GARDEN STYLES AND FEATURES.pdf

Landscape Styles
Ar. S . Kaalmegh
LAD College

Garden styles
 Italian style
 French style
 Japanese style
 Chinese style
 English style
 Spanish style
 Mughal style

 The Italian Renaissance garden was a new style of garden which
emerged in the late 15th century at villas in Rome and Florence,
inspired by classical ideals of order and beauty, and intended for the
pleasure of the view of the garden and the landscape beyond, for
contemplation, and for the enjoyment of the sights, sounds and smells
of the garden itself.
 In the late Renaissance, the gardens became larger, grander and more
symmetrical, and were filled with fountains, statues, grottoes, water
organs and other features designed to delight their owners and amuse
and impress visitors. The style was imitated throughout Europe,
influencing the gardens of the French Renaissance and the English
garden.
 Italian Medieval gardens were enclosed by walls, and were devoted to
growing vegetables, fruits and medicinal herbs, or, in the case of
monastic gardens, for silent meditation and prayer. The Italian
Renaissance garden broke down the wall between the garden, the
house, and the landscape outside..

Philosophy
 Inspired by the descriptions
of ancient Roman gardens
given by Ovid in his
Metamorphoses, by the
letters of Pliny the Younger,
by Pliny the Elder's
Naturalis Historia, and in
Rerum Rusticanum by
Varro, all of which gave
detailed and lyrical
description of the gardens
of Roman villas.
 According to Pliny “ A
garden was a place to
think, relax, and
escape.”
VILLA GARZONI

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Born : 80–70 BC , Roman
Republic
Died: 15 BC (aged 55–65)
He was an Author
architect civil engineer
military engineer
Notable work: De
architectura ( the Ten
books of Architecture )
discovered by Leon
Battista Alberti who
described “what a garden
should look like and how it
should be used”
Leonardo Da Vinci
Vitruvius presenting
to Emperor
Augustus his work
on architecture.

Influencers
 Alberti and the principles of the
Renaissance garden(1404-
1474)
Vitruviuss’ work and Plinys description.
 The literary influence on the
Italian Renaissance garden
A popular romance, The Hypnerotomachia
Poliphili, (Poliphilo's Strife of Love in a
Dream), published in 1499 in Venice by the
monk Francesco Colonna,
 Power and magnificence – the
political symbolism of the
Renaissance garden
The Medici, the ruling dynasty of Florence,
used gardens to demonstrate their own
power and magnificence (16th C).

Parterre
 A parterre is a formal
garden constructed on a
level substrate, consisting
of plant beds, typically in
symmetrical patterns,
which are separated and
connected by paths. The
borders of the plant beds
may be formed with stone
or tightly pruned hedging,
and their interiors may be
planted with flowers or
other plants or filled with
mulch or gravel. The
paths are constituted with
gravel or turf grass

MEDIEVAL ENCLOSED GARDENS
• The great nobles ----
beautiful gardens
• Or monastries --- utility
• Enclosed by walls for
safety.
• Therefore the courts
surrounded with porticoes,
which were used for walks;
• the rooms entering upon
the portico, without
communicating with one
another;
• The basins, with fountains
in the courts;
• The terraces upon arcades;
• The oratories in the
gardens

RENNAISANCE , ITALY
Villa Buonocorsi
Boboli gardens

Villa d'Este at Tivoli (1550–1572)
 one of the grandest and best-
preserved of the Italian
Renaissance gardens. [ Area
4.5 ha ]
 It was created by Cardinal
Ippolito II d'Este who chose
architect Pirro Ligorio.
 Ligorio created the garden as a
series of terraces descending
the steep hillside at the edge of
the mountains overlooking the
plain of Latium.
 The terraces were connected by
gates and grand stairways
starting from a terrace below
the villa and traversing down to
the Fountain of Dragons at the
foot of the garden.
THE FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE BELOW THE
FOUNTAIN OF THE ORGAN
ONE HUNDRED FOUNTAINS

