻
によって決まる.
• 逆に,星空を見れば
– 時刻
– 場所
が分かる.
Wikipedia: 星座早見盤
メソポタミア文明
• チグリス・ユーフラテス川の沿岸で発達した文明
– 小麦の栽培
– 粘土板への文字情報の記録
粘土板:早稲田大学図書館 webサイト
メソポタミア文明の天文学
• メソポタミア文明の暦
– 太陰太陽暦の利用
「1か月」は月の運動で,1年は「太陽の運動」で決める.
• サロス周期
– 1サロス=約6585日
– 1サロスの中に・・・
• 新月: 223回
• 日食: 39-40回
太陽・月・地球の位置関係が約6585日周期で変わることが,
メソポタミア文明では既に知られていた.
インダス文明
• インダス川に沿って発達した文明
– バーレーンを介してメソポタミア文明と交易
http://www.matrix.msu.edu/hst/guide/history140r/unit3/mod/module03.php
インダス文明の天文学
• 航海術の発達 (林の推測ですが・・・)
– 星空から現在位置を推定していたはず
Wikipedia:六分儀六分儀 © T.Hayashi
(六分儀自体は17世紀にニュートンが発明)
宮崎 駿 「風の谷のナウシカ」(徳間出版)
エジプト文明
• ナイル川の沿岸で発達した文明
– エジプトはナイルの賜物 ~ヘロドトス「歴史」
– ピラミッドは農閑期の公共事業?!
Wikipedia: 三大ピラミッド
エジプト文明
• パピルス (papyrus)
– 粘土板と同様に文字情報を記録
– 紙の起源
– paperの語源
Wikipedia: パピルス
エジプト文明の天文学
• ピラミッドの向きについての規則性
Google Earth
エジプト文明の天文学
ピラミッドの南北辺の真北からの系統的なずれ.横軸は年代〔紀元前),縦軸は真北
からのずれ(単位は角度の分).番号1-8は代表的ピラミッドの測定値.各点の多くは,
歳差によってずれが変化してゆく傾向(直線aとb) とよく一致している.直線aはミザー
ルの上方通過, bはコカブの上方通過の場合である.
(中村 士・岡村 定矩 著 「宇宙観5000年史」 東京大学出版会)
エジプト文明の天文学
• 地球の自転軸の延長にある星(「北極星」)は動かない.
• 地球の自転軸はふらついている(歳差運動).
• 「北極星」も時間とともに変わる.
出典:「理科ねっとわーく 宇宙・天文まめ知識」
まとめ
• 四大文明
– 河川で~5000年前に発達した文明.
– これらの文明が種となり各地に文化が広まる.
– これらの文明では天文学が発達した.
(その頃,日本は・・・)
• 疑問
A. なぜ,各文明が同時期に離れた場所で発達したのか?
B. なぜ,各文明がいずれも天文学を発達させたのか
考察:鈴木秀夫の仮説
中村 士・岡村 定矩 著 「宇宙観5000年史」 東京大学出版会
考察:鈴木秀夫の仮説
• 気候変動により各地で寒冷化と乾燥化.
 草原の民や牧畜民は,狩猟採集できなくなる.
 水を求めて河川近くへ移動.
 既に定住していた農耕民と接触した.
 流入した過剰人口が奴隷や労働者となる. 階級
 支配者が知識階級を生みだした.  文化
農業革命
都市革命
天を見る機会の増加
天を見る必要性
天だけを見る人間の登場
気候が変動したことがきっかけで
文明が生まれ,天文学が発達した可能性がある
参考:古代日本の宇宙観
• 日本で天文の科学知識は発達せず
– 水蒸気量の多いことが原因か?
• 現代でも国内の観測には苦戦
中村 士・岡村 定矩 著 「宇宙観5000年史」 東京大学出版会
日本は湿潤温暖
参考:三内丸山遺跡と気候変動
• 鈴木仮説と同じ理屈で
三内丸山遺跡を説明
Wikipedia: 三内丸山遺跡
東京大学大学院新領域創成科学研究科 自然環境学専攻 web site

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気候変動の中で生まれた「文明」と「天文学」

Notas do Editor

  1. チャプター4,10:10~ メソポタミアの農耕 24:00~33:26 文字の誕生,CG
  2. インダス文字は解読されていない,インダスは川を利用していた.  0:00~1:15 バーレーンを介してインダスとメソポタミアは繋がっていた  46:55~54:20 インダスは滅亡  54:20~
  3. エジプト文明はナイル川が育んだ:  チャプター4(29:50~) ピラミッドは公共事業:  チャプター5,6(36:00~45:30)  1.2倍再生で ~13min