1. Reconstruction and the New South

2. Rebuilding the Nation

3.  Huge problems after Civil War ended
 Vast parts of the South were ruined
 Homeless refugees scattered across the South
 Both African American & Whites
 Needed: food, shelter, & work
 Biggest problem
 Suppressing the hard feelings between the North &
South

4.  Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction
 December 1863
 10% of voters need to take loyalty oath to U.S.
 New gov’t could then be formed
 Declare an end to slavery
 Members of state could be sent to Congress to take part
in national gov’t
 Plan included amnesty for former Confederates
 Not for Confederate gov’t leaders or military leaders

5.  Stricter than 10% plan
 50% of voters to swear loyalty oath
 Voluntary Confederate soldiers not allowed to vote for
delegates meeting to form new state constitution
 Lincoln refused the bill & it never became law
 Lincoln thought his lenient plan would promote a
strong Republican party in the South
 Radical Republicans opposed lenient plan & wanted
strict plan
 Thought strict plan would keep Confederates who led the
secession from regaining power

6.  Developed to deal with the needs of freed African
Americans & war refugees after the war
 1st Duty: provide emergency relief
 2nd: set up schools to teach freed slaves to read & write
 African American communities also set up their own
schools & paid for teachers by pooling money
 Many white northern women were teachers as well as
black northern women
 Continue education centers were also started
 Public Education system to education whites & blacks in
most southern states

7.  Bureau also helped freedmen find jobs & resolve
disputes between whites & blacks
 Bureau also set up its own court system to deal with
cheaters

8.  April 14, 1865
 5 DAYS after the war
 John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at the Ford’s Theater in
Washington
 Shot Lincoln in the head with a single bullet
 Booth later shot & killed after the barn he was hiding in was set on fire
 8 others convicted & 4 were hung for their part in the plot to kill
Lincoln
 Nation shocked by death
 Huge crowds paid their last respects & Lincoln’s body was
transported back to Illinois for burial
 Vice President Andrew Johnson, southern Democrat, became
President
 Showed bitterness toward the Confederacy before & during the war,
many expected him to take a strict approach to Reconstruction

9. The Battle Over Reconstruction

10.  Andrew Johnson
 Proposed lenient plan of Reconstruction
 Put plan into effect himself, did not consult w/
legislators

11.  January 1865
 Congress approved amendment to abolish slavery
throughout the nation
 Banned slavery & forced labor
 Congress had power to make laws to enforce its terms

12.  Amnesty offered
 Southern states could organize new gov’t & elect reps. for
Congress
 Had to abolish slavery & ratify the 13th Amendment
 December 1865
 Most states met Johnson’s requirements
 Senators elected included many former Confederate leaders
 Congress rejected plan
 1st: refused to seat southern senators & reps.
 2nd: two houses appointed a committee to form a new plan for
the South
 Heard testimony about black codes: new laws used by southern
states to control African Americans

13.  Black Codes
 Replaced slavery w/ near slavery
 Caused hard line in Congress
 Radical Republicans
 Wanted to prevent former Confederates from regaining
control over southern politics
 To protect the freedmen & guarantee them a right to
vote

14.  Granted citizenship rights to African Americans and
guaranteed the civil rights of all people except Native
Americans
 Vetoed by Johnson & another bill extending the life of
the Freedmen’s Bureau
 Congress voted to overturn vetoes, & both received 2/3 vote of
each house & became law

15.  All people born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens
 States may not pass laws that take away a citizen’s
rights; cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property w/o due process of law, or deny equal
protection of the laws.
 Any state that denies the vote to any male citizen over
the age of 21, will have representation in Congress
reduced (not enforced until 1970s)
 Became powerful tool for enforcing civil rights

16.  1866 election
 Rioters & police killed many African Americans in
southern cities
 Led Congress to push for a stricter form of
Reconstruction

