2. What is nuclear
weapon?
An explosive device that derives its des-
tructive force from nuclear reactions- fission
or combination of fission and fusion.
Release vast quantities of energy from
relatively small amount of matter.
First fission bomb-approximately 20,000 tons of TNT
First thermonuclear bomb-approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT
3. History
Manhattan Project-US, UK, Canada, from
1942-1946, under U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, directed by J .R. Oppenheimer
In 1939, Leó Szilárd and Albert Einstein
wrote a letter to President Roosevelt,
expressing their concerns.
4. Facilities:
Uranium - Oak Ridge, Tennessee, “Little boy”,
Hiroshima
Plutonium - Hanford site, Washington state,
“Fat Man”, Nagasaki
Weapon research and design laboratory - Los
Alamos National Laboratory
5. Governance, Control,
and Roles
In the late 1940s, lack of mutual trust
prevent the US and Soviet Union from
making international arms control agree-
ments.
By the 1960s steps were being taken to limit
both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to
other countries and the environmental
effects of nuclear testing
6. Partial or Limited Test Ban Treaty (PTBT or
LTBT, 1963) - all nuclear testing to under-
ground testing
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or
NNPT, 1968) - the goal of allowing the
transference of non-military nuclear tech-
nology to member countries without fear of
proliferation
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABMT, 1972) -
the US and the USSR, agree to deploy an
ABM system to one site, ended by the US in
2002
7. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT, I in
1972 and II in 1979) - the US and the USSR,
limit the number of ICBM, SLBM, heavy
bombers and MIRVS
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
(INF, 1987) - a global ban on short- and long
-range nuclear weapons systems
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START, I in
1991 and II in 1993) - Limit nuclear forces in
the US and the newly independent states of
the former Soviet Union
8. Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT
or Moscow Treaty) - a very loose treaty,
Russia and the US agreed to reduce their
“Strategic nuclear warheads”
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT, 1996) -
bans all nuclear explosions in all environ-
ments
New START Treaty, 2010 - not yet ratified by
Russia or the US
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones:
Treaty of Tlatelolco - Latin America and Caribbean
Treaty of Pelindaba - African countries
Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
9.
10. Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty
More countries have nuclear weapons signify
that the world will become more instable
and a nuclear war may happen
In the cold war, the stability of the inter-
national system is based on Mutually Assured
Destruction and the balance of terror
11. The NPT is elaborated in DISEC in 1968,
came into force on March 5th, 1970,
proposed by Finland and Ireland
Originally conceived with a limited duration
of 25 years, later extended the treaty
indefinitely by consensus
Hold Review Conference every 5 years, the
most recent one - May, 2010
12. Three-pillar system-
Non-proliferation
disarmament
The right to peacefully use nuclear technology
Non-nuclear countries who signed it have to
Not to try to acquire nuclear weapons
Not to exchange nuclear technologies
The five NWS have to
Give new technologies on nuclear production of electricity to non-
nuclear countries
Reduce their nuclear arsenal and to take measures for the total
elimination of nuclear weapons
13. Five Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) - China
(1992), France (1992), Russia Federation
(1968), the UK (1968), the US (1968), are also
five permanent states of UNSC
Strategic weapons - designed to threaten
large populations , or to generally deter
attacks, usually have indirect effect on the
conduct of war
Tactical weapons - designed to actually be
used on a battlefield in military situations
14. Current contestation of
NPT
The world order have changed--1990, USSR
dissolved, and NPT is outdated
NWS have not respected their obligations
Nuclear energy v.s. global warming
17. International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA)
An international organization which promote
peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its
use of any military purpose
Though established independently of the UN
through its own international treaty, it still reports
to both UNGA and UNSC
Also provide international safeguards against misuse
of nuclear technology and materials, promoting
nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and
nuclear security standards and implementation.
18. History
In 1953, the President of the US, Eisenhower,
proposed his Atoms for Peace address to the
UNGA; in September, 1954, they also pro-
posed to found a international agency as
fissile material bank
During 1956, an IAEA Statue Conference was
held to draft the funding documents for
IAEA, the Statue was completed in 1957.
19. An autonomous organization not under direct
control of UN; unlike other SIAs, they do
much of their work with UNSC but ECOSOC
Three main pillars -
Safety and Security
Science and Technology
Safeguards and Verification
20. Three main bodies
Board of Governors - 35 members, 13 from
outgoing Board, 22 from General Con-
ference. Making most of the policy in IAEA
General Conference - 151 member state,
meet once a year in September, to approve
the budget and policy from Board of
Governors
Secretariat - professional and general staff
of IAEA, responsible for enforcement of the
actions passed by the Board and GC
21.
22. Case report - Iran
Ahmadinejad ready for nuclear meeting with world powers
United Nations (CNN) -- Iran's
president said he is ready for talks on
his country's nuclear program with the
P5 plus one -- the world powers
spearheading the negotiations.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told reporters
"We are prepared to have talks," Iranian President at the United Nations on Friday such
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told reporters Friday.
talks would be along the same lines of
the meetings last October. The countries include Germany, and the five permanent
members of the U.N. Security Council -- the United States, Britain, France, China,
and Russia.
He has said an Iranian representative would meet with the group. He said that if
European Union foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton contacts his representative at
the International Atomic Energy Agency, a date can be set.
"We are prepared to have talks on a swap (a fuel swap deal) at anytime and with
the P5 plus one. We hope by October we will be prepared" to meet.
He also said Iran is ready to meet with the United States for talks about
Afghanistan, the war-torn country that borders Iran. U.S. and other forces have
been battling the Taliban there for years.
"If they show conditions are ripe and are ready to hear the reality of Afghanistan,
we are ready to sit with them on Afghanistan," he said.
23. Case report - Iran
Ahmadinejad ready for nuclear meeting w
United Na
president sai
his country's
P5 plus on
spearheading
Mahmoud A
"We are prepared to have talks," Iranian President at the Unite
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told reporters Friday.
talks would
the meetings last October. The countries include Germ
members of the U.N. Security Council -- the United S
24. Case report - Iran
Ahmadinejad ready for nuclear meeting w
United Na
president sai
his country's
P5 plus on
spearheading
Mahmoud A
"We are prepared to have talks," Iranian President at the Unite
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told reporters Friday.
talks would
the meetings last October. The countries include Germ
members of the U.N. Security Council -- the United S
25. Iran has been conducting and hiding a series
of activities for 18 years which could lead to
nuclear weapon production.
While the SC just passed several resolutions
trying to stop these activities, Iran refused
to obey it, especially on the enrichment of
uranium.
26. Why does Iran refuse the resolution from
SC? What does SC want Iran to do?
What sanctions has the UN imposed on Iran?
What about additional sanctions from the US
and the EU?
What did Iran say about nuclear weapon?
What about their non-military nuclear plan?
The reactions from other countries or
organizations?
27. Discussion
Despite all these restrictions, why so many
states still want to develop NW?
What kind of international situation may lead
a country to develop NW?
What else can we do to maintain or even
improve international nuclear safety?
