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Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                            Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




                                                     Flight Operations Briefing Notes
                                                  Takeoff and Departure Operations
                                                      Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




    I   Introduction
        A tailstrike occurs if the tail of an aircraft touches the runway during takeoff or landing.
        It can occur with any type of aircraft although long aircraft may be more prone to
        tailstrike, because tailstrike occurrence is directly related to pitch attitude versus
        aircraft geometry and main landing gear status.
        Tailstrikes can result in significant structural damage to the aircraft and, therefore
        jeopardize the safety of the flight and lead to considerable maintenance action.
        Note:
        The purpose of this Flight Operations Briefing Note is to address tailstrikes occurrence
        at takeoff.


   II   Background Information – Statistical Data


  II.1 Statistical Data
        About 25% of reported tailstrikes occur at takeoff and 65% at landing (Source: Airbus-2004).
        Note:
        Tailstrike at landing is addressed in the Flight Operations Briefing Note Preventing
        Tailstrike at Landing.

        The main causes of tailstrikes at takeoff are a non appropriate rotation technique and
        premature rotations. However, it is usually difficult to determine one specific cause for
        tailstrikes. In fact, tailstrikes involve several contributing factors and often occur in
        adverse weather conditions (e.g. crosswind, turbulence or windshear).




                                                 Page 1 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                          Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




  II.2 Operational Consequences
        Flight crewmembers may not always be aware that a tailstrike has occurred at takeoff,
        because the impact may not be felt. Analysis of in-service events indicates that,
        in some cases, the tail scraped the runway, so gently, that it was not detected by
        the flight crew. In such cases, the flight crew may be alerted of a suspected tailstrike
        by passengers, cabin crewmembers, crew from other aircraft near the runway, ATC or
        ground personnel.
        As a result, the flight crew will then be aware that the fuselage skin is probably
        damaged, and that the cabin must, therefore, not be pressurized. Cabin vertical speed
        therefore may become the same as aircraft vertical speed, which should then be limited
        for passenger comfort.
        Flight at an altitude that requires a pressurized cabin must be avoided, and a diversion
        to a suitable airport must be performed so that damage assessment can take place.
        Note: In the event of a tailstrike, refer to the applicable FCOM procedure.


  III   Operational and Human Factors Involved in Tailstrikes at Takeoff

        Analysis of in-service events highlights that the following factors may reduce, when
        combined, the tail clearance margin (i.e. distance between the aircraft tail and
        the ground) at takeoff:
        •   Early rotation
        •   Rotation technique
        •   Thrust / Weight ratio
        •   Slats / Flaps configuration
        •   Erroneous CG position and trim setting
        •   Crosswind
        •   Shock absorber oleo inflation.


  III.1 Early Rotation
        An incorrect VR may cause an early rotation, that will lead to an increase in pitch
        attitude at liftoff and, as a result, a reduced tail clearance.
        Analysis of in-service events shows that early rotations can occur when:
            −   The calculated VR is not correct for the actual aircraft weight or flaps
                configuration (for example, computing VR using the ZFW instead of the actual
                takeoff Gross Weight)
            −   There is a mistake in the displayed VR due to an FMS CDU typing error
            −   The pilot flying commands rotation below VR due to gusts, windshear, obstacle
                on the runway, or confusion in callouts.




                                                Page 2 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                            Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




       Note:
       More information on operational and human factors affecting takeoff speed computation
       and utilization is available in the Flight Operations Briefing Note Understanding Takeoff
       Speeds.


  III.2 Rotation Technique
       Rotation rates that are too fast increase the risk of tailstrike, whereas rotation rates
       that are too slow increase the takeoff distance and takeoff run.
       If the established rotation rate is not satisfactory, the pilot must avoid rapid and large
       corrections, which cause sharp reaction in pitch from the aircraft.
       If, to increase the rotation rate, a further and late aft sidestick (or control column, as
       applicable) input is made around the time of liftoff, the possibility of a tailstrike is
       significantly increased. This is especially a risk on aircraft that may have a large inertia
       (e.g. long aircraft) since the initial rotation rate produced by a given sidestick (or
       control column, as applicable) input takes time to build up (when the rotation rate has
       developed, it remains relatively constant for a stick position).

       For long aircraft, the sensory feedback provided to the flight crew, during rotation, is
       different to that provided for shorter aircraft due to the length of the fuselage and its
       flexibility:
       •   The aircraft is longer, therefore for a same rotation rate, the local vertical
           acceleration sensed by the flight crew is higher.
       •   Due to the flexibility of the aircraft, firstly, the pilot senses a delay in the rotation;
           then, the sensory effects of the local vertical acceleration are somehow amplified.

