Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Biodiversity and indicators of climate change
1. Biodiversity indicators of climate changein the context of coastal and marine environment of IndiaProfessor B.C. ChoudhuryWildlife Institute of India,Dehradune.mail: bcc@wii.gov.in
2. Macro level indicators of climate change Rise in temperature Sea level rise Oceanic chemistry and circulation Changes in coastal geomorphology Changes in vegetation structure and phenological cycle (all these are monitored through satellite based remote sensing tools)
3. Sea surface temperature (SST) of the north Indian Ocean derived from the Satellite NOAA-AVHRR. The Colour code is at 1o C interval. Red depicts high temperature (32o C) and blue low (23o C). Orange and yellow are towards higher range and green towards lower range.
4. Coastal and marine biodiversity supporting habitats vulnerable to climate change Coral Reef and seagrass meadows Mangroves Coastal lagoons and lakes Estuaries Intertidal mudflats Rocky shores Sandy shores and sand dunes Islands
6. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Coral reefs Coral reefs live very close to the upper thermal tolerance Warm episodes (rise in temperature) have resulted in wide scale coral bleaching and mortality. Viz. El-Nino-southern oscillation 1998 coral bleaching across the globe as well as recent re-occurence in 2011.
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8. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Mangroves Changes in the community structure and composition Changes in zonation and distribution patterns Increase in mono-specificity Loss of hammock and basin and increase in over-wash mangroves Loss of nursery grounds of a host of brackish and marine living resources
9. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Lagoons and lakes Increase in salinity and salinity tolerant species Changes in species composition w.r.t SALINE:BRACKISH:FRESHWATER tolerant species Significant changes in benthos characteristics
10. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Estuaries Increased upstream tidal backwash into the rivers and creeks Changes in composition and breeding behaviour of anadromous and catadromous migrators
11. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Intertidal mudflats Almost total loss of intertidal mudflats along the Indian peninsula viz. Gulf of Khambat Further aggravated where stiff topography structures viz. seawall prevent the inland migration of mudflat impacted faunal groups are wader bird’s diversity & abundance and their migration patterns.
13. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Rocky shores Loss of anchorage to seaweeds and algae Decline in habitats for gastropods, bivalves and crustaceans
14. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Sandy shores and sand dunes Loss of nesting areas for shore crabs, marine turtles and waders Loss of sand dune stabilizing vegetations viz. Ipomea, Spinifix Ground water quality Economic loss, coastal tourism and fisheries related livelihood
15. Impact of climate change on specific coastal and marine habitats Oceanic Islands Impact and loss of coraline and volcanic islands (viz. Lakshadweep (Pitti island) and Andaman & Nicobar) Loss of endemic species (Megapod, Amphibians and Reptiles)
23. Impact on Conservation Network (PAs and Conservation Areas) Impact on 60-70 coast based PAs in India Impact on 106 Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBA) Loss of coast based important bird areas (Pitti Island, Rann of Kachchh, Kolleru, Pulicate, Chilka & Sunderban)
25. Prioritized ICMBA sites Alia Bet Madhavpur Chandipur Purna Thane Chilka Rushikulya Naupada Purnagad Bantumilli Achra-Malvan Machilipatnam Kali Netrani Kundapur Kaliveli Kolavipalem Pichavaram Vypin-Fort Kochi Kumarakom Palk Bay Kumbalangi
26. Impact on Indicator Flagship Species of Conservation Importance Horseshoe crab-loss of breeding and nesting ground Salt water crocodile-Innundation and loss of nesting ground Turtles-Batagurbaskaand Pelochelyscantori Aquatic mammals-Irrawady dolphins and gangetic dolphins Marine turtles – Sea turtles Egglaying Snakes-Achrochordus, Laticauda Mammals – tiger, fishing cat ad Otter Obligate vegetation – Seagrass, Seaweeds and Halophytes
34. Royal Bengal TigerPantheratigris Sunderbans – largest known population in India, also largest /reports of man-tiger conflict/Worlds only known population of tigers in littoral habitat Threats: Poaching & Retaliatory killings due to tiger-human conflicts
38. Impact on Ethnic Human Population Coast based fishing communities Indigenous tribal populations viz. Jarawas, Shompens, Onge, Sentineles, Great Andamanese, Nicobari
40. Other identified impacts Impact on TSD (Temperature dependent Sex Determination) – Turtles and Crocodiles Enhanced cyclone, hurricanes, thunder storms and more frequent El-Nino like conditions
44. 1 3 BEACH DURING ONSET OF BREEDING (NOV) BEACH EROSION DURING APRIL LOSS OF EGGS DUE TO EROSION EMERGENCE DURING MAY 2 4
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47. AUGUST (Lowest) DECEMEBR MARCH (Highest) MAY (Erosion) MASS NESTING Rushikulya Mass Nesting Beach 21 km MASSNESTING BEACH 1 km
48. AUGUST DECEMEBR MARCH MAY SPORADIC NESTING Devi Nesting Beach 19 km HIGH SPORADIC NESTING BEACH 1 km
49. AUGUST (lowest) DECEMEBR MARCH (Highest) MAY (Erosion begins) MASS NESTING Gahirmatha Mass Nesting Beach Wheeler island MASSNESTING BEACH 35 km
50. Typical Tide Curves from full moon to new moon period at three comparative study sites
51. Beach height & Mean tidal amplitude in Gahirmatha rookery Nasi-1. Old nesting beach new Nesting beach in wheeler island
52. In 2004, (Mass nesting area 3000 m X 60 m) Wheeler Island Coconut Island Nasi-II Babubali Nasi-I Source: Prustyet al 2006
53. In 2009, (Mass nesting area 900 m X 87 m) Wheeler Island Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island
54. In 2010, (Mass nesting area 1000 m X 53 m) Wheeler Island Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island
55. Hatching and emergence success: 2009-10 HS ES Error bars show 95.0% CI of mean Error bars show 95.0% CI of mean
56. 30 years of study shows the following changes possibly related to climate change i. Shift in breeding season from December to Marchii. Gradual shift in mass nesting site fidelityiii. Loss of nesting beachesiv. Gradual changes in migratory pattern
57. What is needed ? Identifying climate change related thrust areas of research for all sectors on involving coastal and marine systems Involvement of coast based academic organizations and universities Creation of Centre of Excellence and Advanced Studies on Climate Change International and National NGOs to initiate climate change initiatives Improvement in existing prediction framework Increased focus on research in the ability of possible climate change impacted vulnerable species for adaptation Inclusion of climate change in academic curriculum
58. Probable loss of areas of Sunderban Tiger Reserve in India due to different levels of sea level rise
59. Sunderban specific… Projecting Sunderban as an climate change impacted global ecological entity Identification of priority vulnerable biodiversity indicators and mechanisms for their safeguards against local and total extinction Capacity building and information sharing common database Trans boundary common minimum programme on climate change monitoring in Bangladesh and India
