1. The Civil War

2. The Call to Arms
 President Lincoln
 Declared rebellion existed in South, after Fort Sumter attack
 Asked for 75,000 troops
 Many states begged to send more
 More States Secede
 Tennessee, Kentucky, & Missouri
 Refused to send troops
 Maryland & Delaware did not respond to call for troops
 Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina left the
Union
 Western counties of Virginia refused to secede & were admitted into
Union as state of West Virginia

3. The Border States
 Delaware
 Strong support for Union
 Kentucky, Missouri, & Maryland
 supported the South
 Control of Ohio river & protecting Washington was part of these states
 Kentucky
 Declared itself neutral
 Union did not invade Kentucky
 Confederates invaded in September 1861
 W/ move Kentucky decided to support Union
 Missouri & Maryland
 Lincoln used force to hold states in Union
 Troops were sent in Missouri to break up fighting between Southern
supporters & Union supporters
 Maryland placed under martial law when Southern supporters
destroyed railroad & telegraph lines

4. North Against South
 Southern Advantages:
 Outnumbered, but had military advantages
 Northern armies would have to invade & conquer South
 Would be fighting on their own territory
 Had most experienced military officers
 Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, & Robert E. Lee
 Northern Advantages:
 Had more factories for producing supplies
 Twice as much railroad track & farmland
 Population advantage
 Able to field, feed, & equip larger armies

5. The Two Sides Plan Strategies
 North:
 Win a quick victory
 Naval blockade on Southern seaports
 Block supply of manufactured goods & overseas sales of
cotton
 Gain control of Mississippi River
 South:
 Did not need to invade the North
 Defend their land until Northerners got tired of fighting
 Sought aid from Britain & other European nations
 British need for cotton would force support towards South

6. Americans Against Americans
 Civil War
 War between Americans
 Families spilt apart: brothers against brothers, father against
son
 Mary Lincoln
 4 brothers who fought for Confederacy
 Soldiers came from many backgrounds
 Farmers, immigrants, etc.
 Most of men between 18-45 years old, some as young as
14

7. First Battle of Bull Run
 Union
 Led by General Irvin McDowell
 30,000 men (not very well prepared for battle)
 Confederates
 Led by General Thomas Jackson
 30,000 men
 Hundreds of people came from Washington to watch the
battle
 Armies clashed along Bull Run River
 Northern armies pushed forward at first
 Southern army rallied & poorly trained Union army began to
panic & fled back to Washington

8. A Soldier’s Life
 ¾ of time spent in camp, not fighting
 Trained for 10 hours per day
 Rest of time they stood guard, wrote home, & gathered
firewood
 Harsh Conditions
 Camp conditions were miserable
 Lack of clean water
 Diseases swept through camps
 Prisoners of War
 Prison camps were built by both sides
 were overcrowded & became deathtraps
 10% of those who died during the war, died in prison camps

9. Early Years of the War

10. New Technology in the War
 New Weapons
 Previous Wars: charges on the enemy
 Now: new rifles & cannons were more accurate & had
longer range; attacking troops could be bombarded
before reaching defenders
 Generals were slow to recognize this & change tactics
 Ironclads: warships covered with protective iron plates
 Cannon fire bounced off the sides of these ships
 Confederates used them against the Union blockade
 Union used them in the effort to gain control of the
Mississippi River

12. The War in the East
 George McClellan
 Placed in command of Union troops after Battle of Bull Run
 Very organized & cautious general
 March 1862
 McClellan moved 100,000 soldiers by boat to a peninsula
southeast of Richmond
 As he moved toward the capital he discovered superiority of his
troops to the 15,000 Confederate troops
 Ordered 37,000 troops to guard Washington, D.C.
 Waited another month to advance again
 Gave Confederates time to reinforce
 May 31, 1862
 Confederates stopped Union advance near Richmond
 In late June McClellan was forced to retreat

13. Lucky Break
 General Lee decided to invade the North
 Hoped victory of Union soil would gain support for the South in
Europe & turn northern public opinion against the war
 September: Lee’s army moved into western Maryland
 September 1862 45,000 troops slipped into Maryland
 Union officer found a piece of paper showing Lee’s battle plan
 Confederates had divided into two parts
 McClellan attacked Lee on September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek
near Sharpsburg, Maryland
 Bloodiest single day of the war
 Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia; Confederates suffered
14,000 casualties
 McClellan lost 12,000 men & was too damaged to pursue Lee &
finish him

14. The War in the West
 Ulysses S. Grant
 General of western Union forces
 Took chances & was not as cautious as McClellan
 1862
 Union forces made major advances in western land &
naval battles
 Grant moved forces south from Kentucky capturing Fort
Henry in TN & the Fort Donelson on the Cumberland
River
 Two water routes into the Confederacy were now open
 Grant continued toward Corinth, MS