• The stairway was crossed by five traversal
alleys on the different levels, which were
divided into rooms by hedges and trellises
covered with vines.
• At the crossing points of the stairway and
the alleys there were pavilions, fruit trees,
and aromatic plants.
• At the top, the promenade used by the
Cardinal passed below the villa and led in
one direction to the grotto of Diana, and in
the other to the grotto of Asclepius.
• The glory of the Villa d'Este was the
system of fountains, fed by two aqueducts
• he centre of the garden, the alley of one
hundred fountains which connects two
fountains the Oval Fountain with the
Fountain of Rome. Each fountain and path
told a story, @ HERCULES AND OTHERS BUT
WAS RELATED TO THE MEDICI FAMILY..
Villa d'Este at Tivoli (1550–1572)
THE OVAL FOUNTAIN
FOUNTAIN OF THE TRIPOD, WITH
THE VIEW OF THE GARDEN

THE ROMETTA FOUNTAIN,
A MINIATURE OF ANCIENT ROME
THE JET OF THE FOUNTAIN
OF THE DRAGONS,
FOUNTAIN OF PEGASUS
FOUNTAIN OF THE
BICCHIERONE
FOUNTAIN OF THE
BICCHIERONE

Villa Lante
• 16TH C
• The gardens of the Villa Lante
feature cascades, fountains and
dripping grottoes.
• The visual and harmonious
choreography of water and the
mechanical perfection of its flow was
possible due to the 2 expert
designers
• Tommaso Ghinucci, a hydraulics
engineer and architect from Siena,
and pirro ligoro Architect
• 4 terraces , fountains and sculptures
PEGASUS FOUNTAIN AT VILLA LANTE
• The Quadrato is a perfectly square
parterre.

FEATURES OF Italian gardens
 A Place Of Pleasure And Recreation
 Beauty And Harmony.
 Symmetry And Rigour
 Rows Of Trees Or Hedges
 Statues Or Columns,
 The Climbing Plants Wrap The Columns And
Trellises
 Art Of Topiary, "Controlled" Vegetation
 It Is Best To Use Evergreen Plants L
 Majestic Pergolas
 Mazes Or Suggestive Paths
 Pathways Of Coloured Gravel
 Secret Gardens", I.E. Entire Areas Walled Off By
Vegetation
 Free To Gaze At The Open Countryside Or Untamed
Nature
 Water, Which Helps To Soften The Geometric
Shapes Of This Outdoor Style And Amplifies The
Perception Of The Greenery
 Relaxing Sound, Water Features Provide A
Spectacular Visual Element

Villa Lante
PEGASUS FOUNTAIN AT VILLA LANTE

Villa Torrigiani Di Lucca, Scalinata

FRANCE , Baroque
Chateau de Gourdon
•Claude Monet
•Le Notre
15th century
17th century ,
the Baroque
influence

Vaux Le Vicomte ,
France - Le Notre

BASIN DE APOLLO/ FOUNTAIN OF APOLLO,
VERSAILLE

 A parterre is a formal
garden construction on a
level surface consisting of
planting beds, edged in
stone or tightly clipped
hedging, and gravel paths
arranged to form a
pleasing, usually
symmetrical pattern.
Parterres need not have
any flowers at all. French
parterres were elaborated
out of 16th-century knot
gardens, and reached a
climax at the Chateau of
Versailles and its many
European imitators, such
as Kensington Palace

 Le Norte’s Principles of Garden
Design
 The planting was always pushed back
from the building making it stand from
flat parterres or water implying the
dominance of the resident over all he
surveyed.
 The Italian axial plan was used with a
vast clearing as the main axis defined
by trees with symmetry.
 The main cross axes were always at
right angles.
 Between the axes diagonals and
clearings and jeux d’esprit may be
developed.
 Long reflecting canals were designed.
 Fountains in all varieties and shape as
possible with technology were used.
VERSAILLE

VILLANDRY KITCHEN GARDEN
AND TERRACING RAMPS WITH ARCHWAYS

KNOT GARDENS ( FRANCE )
 A knot garden is a garden of very formal
design in a square frame, consisting of a
variety of aromatic plants and culinary
herbs.
 Most knot gardens now have edges made
from box (Buxus sempervirens), whose
leaves have a sweet smell when bruised.
The paths in between are usually laid with
fine gravel. However, the original designs
of knot gardens did not have the low box
hedges, and knot gardens with such
hedges might more accurately be
called parterres.
 Most Renaissance knot gardens were
composed of square compartments. A
small garden might consist of one
compartment, while large gardens might
contain six or eight compartments.

