Elena Springall, Stephanie C. Kerns, Makiko Yoshida.

1. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre, University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio University.
Canada United States Japan
Librarian Education Librarian Education
Librarian Education
ALA-accredited Master’s degree is required “Shisho” or similar certificate is required
ALA-accredited Master’s degree is required
Some positions accept another relevant Master’s or higher degree Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a pre- or co-requisite
Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a prerequisite
Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a prerequisite LIS programs exist at Bachelor, Master’s and PhD level, but are not required
7 ALA accredited programs1
51 ALA accredited programs1 10 LIS programs at Bachelor level
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical
Education at The University of Toronto Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical
Education at Northwestern University Education at Keio University
Medical School Course Logistics Content Assessment Medical School Course Logistics Content Assessment Course Logistics Content Assessment
Orientation · lecture Key e-books · none Orientation · lecture Key resources by subject · none Y1,2 · short lecture How to use library, OPAC · none
·1 librarian Access to licensed resources. · 4 librarians Access to licensed resources
Medical Literature Information: · 2 workshops Medical article structure (IMRAD) · in-class exercise
Overview of library resources
Y1 Structure & Function · lecture Question formulation · in-class exercise Basic · 2 librarians Publication types · report
· 10 librarians Answering background questions Medical Decision Making · pre-class interactive Question formulation · none Y3 Literature search: PubMed, Ichushi-web (Japanese
Evaluating resources tutorial database)
Determinants of Community · online videos & workshop Question formulation · major assignment Medical Decision Making · interactive lecture (ARS) Selecting appropriate s ources · written assignment Medical Literature Information: · 2 workshops Question formulation · in-class exercise
Health, Year II · 28 librarians PICO and variants · marked by librarians Y1 · 1 librarian Evaluating information assessed on medical Clinical · 2 librarians Searching clinical & EBM resources
Comprehensive Ovid Medline & PsycInfo search school competencies Y4 Answering diagnosis & treatment questions
Y2 Search revision Problem Based Learning · 4 librarians Librarians give real-time feedback on sources used · in-class feedback Evaluating resources
Mechanisms, Manifestations and · online video & lecture Answering diagnosis & treatment questions · 1-2 exam questions by students in PBL
· optional workshops PubMed · none
Management of Disease · 1 librarian Evaluating resources · 1 librarian for each Ichu-shi web (Japanese database)
Introduction to Clinical Clerkships · interactive lecture (ARS) PICO · in-class exercises
Transition to Clerkship · 2 lectures Evaluating resources · CAT assignment · 1 librarian Formulating clinical questions Y5,6 workshop Searching clinical & EBM resources (UpToDate,
· 2 librarians Searching EBM resources · librarians develop Searching clinical & EBM resources DynaMed)
Y3
grading scheme for TAs Reference management tool (EndNote) etc.
Y3
Interdisciplinary · interactive lecture Formulating clinical questions · whole class interactive
Transition to Residency · 2 lectures Resources for lifelong learning · none Medicine/Medical Decision · pre-class assignment Applied to clerkships exercise with assignment
· 1 librarian RSS feeds Making · 1 librarian
Subscriptions
Y4
Search alerts
Sources for public health information
NOTE: In Japan, students start their medical degrees directly out of high school. At Keio, students complete 1 year
NOTE: All instruction is integrated into the curriculum of the medical school and is required for completion of the NOTE: All instruction is integrated into the curriculum of the medical school and is required for completion of the of general post-secondary education before starting a 6-year MD program.
MD degree. MD degree.
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Health Care Spending Health Care Spending Health Care Spending
11.4% of GDP 17.4% of GDP 8.5% of GDP
4363 USD per person 7960 USD per person 2878 USD per person
71% publicly funded 2
48% publicly funded2 81% publicly funded2
1.American Library Association [Internet]. Chicago: Alphabetical list of institutions with ALA-accredited programs; 2012 [cited 2012 April 23]. Available from: http://www.ala.org/accreditedprograms/directory/alphalist 2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ; 2011. http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3746,en_2649_37407_16502667_1_1_1_37407,00.html.

2. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Canada Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Librarian Education
ALA-accredited Master’s degree is required
Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a prerequisite
7 ALA accredited programs1

3. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Canada Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education at The University of Toronto
Medical School Course Logistics Content Assessment
Orientation · lecture Key e-books · none NOTE: All
·1 librarian Access to licensed resources.
instruction is
Y1 Structure & Function · lecture Question formulation · in-class exercise integrated
· 10 librarians Answering background questions
Evaluating resources into the
curriculum of
Determinants of Community · online videos & workshop Question formulation · major assignment
Health, Year II · 28 librarians PICO and variants · marked by librarians the medical
Comprehensive Ovid Medline & PsycInfo search school and is
Y2 Search revision required for
Mechanisms, Manifestations and · online video & lecture Answering diagnosis & treatment questions · 1-2 exam questions completion of
Management of Disease · 1 librarian Evaluating resources
● ● ●
the MD
Transition to Clerkship · 2 lectures Evaluating resources · CAT assignment degree.
Y3 · 2 librarians Searching EBM resources · librarians develop
grading scheme for TAs
Transition to Residency · 2 lectures Resources for lifelong learning · none
· 1 librarian RSS feeds
Subscriptions
Y4
Search alerts
Sources for public health information

4. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Canada Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Health Care Spending
11.4% of GDP
4363 USD per person
71% publicly funded2

5. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
United States Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Librarian Education
ALA-accredited Master’s degree is required
Some positions accept another relevant Master’s or higher degree
Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a prerequisite
51 ALA accredited programs1

6. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
United States Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education at Northwestern University
● ● ●
Medical School Course Logistics Content Assessment
NOTE: All
Orientation · lecture Key resources by subject · none
· 4 librarians Access to licensed resources instruction is
Overview of library resources integrated into the
Medical Decision Making · pre-class interactive Question formulation · none curriculum of the
tutorial medical school and
Medical Decision Making · interactive lecture (ARS) Selecting appropriate sources · written assignment is required for
· 1 librarian Evaluating information assessed on medical
Y1 completion of the
school competencies
MD degree.
Problem Based Learning · 4 librarians Librarians give real-time feedback on sources used · in-class feedback
by students in PBL
Introduction to Clinical Clerkships · interactive lecture (ARS) PICO · in-class exercises
· 1 librarian Formulating clinical questions
Searching clinical & EBM resources
Y3
Interdisciplinary · interactive lecture Formulating clinical questions · whole class interactive
Medicine/Medical Decision · pre-class assignment Applied to clerkships exercise with assignment
Making · 1 librarian

7. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
United States Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Health Care Spending
17.4% of GDP
7960 USD per person
48% publicly funded2

8. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Japan Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Librarian Education
“Shisho” or similar certificate is required
Bachelor’s degree in any subject is a pre- or co-requisite
LIS programs exist at Bachelor, Master’s and PhD level, but are not required
10 LIS programs at Bachelor level

9. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Japan Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Information Literacy Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education at Keio University
● ● ●
Course Logistics Content Assessment
NOTE: In Japan,
Y1,2 · short lecture How to use library, OPAC · none
students start their
Medical Literature Information: · 2 workshops Medical article structure (IMRAD) · in-class exercise medical degrees
Basic · 2 librarians Publication types · report
Y3 Literature search: PubMed, Ichushi-web (Japanese directly out of high
database) school. At Keio,
Medical Literature Information: · 2 workshops Question formulation · in-class exercise students complete
Clinical · 2 librarians Searching clinical & EBM resources 1 year of general
Y4 Answering diagnosis & treatment questions
post-secondary
Evaluating resources
education before
· optional workshops PubMed · none starting a 6-year
· 1 librarian for each Ichu-shi web (Japanese database)
workshop Searching clinical & EBM resources (UpToDate, MD program.
Y5,6
DynaMed)
Reference management tool (EndNote) etc.

10. IS THE GRASS GREENER?
A comparison of factors relevant to librarian involvement in Undergraduate Elena Springall, Gerstein Science Information Centre,
Medical Education in the United States, in Canada, and Japan. University of Toronto
Stephanie C. Kerns, Galter Health Sciences Library,
Northwestern University
Japan Makiko Yoshida, Shinanomachi Media Center, Keio
University.
Health Care Spending
8.5% of GDP
2878 USD per person
81% publicly funded2
1.American Library Association [Internet]. Chicago: Alphabetical list of institutions with ALA-accredited programs; 2012 [cited 2012 April 23].
Available from: http://www.ala.org/accreditedprograms/directory/alphalist 2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ; 2011.
http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3746,en_2649_37407_16502667_1_1_1_37407,00.html.