       This sensory feedback shall not lead the pilot to overact by making large changes in the
       sidestick (or control column, as applicable) inputs, which lead to potential large pitch
       oscillations.


  III.3 Thrust/Weight Ratio
       The possibility of a tailstrike increases during takeoff with low thrust to weight ratios,
       where the aircraft performance is limited by the second-segment climb gradient.
       Heavy aircraft taking off from high altitude airport or in hot conditions are more
       sensitive to tailstrikes than other aircraft.


  III.4 Slats/Flaps Configuration
       For a given aircraft weight, a variety of flap configurations are possible. In general,
       a high flaps configuration decreases the probability of a tailstrike, by reducing
       the required pitch for liftoff.




                                                 Page 3 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                                  Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




       For a given configuration, the lower the VR the higher the risk of tailstrike.
       The minimum VR is determined by VMU, therefore, when VMU appears as the limit in
       the computed takeoff speeds, the tailstrike margin is reduced.


  III.5 Erroneous CG Position / Trim Setting
       The main purpose of the pitch trim setting for takeoff is to provide consistent rotation
       characteristics. If, for any reason, the trim setting does not match the CG position,
       the aircraft will not rotate as usual (Figure 1):
       •   With a forward CG or the pitch trim erroneously set to the nose-down direction,
           the flight crew will notice that the aircraft is “heavy to rotate”, and that aircraft
           rotation will be very slow in response to the usual takeoff control input
       •   With an aft CG or the pitch trim erroneously set to the nose-up direction, the flight
           crew might have to counteract an early autorotation, until VR is reached.


                          Out of trim
                          at FWD CG



                                  Aircraft heavy
                                     to rotate

      Takeoff Trim
       Green Band

                                                                 Aircraft light
                                                                   to rotate
                                                                  t     t t
                                                                                    Out of trim
                                                                                    at AFT CG



                     FWD CG limit for T/O                                 AFT CG limit for T/O
                                                   Figure 1
                            Relationship between Takeoff Trim and Aircraft CG


  III.6 Crosswind
       In the case of crosswind, the flight crew should minimize lateral inputs on ground and
       during rotation, in order to avoid spoilers extension. If the spoilers are extended on one
       wing, there is a reduction in lift combined with an increase of drag, and therefore,
       a reduction in tail clearance and an increased risk of tailstrike.




                                                   Page 4 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                         Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




  III.7 Shock Absorber Oleo Inflation
       The correct extension of the main landing gear shock absorber (and therefore
       the nominal increase in tail clearance during rotation) relies on the correct inflation of
       the oleos. An under inflated oleo-pneumatic shock absorber will decrease the tail
       clearance.


  IV   Preventive Strategies and Lines of Defense


  IV.1 Preflight


       Takeoff Flaps Configuration
       When performance limits the takeoff weight, the flight crew uses the maximum thrust
       available and select the configuration that provides the highest takeoff weight.
       When the actual takeoff weight is lower than the maximum permitted weight, the flight
       crew uses a flexible takeoff thrust. For a given aircraft weight, several flap
       configurations are possible. Usually, the flight crew selects the configuration that
       provides the maximum flexible temperature, in order to increase the engine lifespan.

       Note:
       The first degrees of flexible thrust have an impact on maintenance costs about 5 times
       higher than the last one.

       The configuration that provides the maximum flexible temperature varies with
       the runway length. Usually, the highest flexible temperature is obtained with
       the highest flaps configuration on short runways, but with the lowest flaps configuration
       if the runway is medium or long (i.e. second segment limitation may be the limiting
       factor).
       Therefore, the optimum configuration for flexible temperature may not be the same as
       the optimum configuration for tail clearance.
       The flight crew should be aware that the highest flaps configuration provides
       the highest tail clearance.


       Rotation Speed (Vr)
       Both flight crew members should crosscheck the VR to verify that the inserted value is
       the appropriate value for the aircraft weight and configuration. A review of takeoff data
       is part of the takeoff briefing, and of the briefing confirmation during taxi,
       that are described and discussed in the Flight Operations Briefing Notes Conducting
       Effective Briefings.




                                               Page 5 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                                  Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




      Note:
      The verification of the oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers is performed by
      the maintenance personnel. There are no means to check that the pressure is correct,
      during the pilot external inspection. However, the flight crew should check for
      asymmetry between both landing gears, and for any visible hydraulic leak.


