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Neoplasia 4
1.
2.
4.
5.
Initiation alone is
not sufficient for tumor formation.
6.
7.
For the change
to be heritable, the damaged DNA template must be replicated
8.
9.
Tumors do not
result when the promoting agent is applied before, rather than after, the initiating agent.
10.
11.
Mutated cells with
reduced growth factor requirements
12.
14.
15.
Most are weak
carcinogens; some are chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g. Alkylating drugs)
16.
17.
18.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
19.
present in fossil
fuels; animal fats during process of broiling meats; smoked meat and fish
20.
21.
22.
Any gene may
be the target commonly mutated are RAS and p53
23.
24.
26.
27.
30.
31.
32.
Intermediate: breast, lungs,
salivary glands
33.
36.
37.
39.
40.
Does not contain
an oncogene
41.
42.
Genes encoding IL-2
& its receptor
43.
46.
47.
48.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Impair immune competence
allow sustained B-cell proliferation
56.
57.
No consistent pattern
of integration in liver cells
58.
62.
63.
Implicated in gastric
adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphomas
64.
65.
Penetrates into gastric
epithelial cells initiate signalling cascade that mimics unregulated growth factor stimulation
66.
69.
70.
(+) lymphocytic infiltrates
around tumors and in LN draining sites of cancer
71.
Increased incidence of
cancer in immunocompromised individuals
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
Melanomas: high levels
of gangliosides GM2, GD2, and GD3
78.
79.
80.
81.
Typically normal self-antigens
do not induce immune response
82.
84.
85.
86.
87.
Activated by IL-2
and IL-5; may be activated by tumors that fail to express MHC class I antigens
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
96.
97.
98.
Hormone production seen
in neoplasms arising in endocrine glands more typical of benign tumor
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
Weight loss results
equally from loss of fat and lean muscle
108.
109.
110.
Provides information about
potential behavior of tumor
111.
113.
114.
116.
117.
Used for more
readily palpable lesions in breast, thyroid, and LN
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Contribute to detection
of cancer
126.
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