1. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Ratio A Ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind by division. Notes Both terms of a ratio can be multiplied or divided by the same (non-zero) number. A ratio is usually expressed in lowest terms (or simplest form) The order of the terms in a ratio is important Ratio exists only between quantities of the same kind Quantities to be compared (by division) must be in the same units To compare two ratios, convert them into equivalent like fractions If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a:b then new quantity = (b of the original quantity)/a. The fraction by which the original quantity is multiplied to get a new quantity is called multiplying factor (or ratio) Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

2. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Inverse Ratio One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is 1. Thus a : b is the inverse of b:a and vice versa. Notes: A ratio a : b is said to be of greater inequality if a > b and of less inequality if a < b The ratio compound of two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b (ratio compounded by itself), a3 : b3 is the triplicate ratio of a : b The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a : b and the sub triplicate ratio of a : b is 3a : 3b If the ratio of two similar quantities can be expressed as a ratio of two integers the quantities are said to be commensurable, otherwise they are said to be incommensurable Continued ratio is the relation between the magnitudes of three or more quantities of the same kind. (a: b : c) Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

3. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Proportion An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Notes: Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion if a : b = c : d => a / b = c / d => ad = bc a, b, c, d are called the first, second, third and fourth terms of the proportion. The frist and fourth terms are called extremes (a, d) and second and third are called means (b, c) Cross product rule: product of extremes = product of means = ad = bc If three terms a, b, c are in continuous proportion, then the middle term b is the mean proportional between a and c. Numbers in continued proportion: a / b = b / c = c / d = d / e….. where a, b, c, d, e … are in continued proportion Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

4. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Difference between Ratio and Proporation In a ratio a : b, both quantities must be of the same kind In a proportion a : b = c : d all the four quantities need not be of the same kind. a, b should be of the same kind and c, d should be of the same kind Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

6. If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertendo)

7. If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (alternendo)

8. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a = c + d : c (Componendo)

9. If a : b = c : d, then a - b : b = c – d : d (Dividendo)

10. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a - b = c + d : c – d (Componendo and Dividendo)

11. If a : b = c : d = e : f = ….., then each of these ratios is equal to (a + c + e + …..) = (b + d + f + ….) (Addendo)

12. If a : b = c : d = e : f = ….., then each of these ratios is equal to (a - c - e - …..) = (b - d - f - ….) (Subtrahendo)Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

13. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Indices Law 1: am x an = am+n, where m and n are positive integers Law 2: am / an = am-n, where m and n are positive integers and m > n Law 3: (am)n = am.n, where m and n are positive integers Law 4: (ab)n = an. bn, where n can take any value Law 5: a0 = 1 Law 6: na = a1/n Law 7: if ax = ay, then x = y Law 8: if xa = ya, then x = y Law 9: if an = bn and a = b, then n = 0 Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

14. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Logarithm The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base must be raised to produce the number, i.e. to make it equal to the given number. If ax = n, then x is said to be the logarithm of the number n to the base ‘a’, symbolically written as logan = x The two equations ax = n and logan = x are only transformations of each other Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1

15. Chapter 1. Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithms Laws of Logarithms logam.n = logam + logan loga (m/n) = logam - logan logamn = n logam loga1 = 0 (The logarithm of 1 to any base is 0. Since a0 = 1) logaa = 1 (The logarithm of any quantity to the same base is unity. Since a1 = a) logab x logba = 1 logba x logcb = logca logbm= (Change of base) Revision Notes – Quantitative Aptitude www.cptsuccess.com Page 1 of 1