17.  Radical Republicans
 Won support to begin strict reconstruction
 Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Removed gov’t of all southern states that did not ratify
14th Amendment
 Imposed military rule & divided states into five military
districts
 Before returning to Union, each state had to write new
state constitution & ratify 14th Amendment
 Also had to let African Americans vote

18.  African Americans
 Were elected as sheriffs, mayors
 18 served in Congress
 Radical Reconstruction
 Southern states opened public schools, legislators spread tax
money more evenly, & made fairer voting rules, gave property
rights to women, states rebuilt bridges, roads & buildings
 Republican Party built a strong following from 3 groups
 Scalawags: southern whites who had opposed secession
 Freedmen voters
 Carpetbaggers: name given by southerners to northern whites who
went south to start businesses or pursue political office

19.  Approved in 1869
 Barred all states from denying African American males
the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
 Did not prevent states from requiring voters to own
property or pay a voting tax

20.  Secret societies created by white shut out of power to
terrorize African Americans & their white allies
 Would threaten African American voters, burn crosses
in their yard
 When threats failed they would: whip, torture, shoot, or
hang African Americans & white Republicans
 Congress responded to violence w/ new laws
 Ku Klux Klan Acts of 1870 & 1871
 Barred use of force against voeters

21. The End of Reconstruction

22.  Radical Republicans
 Support declined
 People focused more on their own lives
 Grant’s Scandals
 Poor public office appointments
 Corruption of appointees
 Grant
 Claimed no part in scandals, but reputation was hurt
 Won reelection in 1872, but Northerners lost faith in
Republicans & their policies

23.  Amnesty for Confederates?
 Northerners & Southerners both wanted the withdrawal
of federal troops & amnesty for Confederates
 1869
 Republican opponents: began taking back the south one
state at a time
 Chipped away at African Americans rights

24.  End of Reconstruction resulted from this election
 Choice of President decided by Congress
 Due to election returns
 Deal made between Republicans & Democrats
 Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes; would continue reconstruction
 Democrats: Tilden; would end reconstruction
 Won popular vote; 20 electoral votes disputed; one vote short of 185 needed to win
electoral college
 Special Commissions
 15 members appointed by Congress
 Most were Republicans
 20 electoral votes given to Hayes
 Democrats did not fight decision because Hayes told them privately he would
end reconstruction
 Once in office Hayes removed federal troops from the South

25.  End of Reconstruction
 African Americans lost political & civil rights
 Several techniques used to stop blacks from voting
 Poll tax: must pay a tax before voting; kept poor whites & freedmen
from voting
 Literacy test: required to read & explain section of Constitution
 Grandfather clause allowed illiterate white males to vote; test avoided if father
or grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1, 1867
 Segregation: enforced separation of races; barred mixing of races in
almost every aspect of life, know as Jim Crow laws (born in separate
hospitals, buried in separate cemeteries, separate playgrounds,
restaurants, & schools, travel on specific seats on streetcars or take
black streetcars); Laws were upheld in local courts

26.  1896
 Supreme Court upheld segregation laws
 Plessy v. Ferguson
 Homer Plessy arrested for sitting in a coach marked for whites
only
 Court upheld Louisiana law of segregated streetcars
 Ok if they were equal
 Separate but equal rule was in effect until the 1950s
 Facilities were rarely equal

27.  Poverty forced freedmen & poor whites to become
sharecroppers
 Work the land for the farmer in return for a share in the value
of the crop
 Landlord
 Supplied living quarters, tools, seed, & food on credit
 Crops were harvested & sold and amount given to
sharecroppers was figured out
 In times of bad harvests or low crop prices sharecroppers often
earned enough money to pay what they owned landlords
 Locked into a cycle of debt

28.  South’s economy began to recover
 1880s
 New industries
 Agriculture in the South recovered, especially cotton production
 Tobacco production also increased
 Southern investors started or expanded industries
 Textile industry became important part of economy
 South began to develop their natural resources
 New mills to use South’s iron, timber, & oil
 South no longer dependent on cotton