The English garden
usually included :
1. a lake,
2. sweeps of gently
rolling lawns
3. set against groves of
trees, and recreations
of classical temples,
4. Gothic ruins,
5. bridges, and other
picturesque
architecture,
6. recreate an idyllic
pastoral landscape

• The gardens were designed by Henry Hoare II
and laid out between 1741 and 1780 in a
classical 18th-century design set around a
large lake, achieved by damming a small
stream.
• The inspiration behind their creation were the
painters Claude Lorrain, Poussin, Gaspard
Dughet, who painted Utopian-type views of Italian
landscapes.
• An early feature, predating the lake, is the
Temple of Flora (1744- 46}
• Lakeside features include the five-arched
Palladian Bridge at the eastern extremity of
the lake;[the Rockwork Bridge over the road to
the south of the lake; and to the west the
grotto and the Gothic Cottage summerhouse.
• A number of temples inspired by scenes of
the Grand Tour of Europe. On one hill
overlooking the gardens stand an obelisk of
1839 and
• King Alfred's Tower, a 50-metre-tall
• Brick folly designed by Henry Flitcroft in 1772;
• on another hill the temple of Apollo provides a
vantage point to survey the magnificent
rhododendrons, water, cascades and temples.
• The boathouse, bridge over the artificial lake .

Knot gardens ( England )
 A knot garden is a garden of
very formal design in a square
frame, consisting of a variety
of aromatic plants and
culinary herbs .Most knot
gardens now have edges
made from box (Buxus
sempervirens), whose leaves
have a sweet smell when
bruised. The paths in between
are usually laid with fine
gravel. However, the original
designs of knot gardens did
not have the low box hedges,
and knot gardens with such
hedges might more accurately
be called parterres.
 Most Renaissance knot
gardens were composed of
square compartments. A small
garden might consist of 1-
compartment, large gardens –
6-8 compartments.

Japanese Gardens, Design & Meaning …………………Historical Japanese Gardens
784-1185 Heian period, Begins with T'ang Dynasty, 907- 5 Dynasties, 959- N.Sung, 1126- S.Sung
EVENTS- Kyoto becomes capital in 794
CULTURAL TREND- Flowering court culture, rise of distinctly Japanese Art forms, Rise of Pure Land and other forms of Buddhism
Shinden style architecture and gardens develop
1185-1392 Kamakura period, Begins with S.Sung, 1208- Yuan(Mongol)
EVENTS- Military government established 1185 at Kamakura
CULTURAL TREND- strong influence of Zen on culture
1227 Sakuteiki written
1339 Saihoji constructed
1392-1568 Muromachi period, Ming Dynasty
EVENTS- Kyoto, political focus, Ashikaga military gov., Onin War, most of Kyoto destroyed 1467, collapse of central government
1477, Civil War
1397, Kinkakuji
1482- Gingkakuji
1488- Ryoanji
1513- Daisen-in
1568-1615 Momoyama period, Ming Dynasty
EVENTS- Hideyoshi assumes control 1582
CULTURAL TREND- Developed Way of Tea
1598, Sambo-in
1615-1867 Edo period, Begins with Ming Dynasty, 1644, Ch'ing (Manchu)
EVENTS- Edo(Tokyo) becomes political focus in 1615
Shogun closes Japan to outside world in 1639
Perry forces Japan to sign trade treaty in 1854
CULTURAL TREND- Emergence of popular culture
1624, Shodenji
1639, Entsuji
1641, Shisendo
1643, Kohoan
1867- current Meiji
Strong influence on Western culture and visa versa
1911- Republic

Japanese garden is
predominately green
with its almost exclusive
use of evergreen trees.
When flowering trees
are found in the
Japanese garden they
are usually camelias,
specifically the tsubaki
and sazanka.

KARESANSUI GARDENS
• Karesansui Gardens or "dry landscape” gardens were influenced mainly
by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation.
• Unlike other traditional gardens, there is no water present in Karesansui
gardens. However, there is raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling
of water.
• The rocks/gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as
well as small shrubs are used to further garnish the Karesansui style.
• the rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas,
rivers, and mountains in an abstract way.
• Example: Ryōan-ji, temple in Kyoto, has a garden famous for representing
this style. Daisen-in, created in 1513, is also particularly renowned.

