1. 2012 Grammer Book
TIANA ANTHONY

2. Table of Contents
 Presente
 Ser & Estar
 Gustar & Verbs Like Gustar
 Nouns/articles/adjectives
 Preterite vs. Imperfect
 Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
 Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
 Commands
 Object Pronouns
 Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
 Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns
 Reflexives
 Por & Para
 To Become: Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse & Llegar a Ser

3. Presente
-ar -er -ir
yo O O O
Tu As Es Es
El/Ella/ A E E
Usted
Nosotros Amos Emos Imos
(as)
Ellos (as)/ An En En
Ustedes

4.  The present tense of regular verbs is formed by
dropping the infinitive ending –ar, -er, or -ir and
adding personal endings
 The present tense is used to express actions or
situations that are going on at the present time and
to express general truths.

5.  e  ie Stem Changers
o  ue
eI
u ue
Also called boot verbs. There is no stem
change in the nosotros/vosotros

6. Irregulars
-oy(dar) -go(tener) -zco(conocer)
doy damos tengo tenemos conozco
das dais tienes tieneis conoces conoseis
da dan tiene tienen conoce conocen
***Irregular “YO” verbs only change in the yo form

7. Ser and Estar
Estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
soy
Ser
eres
es
somos
sois
son

8.  Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be.“
 Ser shows nationality and place of
origin, profession or occupation, characteristics
of people, animals and
things, generalizations, possession, material of
composition, time, date or season, or where or
when an event takes place. Ser is used to express the
idea of permanence.
 Estar is used to express temporality. Estar shows
location or spatial relationships, health, physical
states and conditions, emotional states, certain
weather expression, ongoing actions, or results
of actions.

9. Verbs like Gustar
 aburrir to bore
 fascinar to be fascinating to When gustar is followed by one or more
 bastar to be sufficient verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of
 importar to be important to gustar is always used. Gustar is often used
 caer bien (mal) to (not) suit
 interesar to be interesting to in the conditional to soften a request.
 dar asco to be loathsome
 molestar to be a bother Since the subject of the sentence must be
 disgustar to hate something either singular (book) or plural
 parecer to appear to be (books), the only forms of gustar you will
 doler (o:ue) to be painful
 picar to itch use are "gusta" and "gustan.“
 encantar to "love" something
 quedar to be left over, remain Remember, gustar becomes either gusta or
 faltar to be lacking something gustan, depending upon whether the
 volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about subject of the sentence is singular or plural.
It has nothing to do with which IO
pronoun is used.

10. Nouns,Articles, and Adjectives
 Nouns
 Nouns ending in –o, -or, -l, -s, or –ma are masculine. Nouns ending
in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, or –z are feminine. There are few exceptions.
 Articles
 Definite and indefinite: articles agree in number and gender with the nouns
they modify. el --masculine singular Un-- masculinesingular
la --feminine singular l una -feminine singular
os --masculine plural unos -masculine plural
las --feminine plural unas -feminine plural
 Adjectives
 agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.
 Masculine- 0,0s-e,es-le,les
 Feminine- a,as-e,es-le,les

11. Preterite Vs. Imperfect
 The preterite tells us specifically when an action
took place.
 The imperfect tells us in general when an action
took place.
Some words signal the use of preterite or imperfect.
Preterite- ayer, anteayer, anoche, desde el primer
momento, durante dos siglos, el otro día
Imperfect-menudo, a veces, cada día, cada semana,
cada mes, cada año, con frecuencia

12. Preterite
 Preterite: regular -ar verbs The preterite form allows
-é you to refer to specific
-aste past actions.
-ó
-amos
-asteis
At a fixed point in time
-aron
 Preterite: regular –ir/er verbs
-í
-iste A specific number of times
-ió
-imos
-isteis During an elapsed amount
-ieron of time

13. Imperfect
 Imperfect: regular -ar verbs Imperfect: regular –er/ir
-aba -ía
-abas -ías
-aba -ía
-ábamos -íamos
-abais -íais
-aban -ían

14. Preterite- Car/Gar/Zar
Car Gar Zar
Qué Gué
Cé
Gaste
Aste Aste
Ó
ó Amos Ó
Amos Asteis Amos
Asteis Aron Asteis
Aron Aron

15. Irregular verbs
Ir/ser Dar/Ver Hacer
Fui d/vi hice
Fuiste d/viste hiciste
Fue d/vio hizo
Fuimos d/vimos hicimos
Fueron d/vieron hicieron

16. “Cucaracha” verbs
 Andar: anduv-
 Estar: estuv-
 Poder: Pud-
 Poner: Pus- -e
 Querer: Quis- -iste
 Saber: sup- -o
 Tener: tuv- -imos
 Venir: Vin- -isteis
 Conductir: conduj- -ieron
 Productir: produj-
 Traducir: traduj-
 Decir: dij-
 Traer: tra-

17. Subjunctive in Noun Clause
 Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical
 Main Clause + Connector + subordinate clause
 -ar--------------e,es,e,emos,en
 -er/ir-----------a,as,a,amos,an
 Irregular: Tenga Venga Dé/diga I vaya Sea
Haga/haya Esté Sepa
 Wishing/wanting Emotions Doubt Disbelief
Impersonal expressions Negation God/grief

18. Impersonal Expressions
 Es bueno que…
 Es mejor que…
 Es malo que…
 Es importante que…
 Es nevesario que…
 Es urgente que…