  IV.2 Crew Rotation Technique
      •    At VR, the flight crew should initiate the rotation with a smooth positive backward
           sidestick (or control column) input in order to achieve a continuous rotation rate of
           approximately 3°/sec. Avoid aggressive and sharp inputs.
           The higher the inertia of the aircraft is (e.g. long aircraft), the more it is important
           to initiate the rotation with a smooth positive nose up order.
           Figure 2 indicates the sequence for a standard takeoff. However, flight
           crewmembers should keep in mind that this sequence can vary depending on
           the scenario (e.g. windshear), and the PF should be ready to react in any abnormal
           situation.



           « POWER SET »            80 kts – 100 Kts                   « ROTATE »
             Aircraft rolling   Release stick to neutral           towards pitch target
          Stick half forward                                     When airborne, follow SRS




                                                       « VR »



                            1       2                             3




                                                  Figure 2
                                        Typical Takeoff Sequence



      •    If there is crosswind during takeoff, the flight crew should avoid large lateral inputs.
      •    The PF must perform the rotation mainly head-up, using visual references outside
           the aircraft until airborne, or at least until the visual references are lost, depending
           on visibility conditions. The PF must then monitor the pitch attitude on the PFD.




                                                   Page 6 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                            Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




  IV.3 Training Programs
       Tailstrike prevention should be part of the recurrent training program due to the fact
       that many flight crew actions can be improved to help minimize the risk of a tailstrike.
       Airbus has released a new document, in electronic format called Tailstrike Avoidance
       e-briefing.
       The Airbus e-briefing provides various types of information in a single document, for
       pilot self-education and/or instructors briefing, including: Text, video (e.g. rotation
       technique), powerpoint presentations and audios.
       Relevant technical data in the Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM), such as aircraft
       geometry limits or pitch attitude after liftoff, also provides an awareness of the aircraft
       characteristics, which helps to avoid a tailstrike.




   V   Summary of Key Points

       The following key points will help to reduce the risk of tailstrike at takeoff:
       •   Visually check for any asymmetry between both landing gears and for any visibile
           hydraulic leak, before the flight
       •   Carefully crosscheck the takeoff data with other flight crewmember
       •   Select the appropriate flaps setting option; consider using a higher flaps
           configuration
       •   Set (or check) the pitch trim correctly
       •   Avoid large lateral inputs during rotation
       •   Rotate at VR (not before)
       •   Apply a correct rotation technique, in particular:

           − Perform the rotation mainly using outside visual reference until airborne:
               “Don’t chase flight director and don’t rotate to excessive attitude”

           −   Avoid rapid and large corrections
           −   Perform a smooth nose up order, with no additional input at liftoff.

       If a tailstrike occurs at takeoff, the flight crew must avoid flying at altitudes that require
       a pressurized cabin, and perform a diversion to a suitable airport so that damage
       assessment can take place.




                                                 Page 7 of 8
Takeoff and Departure Operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes                                                                     Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff




  VI    Associated Flight Operations Briefing Notes

        The following Flight Operations Briefing Notes provide complementary information and
        can be consulted to obtain a complete overview on the subject of tailstrike avoidance at
        takeoff:
        •    Understanding Takeoff Speeds
        •    Conducting Effective Briefings
        •    Standard Calls


  VII   Airbus References
        •    Flight Crew Operating Manual Bulletins (All Airbus aircraft) – Avoiding Tailstrikes
        •    A318/A319/A320/A321 & A330/A340 Flight Crew Training Manuals – Normal
             Operations – Takeoff – Tailstrike Avoidance
        •    A330/A340 e-briefing – Tailstrike Avoidance


 VIII   Additional Reading Materials / Websites References
        •    Flight Safety Foundation – Accident Prevention – May 2005

        Note:
        This document is available on the Flight Safety Foundation website:
        http://www.flightsafety.org/.




        This FOBN is part of a set of Flight Operations Briefing Notes that provide an overview of the applicable standards, flying
        techniques and best practices, operational and human factors, suggested company prevention strategies and personal lines-
        of-defense related to major threats and hazards to flight operations safety.

        This FOBN is intended to enhance the reader's flight safety awareness but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations
        and the Airbus or airline's operational documentation; should any deviation appear between this FOBN and the Airbus or
        airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.