Tsukiyama Gardens
• Tsukiyama Gardens often copy famous
landscapes from China or Japan, and
they commonly strive to make a smaller
garden appear more spacious .
• This is accomplished by utilizing
shrubs to block views of surrounding
buildings, and the garden's structure
usually tries to make onlookers focus
on nearby mountains in the distance .
• By doing this, it seems that the garden
has the mountains as part of its
grounds. Ponds, streams, hills, stones,
trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are
also used frequently in this style .

: Chaniwa Gardens :
• Chaniwa Gardens are
built for holding tea
ceremonies. There is
usually a tea house
where the ceremonies
occur, and the styles of
both the hut and garden
are based on the simple
concepts of the sado .
• Usually, there are
stepping stones leading
to the tea house, stone
lanterns, and stone
basins (tsukubai) where
guests purify themselves
before a ceremony

NATURAL ELEMENTS OF THE japanese GARDEN
A traditional Japanese garden consists of elements both natural and manmade. The foundation
should consist of any or a combination of the following, a level area made of gravel, beaten earth
or lawn. The rest of the elements that can be included are:
ROCKS : are called the "bone structure" of the garden. Large and small rocks are used for
different purposes. The effects the large rocks produce are suggestions of mountains, waterfalls
and natural bridges. Smaller rocks are used to suggest streams, creeks or ocean.
PLANTS : larger format Plants suggest the source habitat of trees, shrubs and herbs in nature.
They can also create hillside or mountainside effects. Practically, they can be used to soften or
hide defects in rocks or fill out the structure of a landscape. Generally, plants are arranged
unevenly, and graduate in height as one approaches the property.
WATER : is a very important element , suggests continuous change in an environment. Rocks or
water can used to create the effects of an ocean, lake, pond, marsh, waterfall or stream. Mist is
sometimes used to add to the atmospheric aethetics to enhance the feeling of fog found in
gardens in Japan or simply to give the feeling of refreshment.
EARTH : is the "flesh" for the skeletal rock structure. It is a planting medium and sometimes
used as bare earth groundcover. Effects created with earth are artificial hills or mounds called
tsukiyama in Japan, where rocks can be placed upon.
BAMBOO :is commonly used in gardens for fences, water spouts or pipes to convey water to a
fall or stream.

MANMADE ELEMENTS OF THE JAPANESE GARDEN
WATER BASINS : are used today primarily as a decorative focal point in the garden. Traditionally,
they were used as a ritual purification before the tea ceremony to rinse the hands and mouth. The
materials used to create a basin are generally a single hallowed stone or series of stone slabs, and
a bamboo water spout for dispensing water.
LANTERNS :Traditionally lanterns were used to light a path in the garden, or placed near a water
basin to light the area while one washes hands and mouth before the Tea Ceremony. Today they
are ornamental.
STEPS/STEPPING STONES : Millstones and other types of stones are used as stepping stones.
Arrangements of the stones differ, however stiff architectural lines are generally avoided in their
placement. Steps made of stone or wood can be arranged in many different ways, here are some
examples. Floating stones are stones that are set in the earth and project out as one travels up a
slope. Formal stairs with even steps, can be used with formal stone or wood edging on one side
and natural stone and plants overlapping on the other. Shallow log risers make a gentle slope easy
to traverse. Quarried granite can be used to form paving blocks for formal stone paved walkways
called nobedan in Japan.
BRIDGES : THEY tend to be nonlinear throughout Japanese gardens. The materials used are
generally stone, natural wood, or rough planking. Placement of multiple bridges in the garden can
zig zag or have offset parallels in relation to each other.
EDGING : Roof tiles, wood or stone can be used as decorative edging to separate gravel and moss
or line a walkway.

From a
residence
From a boat Stroll garden
A different Category

 Stones, like water, are one of the
fundamental elements of Japanese gardens.
Although there are stones that serve as the
material for other features, such as paths,
bridges, and walls, each stone is in itself its
own element.
 The placement of each individual stone is
determined by their unique shape and form;
some lay horizontally while others stand
vertically. In this way, asymmetry in stone
arrangement is common to the Japanese
garden.
 Stones are rarely pr esented in the garden
alone. They are grouped together in two to
five stones of diverse forms. As you can see
on the image to the right, there is a tendency
to juxtapose large massive stones with flat
long stones. The dynamic tension caused by
polar shapes break the monotony of the
monolithic and monochromatic stones. This
organization also creates a balanced image.