15.  April 6,1862
 Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston attacked
Grant’s forces at the Battle of Shiloh
 South suffered nearly 11,000 casualties & the North
more than 13,000.
 Union forced Confederate army to withdraw from the
railroad center
 Union also gained control of western Tennessee & part
of Mississippi River
 Union fleet under command of David Farragut
entered Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico 2
weeks after this battle
 April 26 Farragut captured New Orleans, LA & by
summer nearly all of the Mississippi River was in
Union hands

16. The Emancipation Proclamation

17. Emancipating the Enslaved
 Abolitionists urged Lincoln to end slavery after start of
war
 Feared emancipating slaves would cause border states to
secede
 Goal: was to restore the Union even if he had to let slavery
continue
 Began to realize how important slavery was to South’s
war effort
 Lincoln was going to issue an Emancipation Proclamation
 Cabinet members advised him to wait until success on the
battlefield

18. A Famous Proclamation
 September 22, 1862
 preliminary proclamation issued
 January 1, 1863
 Final Emancipation Proclamation issued
 Little effect at first
 Only freed enslaved people in areas that were fighting the Union
(Union had no power)
 Didn’t apply to parts of the South already under Union control or
free anyone in the border states
 Proclamation criticized & praised
 Abolitionists: should be applied throughout the country
 Southerners: accused Lincoln of trying to start a slave revolt
 Union soldiers: enthusiastic; would weaken the South

19. Effects of the Proclamation
 Freed few slaves at first
 Changed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom
 No longer a fight to save the nation
 Fight to end slavery
 Dashed hope that Britain would recognize the South’s
independence
 Would not help a gov’t wanting to keep people enslaved
 United African Americans in support of the war

20. African Americans Help the Union
 Were not permitted to join Union army at first
 Only after Emancipation Proclamation were they
allowed to serve
 189,000 served in the Union army & navy
 ½ were former slaves who escaped or freed by fighting
 If caught they were either returned to slavery or killed; not
treated like prisoners

21.  African Americans & white sailors served together on
warships
 Army:
 African Americans served in all-black regiments under
white officers
 Earned less pay
 Fought with pride & courage
 Took part in 40 major battles & 100s of minor ones
 Many other African Americans worked for Union
armies as cooks, wagon drivers, & hospital aides

22. Resisting Slavery
 South
 Many enslaved African Americans tried to hurt the
Confederate war effort
 Some provided military information to Union armies
 Worked slowly or damaged equipment
 Slaves often also simply refused to work

23. The Civil War and American Life

24. Divisions over the war
 Nation divided as well as divisions in the North &
South
 Northerners: some did not support the war or want to
restore the Union
 Southerners: some did not support a war to defend
slavery or secession

25. Divisions in the South
 Georgia
 Only half supported secession
 North Carolina
 Held nearly 100 peace protests
 Supplied second most number of troops to Confederate army
 Regions w/ large plantations supported the more stronger
than poor black country regions
 States’ Rights
 Created divisions
 Objections to officers from other states leading troops
 Objection to Confederate government forcing men to do
military service

26. Division in the north
 Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation
 Others believed South had a right to secede
 Northern Democrats
 Blamed Lincoln & Republicans of forcing the South into
War
 Called Copperheads; strongest in Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois;
criticized the war & called for peace

27. Dealing with disruptions
 People on both sides tried to disrupt the war
 Tried to encourage soldiers to desert
 Helped prisoners of war escape
 Southern peace groups worked against the Confederacy
 Tried to prevent men from volunteering for military service
 Habeas Corpus suspended
 Lincoln & Jefferson Davis suspended Habeas Corpus in some
places (constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment)
 Empowered judges to determine if prisoners were being legally held
 13,000 people in the North were arrested and jailed without
trials

28. The Draft
 April 1862
 South: men aged 18-35 & later to 50 were drafted into the army
 March 1863
 North: U.S. Congress created a military draft
 Draft laws
 Incomplete & discriminatory
 Could hire a substitute to avoid service
 Could buy out by paying the government $300.00
 Critics began calling the Civil War “a rich man’s war and a poor
man’s fight”
 Southern governors helped their citizens evade the draft
 July 1863
 Riots took place in New York City to show opposition to the draft

29.  Bounty, or lump sum, of $1,500 was paid for a 3-year
enlistment
 This led to the practice of bounty jumping
 A man would enlist, collect his bounty and then desert,
only to reenlist somewhere else

30. The war and economic strains
 Northern Industries
 boomed during the war; turned out goods Union needed
 Draft did drain away workers
 August 1861
 Congress levied 1st income tax in history
 Union printed $400 million of paper money
 Pay for expenses
 1st federal paper money printed
 Led to inflation; prices of goods in raised 80% during the war
in the North
 South
 Less able to sustain war
 Union blockade prevented ability to raise money
 Shortages made goods more expensive
 Led to greater inflation than in the North
 $18 shoes now cost $800
 Food production fell as Union armies destroyed farmland &
crops
 Led to riots for food, cloth, & shoes