19. Expressions of Emotion
 Alegrarse (de)- to be happy
 Esperar- to hope, to wish
 Sentir(e-ie)- to be sorry, to regret
 Sporender- to surprise
 Terner- to be afraid; to dear
 Es triste- its sad
 Ojala(que)- I hope (that); I with (that)

20. Expressions of doubt, disbelief, and denial
 Dudar-to doubt
 Negar(e-ie)- to deny
 Es imposible- its impossible
 Es improbable- its improbable
 No es cierto- its not true, its not certain
 No es seguro- its not certain
 No es verdad- its not true

21. Verbs of will and influence
 Acobsejar- to advise
 Importar- to be important; to matter
 Insistir(en)-to insist(on)
 Mandar- to order
 Prohibir-to prohibit
 Rcomendar (e-ie)- to recommend
 Rogar (o-ue)-to beg, to plead
 Sugerir (e-ie)- to suggest

22. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
 Main clause + connector + subordinate clause
 The subjunctive is used in questions with adjective
clauses when the speaker is trying to find out
information about which he or she is uncertain.
 When the antecedent of an adjective is a negative
pronoun the subjunctive is used.

23. Commands
Ud./Uds.- put it in the „yo‟ form and change to
Tu- simply drop the „s‟
opposite vowel
Los Irregulares- di, har, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven
Los irregulares- TVDISHES
DOP-IOP + se can attach to
an infinitive.
DOP-IOP + se must go before
the irreguar command
Tu- put it in the „yo‟ form and change the opposite
Ud./Uds.- same as above
vowel, and add an „s‟
Los irregulares-TVDISHES
Los irregulares- TVDISHES

24. Object Pronoun
Direct Pronouns
Indirect Pronouns Object
Object
Me Nos
Can be a person
Me Nos
Te Os
Te Os
Le/La Les/Las
Le Les
Can be an object
Can be a person
When you have both a direct object pronoun and an
indirect object pronoun in the
Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change
the first pronoun to "se."

25. Object Pronouns etc.
 When object pronouns are attacked to
infinitives,participles, or commands, a written accent
is often required to maintain proper word stress
 Infinitive: Cantarmela
 Present Participle: Escribiendole
 Command: Acompaneme

26. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Adjectives Possessive adjectives agree with the
nouns they modify. That is, they
 mi(s) agree with the thing possessed, not
my the possessor.
 tu(s)
your (fam. sing.)
 su(s)
his, her, your (formal), their
 nuestro(-a, -os, -as)
our
 vuestro(-a, -os, -as)
your (fam. pl.)

27. Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives
Pronouns Possessive pronouns have the same
form as stressed possessive adjectives
Singular Plural and are preceded by a definite article.
el mío los míos
The pronouns agree in gender and
la mía las mías number with the nouns they replace.
el tuyo los tuyos
la tuya las tuyas
el suyo los suyos
la suya las suyas
el nuestro los nuestros
la nuestra las nuestras
el vuestro los vuestros
la vuestra las vuestras

28. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is
referring, and they precede the nouns they modify and agree in
gender and number.
 Este points out nouns that are close to the speaker and the listener.
 Ese modifies nouns nouns that are close to the listener but not the
speaker.
 Aquel refers to nouns that are far away from both the speaker and
the listener.
Demonstrative Pronouns are identical to the adjectives, except that
most use accent marks and that there is a neuter form (adjectives
don't have a neuter form). The accents do not affect the
pronunciation, but are used merely to distinguish adjectives and
pronouns.

29. Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives
Far Ese Esos
Esa Esas
Esta Estas
Near
Esta Estas
Over there
Aquel Aquellos
Aquella Aquella

30. Reflexive verbs
me (myself) Example: aburrir - to bore
aburrirse - to be bored
te (yourself) acordar - to agree
acordarse de - to remember
se (himself, herself, yourself) acostar - to put to bed
despedir - to fire
nos (ourselves) despedirse de - to say goodbye
os (yourselves) dormir - to sleep
dormirse - to fall asleep
se (themselves, yourselves) parecerse a - to resemble
poner - to put
ponerse - to put on
probar - to try, to taste
The subject of reflexive verbs both
probarse - to try on
performs and receives the action.
quitar - to take away
Reflexive verbs are always preceded by
quitarse - to take off
reflexive pronouns.

31. Por vs. Para
Por Para
-to express gratitude or apology -to indicate destination
-for multiplication and division -to show the use or purpose of a thing
-for velocity, frequency and proportion - -to mean "in order to" or "for the
meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in purpose of"
the area of" -to indicate a recipient
-to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of," -to express a deadline or specific time
-to express a length of time -to express a contrast from what is
-to express an undetermined, or general expected
time, meaning "during" -to express an action that will soon be
-for means of communication or completed
transportation
-when followed by an infinitive, to
express an action that remains to be
completed, use por + infinitive
-to express cause or reason

32. To Become: Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, and Llegar a
Ser
 TO BECOME
Hacerse can be
Ponerse + [adjective]
followed by a noun
expresses a change in
or an adjective, and
mental, emotional,
it often implies a
or physical state that
change that results
is usually not long-
from the subject‟s
lasting.
own efforts.
Volverse + Llegar a ser may be
[adjective] expresses followed by a noun
a radical mental or or an adjective, and
psychological it indicated a change
change, and it often over time and does
conveys a gradual or not imply the
irreversible change subject‟s voluntary
in character. effort.