        In the interest of aviation safety, this FOBN may be reproduced in whole or in part - in all media - or translated; any use of
        this FOBN shall not modify its contents or alter an excerpt from its original context. Any commercial use is strictly excluded.
        All uses shall credit Airbus.

        Airbus shall have no liability or responsibility for the use of this FOBN, the correctness of the duplication, adaptation or
        translation and for the updating and revision of any duplicated version.

                                                        Airbus Customer Services
                                                 Flight Operations Support and Services
                                  1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte - 31707 BLAGNAC CEDEX FRANCE
                                  FOBN Reference : FLT_OPS – TOFF_DEP – SEQ06 – REV 01 – NOV. 2005




                                                                 Page 8 of 8

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Media Object File Flt Ops Toff Dep Seq06

  • 1. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff Flight Operations Briefing Notes Takeoff and Departure Operations Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff I Introduction A tailstrike occurs if the tail of an aircraft touches the runway during takeoff or landing. It can occur with any type of aircraft although long aircraft may be more prone to tailstrike, because tailstrike occurrence is directly related to pitch attitude versus aircraft geometry and main landing gear status. Tailstrikes can result in significant structural damage to the aircraft and, therefore jeopardize the safety of the flight and lead to considerable maintenance action. Note: The purpose of this Flight Operations Briefing Note is to address tailstrikes occurrence at takeoff. II Background Information – Statistical Data II.1 Statistical Data About 25% of reported tailstrikes occur at takeoff and 65% at landing (Source: Airbus-2004). Note: Tailstrike at landing is addressed in the Flight Operations Briefing Note Preventing Tailstrike at Landing. The main causes of tailstrikes at takeoff are a non appropriate rotation technique and premature rotations. However, it is usually difficult to determine one specific cause for tailstrikes. In fact, tailstrikes involve several contributing factors and often occur in adverse weather conditions (e.g. crosswind, turbulence or windshear). Page 1 of 8
  • 2. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff II.2 Operational Consequences Flight crewmembers may not always be aware that a tailstrike has occurred at takeoff, because the impact may not be felt. Analysis of in-service events indicates that, in some cases, the tail scraped the runway, so gently, that it was not detected by the flight crew. In such cases, the flight crew may be alerted of a suspected tailstrike by passengers, cabin crewmembers, crew from other aircraft near the runway, ATC or ground personnel. As a result, the flight crew will then be aware that the fuselage skin is probably damaged, and that the cabin must, therefore, not be pressurized. Cabin vertical speed therefore may become the same as aircraft vertical speed, which should then be limited for passenger comfort. Flight at an altitude that requires a pressurized cabin must be avoided, and a diversion to a suitable airport must be performed so that damage assessment can take place. Note: In the event of a tailstrike, refer to the applicable FCOM procedure. III Operational and Human Factors Involved in Tailstrikes at Takeoff Analysis of in-service events highlights that the following factors may reduce, when combined, the tail clearance margin (i.e. distance between the aircraft tail and the ground) at takeoff: • Early rotation • Rotation technique • Thrust / Weight ratio • Slats / Flaps configuration • Erroneous CG position and trim setting • Crosswind • Shock absorber oleo inflation. III.1 Early Rotation An incorrect VR may cause an early rotation, that will lead to an increase in pitch attitude at liftoff and, as a result, a reduced tail clearance. Analysis of in-service events shows that early rotations can occur when: − The calculated VR is not correct for the actual aircraft weight or flaps configuration (for example, computing VR using the ZFW instead of the actual takeoff Gross Weight) − There is a mistake in the displayed VR due to an FMS CDU typing error − The pilot flying commands rotation below VR due to gusts, windshear, obstacle on the runway, or confusion in callouts. Page 2 of 8