The pond, or the ike, is a
fundamental element in
Japanese gardens. As a
body of water, it represents
the sea, lake, pond or river in
nature. This is why they are
not geometrical in
appearance; in order to
preserve the natural shapes,
manmade ponds are
asymmetrical. The bank of
the pond is usually bordered
by stones
The passage of the water from the
waterfall or stream to the pond
symbolizes human existence: birth,
growth and death. The sound and the
appearance of the water change
throughout this course from being a
boisterous rushing of waves to a serene
silence.

The bridge is both a functional and
ornamental addition to the garden.
Bridges that cross over sand are not
functional.
It is exclusively an ornamental device
used to promote spiritual and
intellectual meditation.
The absence of a handrail underscores
both the ornamental quality and the
spiritual: there is no division between
the visitor and his surroundings.
The stone bridge is usually elevated on
either ends by a pair of stones, or
hashibasami- no- ishi.
These are erected in order to emphasis
the strength of the monolithic stones.

The Japanese's view of nature is completely opposite from that of
Westerners.
The Japanese believe that humans should live in harmony with nature, in that
humans are part of nature.
On the contrary, Westerners believe that humans should be in control of
nature; we can break, build, or shape nature, as our hearts desire.
Humans and nature are separate from each other.

Rock garden of Ryogen-in, Kyoto

Rock garden in Tofuku-ji, Kyoto

The stepping stones (tobi- ishi), like many other elements, derive from the
tea ceremony but has become a prevalent feature in other garden types.
Originally, it was created so that visitors would not have to walk over the
mossy ground. In this way, the flat stepping stones served to preserve the
grass as well as orient the viewer to a specific visual experience.
Stepping stones are placed in varying intervals. Although they create
irregular paths in various patterns, the placement of the stones are
calculated and precise. The gardener places the stones carefully with
respect to their relative shape, color and size.

Tsukabai –for
cleansing
Bamboo Water spout
Bridges and streams

ZEN GARDEN
• The Japanese rock garden (枯山水, karesansui) or "dry landscape"
garden, often called a zen garden, creates a miniature stylized
landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water
features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand
that is raked to represent ripples in water.[1]
• A zen garden is usually relatively small, surrounded by a wall, and is
usually meant to be seen while seated from a single viewpoint
outside the garden, such as the porch of the hojo, the residence of
the chief monk of the temple or monastery. Classical zen gardens
were created at temples of Zen Buddhism in Kyoto during the
Muromachi period. They were intended to imitate the essence of
nature, not its actual appearance, and to serve as an aid to meditation
about the true meaning of existence

Ryōan-ji (late 16th century) in Kyoto, Japan

A zen garden in a checkboard pattern, at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
The island of the immortals
Tofoku-ji

Chinese gardens
GARDEN PRINCIPLES:
• Shan Shui, which literally
means “Mountain and Water.”
• The major natural components
in the private Chinese garden
include: the rock – the
“skeleton” of the universe, the
water – the “blood” of the
universe, and the plant – the
“hair” of the universe.
• Chinese garden may
be viewed as a
miniature of the
Chinese landscape.
• Rich Literature and
poetic content.
• Designed by Painter's
eyes.

The first transitional space from the
Chinese architecture to the Chinese
garden is the verandah.
The walking gallery, or covered walk,
or “lang” is the second transitional
space to Chinese garden.
The pavilion, Chinese word “T’ing”,
originated phonetically from a Chinese
word meaning “stop”.

CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
• In architecture design, Chinese used symmetry to
indicate their own dignity and prestige, and to express
their social relationships and moral disciple inside the
house.
• Chinese garden was built as a place for residents to
escape from the restrictions of their home, and to help
them fulfil the need for the free and romantic side of
their spirit.
• A formal geometric architecture and irregularly and
naturalistic garden are deftly integrated.
• Chinese garden provided a quiet refuge place or
offering the owner a enjoyment of nature while living
in the city.
• Chinese garden also served as a place for scholars to
gather together to discuss philosophy, art and politic.

