2. Spectroscopy
Definition: Spectroscopy is the study of of the interaction between matter
and electromagnetic radiation.
Types of spectroscopy:
• Absorption spectroscopy – uses electromagnetic spectra in which a
substance absorbs: IR, NMR
• Emission spectroscopy – uses electromagnetic spectra in which a
substance emits: Luminescence
• Scattering spectroscopy – measures the amount of light that a
substance scatter at certain wavelengths, incident angles and
polarization angles: Raman
3. Infrared Spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy is concerned with the study of absorption
of infrared radiation, which causes vibrational transition in
the molecule.
• IR spectra mainly used to identify functional groups present
in molecules.
5. Principle of IR spectroscopy
• Molecules are made up of atoms linked by chemical bonds.
The movement of atoms and the chemical bonds like spring
and balls (vibration).
• This characteristic vibration are called Natural frequency of
vibration.
6. • When energy in the form of infrared radiation is applied then it
causes the vibration between the atoms of the molecules and
when,
Applied infrared frequency = Natural frequency of vibration
Then, absorption of IR radiation takes
place and a peak is observed.
Different functional groups absorb
characteristic frequencies of IR radiation.
Hence gives the characteristic peak value.
Therefore, IR spectrum of a chemical
substance is a finger print of a molecule
for its identification.
7. Criteria for a compound to absorb IR radiation
• Correct wavelength of radiation
A molecule to absorb IR radiation, the natural
frequency of vibrations of some part of a molecule
is the same as the frequency of incident radiation.
• Change in dipole moment
A molecule can only absorb IR radiation when its
absorption cause a change in its electric dipole.
8. Types of Molecular Vibrations
1.Stretching
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
2.Bending
In plane
Out plane
16. Applications
• Identification of functional group and structure elucidation
• Identification of substances
• Studying the progress of the reaction
• Detection of impurities
• Quantitative analysis
17. Pros and Cons of IR Spectroscopy
Largely qualitative Difficult to analyze complex
solutions in infrared
Similar infrared spectra can
misidentify the fingerprint
region
18. NMR Spectroscopy
The study of absorption of
radiofrequency radiation by
nuclei in a magnetic field is
called Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance.
• NMR spectroscopy is commonly used technique for organic
compound structure determination.
20. Principle of NMR spectroscopy
• A spinning charge creates a magnetic moment, so these nuclei can
be thought of as tiny magnets.
• If we place these nuclei in a magnetic field, they can line up with or
against the field by spinning clockwise or counter clockwise.
21. NMR active nuclei
Number of nucleons
-Must be odd for residual magnetism
For e.g. Hydrogen exhibits, Deuterium does not
1H, 13C and 15N nuclei
-have a very small magnetic moment: “half integer spin”
22. Resonance condition
•Transition from low to high energy state occurs
• hﬠ = gßH
•Either a constant magnetic field is applied and appropriate
region of radio frequency is swept
•Or a constant frequency is employed & the external magnetic
field is swept
23. Chemical shifts
- Arises from applied field inducing secondary fields at the proton by
interacting with adjacent bonding electrons
- Is measured in ppm relative to an internal standard – TMS
- Trimethylsilane (TMS) is the accepted internal standard for
calibrating chemical shift for 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy in organic
solvents.
H
3.6 ppm
1.2 ppm
24. Splitting or Multiplicity
Scalar coupling constants
- Protons on adjacent carbons will interact and “split” each
others resonances into multiple peaks (multiplets)
- Measured in Hz (“Hertz”, s-1)
- Caused by different spin states of neighboring spins (parallel or
antiparallel)
H
- Equivalent protons do not show spin-spin coupling
- Doublet: 1 coupling partner
- Triplet: 2 coupling partners
- Quartet: 3 coupling partners
25. When energy in the form of radiofrequency
is applied
When applied frequency is equal to
processional frequency
Absorption of energy occurs
Nucleus is in resonance
NMR signal is recorded
Steps involved in the process
31. Interpretation of NMR Spectrum
Number of main signal = number of equivalent protons in
unknown compound
Chemical shift indicates the type of H atoms. E.g.
methylene, methyl groups, etc.
Spin-spin splitting ---- arrangement of groups in the
molecule.
Area of peaks ---- no. of H nuclei present in each group. For
e.g. relative areas of methyl peaks in propane would be 6:2.
In butane it would be 6:4
33. Applications
• To study molecular structure and interactions
• For determining 3D structure of proteins and other
macromolecules
• Solid-state NMR is used to study variety of materials
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Oil and natural gas exploration
• Polymer production, cosmetics and food manufacturing
35. MRI
Eliminates risk of X-radiation
Excellent and contrast resolution
Detecting disease at earlier stages
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test that
physicians use to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
36. Pros and Cons of NMR Spectroscopy
Provides high resolution
information
Does not require a protein crystal
and is not affected by crystal
contacts
Can be used to study flexible
proteins
Reflects conformational averaging
Requires high concentrations of
soluble protein
Can not be applied to large proteins
(800kD max so far)
Can not be used with amyloid fibrils
Notas do Editor
Spectroscopy is a scientific measurement technique. It measures light that is emitted, absorbed, or scattered by materials and be used to study, identify and quantify those materials. In this presentation, we are going to cover IR and NMR spectroscopy from the absorption spectroscopy respectively.
The major use of radio waves is in NMR spectroscopy. That works because some atomic nuclei exhibit ‘nuclear spin’.
Alpha spin state - favorable, lower energy and anticlockwise
Beta spin state - unfavorable, higher energy and clockwise
Bo – constant magnetic field produced by the large magnet
Here comes the process of NMR spectroscopy in a simpler terms.
This is the basic model of a NMR spectrophotometer.
In Fourier Transform NMR Instrument small energy change takes place in the magnitude, present in NMR and hence the sensitivity of this instrument is very less. The Continuous Wave NMR follows the principle of optical spectrometers. The pulsed FT-NMR is much faster as compared to continuous wave NMR.
1H NMR is used to determine the type and number of H atoms in a molecule.
13C NMR is used to determine the type of carbon atoms in the molecule. Carbon NMR is simpler than proton NMR because of the carbon NMR has large chemical shift ranging as much as 200 ppm; while for proton NMR, it is not more than 10ppm.