  • 3. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff Note: More information on operational and human factors affecting takeoff speed computation and utilization is available in the Flight Operations Briefing Note Understanding Takeoff Speeds. III.2 Rotation Technique Rotation rates that are too fast increase the risk of tailstrike, whereas rotation rates that are too slow increase the takeoff distance and takeoff run. If the established rotation rate is not satisfactory, the pilot must avoid rapid and large corrections, which cause sharp reaction in pitch from the aircraft. If, to increase the rotation rate, a further and late aft sidestick (or control column, as applicable) input is made around the time of liftoff, the possibility of a tailstrike is significantly increased. This is especially a risk on aircraft that may have a large inertia (e.g. long aircraft) since the initial rotation rate produced by a given sidestick (or control column, as applicable) input takes time to build up (when the rotation rate has developed, it remains relatively constant for a stick position). For long aircraft, the sensory feedback provided to the flight crew, during rotation, is different to that provided for shorter aircraft due to the length of the fuselage and its flexibility: • The aircraft is longer, therefore for a same rotation rate, the local vertical acceleration sensed by the flight crew is higher. • Due to the flexibility of the aircraft, firstly, the pilot senses a delay in the rotation; then, the sensory effects of the local vertical acceleration are somehow amplified. This sensory feedback shall not lead the pilot to overact by making large changes in the sidestick (or control column, as applicable) inputs, which lead to potential large pitch oscillations. III.3 Thrust/Weight Ratio The possibility of a tailstrike increases during takeoff with low thrust to weight ratios, where the aircraft performance is limited by the second-segment climb gradient. Heavy aircraft taking off from high altitude airport or in hot conditions are more sensitive to tailstrikes than other aircraft. III.4 Slats/Flaps Configuration For a given aircraft weight, a variety of flap configurations are possible. In general, a high flaps configuration decreases the probability of a tailstrike, by reducing the required pitch for liftoff. Page 3 of 8
  • 4. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff For a given configuration, the lower the VR the higher the risk of tailstrike. The minimum VR is determined by VMU, therefore, when VMU appears as the limit in the computed takeoff speeds, the tailstrike margin is reduced. III.5 Erroneous CG Position / Trim Setting The main purpose of the pitch trim setting for takeoff is to provide consistent rotation characteristics. If, for any reason, the trim setting does not match the CG position, the aircraft will not rotate as usual (Figure 1): • With a forward CG or the pitch trim erroneously set to the nose-down direction, the flight crew will notice that the aircraft is “heavy to rotate”, and that aircraft rotation will be very slow in response to the usual takeoff control input • With an aft CG or the pitch trim erroneously set to the nose-up direction, the flight crew might have to counteract an early autorotation, until VR is reached. Out of trim at FWD CG Aircraft heavy to rotate Takeoff Trim Green Band Aircraft light to rotate t t t Out of trim at AFT CG FWD CG limit for T/O AFT CG limit for T/O Figure 1 Relationship between Takeoff Trim and Aircraft CG III.6 Crosswind In the case of crosswind, the flight crew should minimize lateral inputs on ground and during rotation, in order to avoid spoilers extension. If the spoilers are extended on one wing, there is a reduction in lift combined with an increase of drag, and therefore, a reduction in tail clearance and an increased risk of tailstrike. Page 4 of 8
  • 5. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff III.7 Shock Absorber Oleo Inflation The correct extension of the main landing gear shock absorber (and therefore the nominal increase in tail clearance during rotation) relies on the correct inflation of the oleos. An under inflated oleo-pneumatic shock absorber will decrease the tail clearance. IV Preventive Strategies and Lines of Defense IV.1 Preflight Takeoff Flaps Configuration When performance limits the takeoff weight, the flight crew uses the maximum thrust available and select the configuration that provides the highest takeoff weight. When the actual takeoff weight is lower than the maximum permitted weight, the flight crew uses a flexible takeoff thrust. For a given aircraft weight, several flap configurations are possible. Usually, the flight crew selects the configuration that provides the maximum flexible temperature, in order to increase the engine lifespan. Note: The first degrees of flexible thrust have an impact on maintenance costs about 5 times higher than the last one. The configuration that provides the maximum flexible temperature varies with the runway length. Usually, the highest flexible temperature is obtained with the highest flaps configuration on short runways, but with the lowest flaps configuration if the runway is medium or long (i.e. second segment limitation may be the limiting factor). Therefore, the optimum configuration for flexible temperature may not be the same as the optimum configuration for tail clearance. The flight crew should be aware that the highest flaps configuration provides the highest tail clearance. Rotation Speed (Vr) Both flight crew members should crosscheck the VR to verify that the inserted value is the appropriate value for the aircraft weight and configuration. A review of takeoff data is part of the takeoff briefing, and of the briefing confirmation during taxi, that are described and discussed in the Flight Operations Briefing Notes Conducting Effective Briefings. Page 5 of 8