SCHOLARLY STYLE CHINESE GARDEN :
• Own by the painters, the poets, and
other scholars.
• The characters of the scholarly style
Chinese gardens are more delicate,
more refined, more elegant and more
flexible.
IMPERIAL STYLE CHINESE GARDEN :
• Own by ancient Chinese emperors.
• The imperial style Chinese gardens
tend toward sturdiness, dignity, and the
resplendence consistent with a sense
of palatial grandeur.
TWO TYPES IN CHINESE GARDENS

• SITE ANALYSIS :
• The most important design
principle of the Chinese garden
is that one should follow the
natural lie of the land to obtain
good views.
• Chinese gardeners would find
any off site scenery which could
be “borrow”.
• Walls were raised to keep away
the hubbub of the street and to
take the site, perhaps in the mist
of the city, back to nature.

SCENERY BORROWING:
• The scenery that has been borrowed by Chinese
gardeners includes natural landscape features from
outside their gardens as well as scenes from within
their own gardens.
• Water adds another dimension to the garden and
also visually widens the garden space.
BOUNDLESSNESS:
• When fully opened, the pivoting doors and windows
permit the interior architectural space to completely
merge with the outside garden space.

SCALE :
• the Chinese garden
and the building
constitute the entire
Chinese architectural
space.

SEASONS:
• In Chinese gardens,
the scenic sections
were created for use
in the different
seasons.
• The plants in
Chinese gardens
were celebrated not
only for their
attractive features
and their symbolic
meaning, but also
for their seasonal
changes that help to
create a dynamic
viewing of the
scenery in the
Chinese gardens.

WATER :
• Water is used in the
Chinese private garden,
not only because of its
physical beauty but also
for its important symbols.
•
• Water was also used for
providing listening
satisfaction in the
Chinese private gardens.
• Water are not only for its
aesthetical function,
physically, it absorbs the
heat and adjust the
microclimate during the
warm seasons.
•

• Rock :
• The stone loving of the
Chinese stems from the
magical views of the
Chinese five holly
mountains, which seems
to have played an
important role in the Taoist
anchoretic.
•
• In Chinese gardens, a
stone was valued for its
bumps, furrows and
hollows, and for the color
and texture of its surface.
• In Chinese gardens,
artificial mountains are
also function as space-
dividing structural
components

GALLERY AND PAVILLIONS / BUILDINGS
• The entire building complex is composed
of alternating buildings and courtyards.
• A chinese courtyard is regarded as the
extension of the architectural interior
space.

INTEGRATION BY : GREY TONE
• Chinese painters attained a great
capacity for presenting
spiritualized landscapes with
monochrome. Similarly, a hazy
grey tone also prevails on all
features inside a private Chinese
garden.
• Rocks and trees are often
arranged in front of a white wall.
The white wall serves as the
background for the landscape.

• SPACE CONTRASTING :
• Contrasts are also practiced in all aspects of
Chinese gardens, including from the largest
space disposition to the smallest detail design
of a particular object.
• Contrast is an important technique to make a
particular garden scene captivating. If the
main feature of a scene is emphasized for its
height and size, the surrounding elements
must be kept low and small.
Space Dividing:
• The Chinese garden was usually divided into
several scenic sections.
• Every scenic section should have its own
landscape character, but the garden as whole
must be unified under a central theme.
• Walls were the most common means of
demarcating one spatial segment from
another.

• SPACE SEQUENCING :
• the garden scenes are
concealed inside different
scenic sections, thus they
only can be revealed in
sequence along the paths
• The paths in a Chinese garden
are usually constructed with
varying widths or paved with
different pavement materials
to give the beholders the
different senses of
experience: constriction,
roughness, release, and
smoothness.

PLANT:
• Plants are only
important in the
summer in a
perfect Chinese
garden
• The willow
represents grace.
• The bamboo tree
symbolizes
fidelity, humility,
wisdom, and
gentleness.
• The
chrysanthemum
symbolizes
gentility, good
friendship, and
longevity.

Mughal gardens of India
 These were based on
the char bagh
concept of Persia i.e.
divided into
quadrants.

Agra fort
A private ladies garden

Nishat Bagh
WATER CHANNELS PLAY A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE.

INDIAN:
MADHUBANI AND MITHILA PAINTINGS

INDIAN:
MADHUBANI AND MITHILA PAINTINGS
INSPIRED FROM INDEGENOUS LANDSCAPE

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