31. Women in the civil war
 400 women disguised as men fought in the war
 Became spies
 Took over businesses, farms, plantations for men who were
fighting in the war
 Some women in the South worked the field to meet the needs
of workers
 Work in factories
 Became teachers & nurses
 Barriers to women fell
 Elizabeth Blackwell became 1st female physician
 Dorothea Dix became head of Union army nurses
 Harriet Tubman continued to lead enslaved people to freedom
 Clara Barton cared for wounded soldiers on the battlefield

32. Decisive Battles

33. The Tide Turns
 1862 Battle of Antietam
 After this battle war began to go badly for the North
 Poor leadership was the result
 McClellan replaced with General Ambrose Burnside

34. Confederate Victories
 December 1862
 Burnside marched army of 120,000 men toward Richmond
 General Lee massed 75,000 men at Fredericksburg, VA to block his
path
 Burnside ordered charge after charge during this battle
 Union lost 13,000 men to the Confederates 5,000
 Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker
 May 1863
 Hooker marched Union army toward Richmond
 Union army was smashed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by a force
half its size
 Battle was costly for the South; Stonewall Jackson was shot and
wounded & later died

35. The Battle of Gettysburg
 After Lee’s army defeated Union forces at Chancellorsville
he gained confidence & headed north to Pennsylvania
 Union forces now under the command of General George
G. Meade meet Lee accidentally at Gettysburg
 Confederates were in search of shoes desperately needed in the South
 Bloody battle marked a turning point in the war
 Union troops took position on the crest of a low ridge
 Confederates’ task was to dislodge them from their position
 Confederate attempts failed several times, concluding with a suicidal
charge across an open field by General George Pickett on July 3
 After 3 days 23,000 Union soldiers & 28,000 Confederate
soldiers had been killed or wounded
 Lincoln wired Meade, “Do not let the enemy escape”
 July 4, Lee retreated to Virginia & the Union army failed to
pursue him

36. Gettysburg Address
 Both sides suffered heavy casualties at Gettysburg
 Sparsely populated South could not recover from
 November 19, 1863 President Lincoln visited
Gettysburg to dedicate the battlefield cemetery & to
honor the soldiers buried there
 He promised, “these dead shall not have died in vain”

37. The Fall of Vicksburg
 July 4, 1863
 Vicksburg surrendered to General grant
 Was last city on the Mississippi River in Confederate hands
 Grant was able to capture Vicksburg not by force, but by
surrounding the city & cutting it off from supplies
 Day after day the Union bombarded Vicksburg
 Residents took shelter in cellars & caves they had dug in hillsides
 They ate mules & rats to keep from starving
 After 6 weeks the Confederate troops gave up
 Last Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson, LA fell a few
days later
 Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg along with loses at Vicksburg &
Port Hudson made July 1863 a major turning point in the
war

38. Closing in on the Confederacy
 1864
 Grant given command of Union forces
 Decided to attack Richmond no matter how large the
Union losses

39. Grant vs. Lee
 Grant’s huge army hammered the Confederates in
several battles in northern Virginia
 They were unable to break through, but continued to
attack
 Grant’s army suffered 55,000 casualties in 7 weeks of
fighting; Confederates suffered 35,000
 Grant knew he could count of a steady supply of men &
supplies while Lee was running low on both
 Petersburg
 Grant used the same tactic he used a Vicksburg of
besieging the Confederate troops
 While Grant & Lee battled, Union forces under
command of William T. Sherman advanced toward

40. Sherman’s March
 Sherman believed in total war
 All-out attacks aimed at destroying an enemy’s army, its
resources, & it’s people’s will to fight
 Confederates were unable to stop Sherman’s advance
 Union troops captured Atlanta, GA on September 2, 1864
 Victory gave Lincoln’s reelection campaign a boost
 Northerners were growing tired of the war prior to this event &
support for Lincoln was also lagging; Lincoln won election victory
over General George McClellan
 November 1864
 Sherman ordered Atlanta to be burned & he continued his
march to the Atlantic Ocean
 Along the way Union forces set fires to buildings, seized crops &
livestock, & pulled up railroad tracks leaving a 60 mile path of
destruction

42. Peace at last
 March 1865
 Grant’s army continued to besiege Petersburg
 Grant extended his battle lines east & west
 Lee knew the city would fall
 Lincoln also saw end of war too
 2nd inaugural address
 “With malice toward none; with charity for all; …let us strive
together… to bind up the nation’s wounds”

43. Surrender at Appomattox
 April 2
 Grant’s troop broke through Confederate lines
 Richmond was captured by the Union
 Lee retreated to Appomattox Court House
 April 9, 1865
 Lee surrendered
 Grant offered:
 Confederates to give up their weapons & leave in peace

44. The War’s Terrible Toll
 Bloodiest conflict U.S. ever fought
 Confederates: 260,000 men died
 Union: exceeded 360,000 men including 37,000 African
Americans
 ½ million were wounded
 Many returned home disfigured for life
 Key results of the war
 Reunited the nation
 Put an end to slavery