  • 6. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff Note: The verification of the oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers is performed by the maintenance personnel. There are no means to check that the pressure is correct, during the pilot external inspection. However, the flight crew should check for asymmetry between both landing gears, and for any visible hydraulic leak. IV.2 Crew Rotation Technique • At VR, the flight crew should initiate the rotation with a smooth positive backward sidestick (or control column) input in order to achieve a continuous rotation rate of approximately 3°/sec. Avoid aggressive and sharp inputs. The higher the inertia of the aircraft is (e.g. long aircraft), the more it is important to initiate the rotation with a smooth positive nose up order. Figure 2 indicates the sequence for a standard takeoff. However, flight crewmembers should keep in mind that this sequence can vary depending on the scenario (e.g. windshear), and the PF should be ready to react in any abnormal situation. « POWER SET » 80 kts – 100 Kts « ROTATE » Aircraft rolling Release stick to neutral towards pitch target Stick half forward When airborne, follow SRS « VR » 1 2 3 Figure 2 Typical Takeoff Sequence • If there is crosswind during takeoff, the flight crew should avoid large lateral inputs. • The PF must perform the rotation mainly head-up, using visual references outside the aircraft until airborne, or at least until the visual references are lost, depending on visibility conditions. The PF must then monitor the pitch attitude on the PFD. Page 6 of 8
  • 7. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff IV.3 Training Programs Tailstrike prevention should be part of the recurrent training program due to the fact that many flight crew actions can be improved to help minimize the risk of a tailstrike. Airbus has released a new document, in electronic format called Tailstrike Avoidance e-briefing. The Airbus e-briefing provides various types of information in a single document, for pilot self-education and/or instructors briefing, including: Text, video (e.g. rotation technique), powerpoint presentations and audios. Relevant technical data in the Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM), such as aircraft geometry limits or pitch attitude after liftoff, also provides an awareness of the aircraft characteristics, which helps to avoid a tailstrike. V Summary of Key Points The following key points will help to reduce the risk of tailstrike at takeoff: • Visually check for any asymmetry between both landing gears and for any visibile hydraulic leak, before the flight • Carefully crosscheck the takeoff data with other flight crewmember • Select the appropriate flaps setting option; consider using a higher flaps configuration • Set (or check) the pitch trim correctly • Avoid large lateral inputs during rotation • Rotate at VR (not before) • Apply a correct rotation technique, in particular: − Perform the rotation mainly using outside visual reference until airborne: “Don’t chase flight director and don’t rotate to excessive attitude” − Avoid rapid and large corrections − Perform a smooth nose up order, with no additional input at liftoff. If a tailstrike occurs at takeoff, the flight crew must avoid flying at altitudes that require a pressurized cabin, and perform a diversion to a suitable airport so that damage assessment can take place. Page 7 of 8
  • 8. Takeoff and Departure Operations Flight Operations Briefing Notes Preventing Tailstrike at Takeoff VI Associated Flight Operations Briefing Notes The following Flight Operations Briefing Notes provide complementary information and can be consulted to obtain a complete overview on the subject of tailstrike avoidance at takeoff: • Understanding Takeoff Speeds • Conducting Effective Briefings • Standard Calls VII Airbus References • Flight Crew Operating Manual Bulletins (All Airbus aircraft) – Avoiding Tailstrikes • A318/A319/A320/A321 & A330/A340 Flight Crew Training Manuals – Normal Operations – Takeoff – Tailstrike Avoidance • A330/A340 e-briefing – Tailstrike Avoidance VIII Additional Reading Materials / Websites References • Flight Safety Foundation – Accident Prevention – May 2005 Note: This document is available on the Flight Safety Foundation website: http://www.flightsafety.org/. This FOBN is part of a set of Flight Operations Briefing Notes that provide an overview of the applicable standards, flying techniques and best practices, operational and human factors, suggested company prevention strategies and personal lines- of-defense related to major threats and hazards to flight operations safety. This FOBN is intended to enhance the reader's flight safety awareness but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations and the Airbus or airline's operational documentation; should any deviation appear between this FOBN and the Airbus or airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times. In the interest of aviation safety, this FOBN may be reproduced in whole or in part - in all media - or translated; any use of this FOBN shall not modify its contents or alter an excerpt from its original context. Any commercial use is strictly excluded. All uses shall credit Airbus. Airbus shall have no liability or responsibility for the use of this FOBN, the correctness of the duplication, adaptation or translation and for the updating and revision of any duplicated version. Airbus Customer Services Flight Operations Support and Services 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte - 31707 BLAGNAC CEDEX FRANCE FOBN Reference : FLT_OPS – TOFF_DEP – SEQ06 – REV 01 – NOV. 2005 Page 8 of 8