C language

The C Language Prof. Stephen A. Edwards

The C Language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

BCPL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hello World in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hello World in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Program mostly a collection of functions “ main” function special: the entry point “ void” qualifier indicates function does not return anything I/O performed by a library function: not included in the language

Euclid’s algorithm in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ New Style” function declaration lists number and type of arguments Originally only listed return type. Generated code did not care how many arguments were actually passed. Arguments are call-by-value

Euclid’s algorithm in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Automatic variable Storage allocated on stack when function entered, released when it returns. All parameters, automatic variables accessed w.r.t. frame pointer. Extra storage needed while evaluating large expressions also placed on the stack n m ret. addr. r Frame pointer Stack pointer Excess arguments simply ignored

Euclid’s algorithm in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Expression: C’s basic type of statement. Arithmetic and logical Assignment (=) returns a value, so can be used in expressions % is remainder != is not equal

Euclid’s algorithm in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],High-level control-flow statement. Ultimately becomes a conditional branch. Supports “structured programming” Each function returns a single value, usually an integer. Returned through a specific register by convention.

Euclid Compiled on PDP-11 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],int gcd(int m, int n) { int r; while ( (r = m % n) != 0) { m = n; n = r; } return n; }

Euclid Compiled on PDP-11 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Very natural mapping from C into PDP-11 instructions. Complex addressing modes make frame-pointer-relative accesses easy. Another idiosyncrasy: registers were memory-mapped, so taking address of a variable in a register is straightforward.

Pieces of C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Type Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Integer j: pointer to integer, int k ch: pointer to unsigned char Array of 10 floats 2-arg function Array of three arrays of five … function returning int * pointer to function returning int

C Typedef ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Struct bit-fields ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Unions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Alignment of data in structs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Alignment of data in structs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],a b b b b c a b b b b c Pad

C Storage Classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Linker-visible. Allocated at fixed location Visible within file. Allocated at fixed location. Visible within func. Allocated at fixed location.

C Storage Classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Space allocated on stack by function. Space allocated on stack by caller. Space allocated on heap by library routine.

malloc() and free() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

malloc() and free() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

malloc() and free() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dynamic Storage Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],Free malloc( )

Dynamic Storage Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dynamic Storage Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Simple Dynamic Storage Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Simple Dynamic Storage Allocation Next Size Next Size Size Free block Allocated block malloc( ) First large-enough free block selected Free block divided into two Previous next pointer updated Newly-allocated region begins with a size value

Simple Dynamic Storage Allocation free(a) Appropriate position in free list identified Newly-freed region added to adjacent free regions

Dynamic Storage Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Memory Pools ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],Filippo Brunelleschi, Ospdale degli Innocenti, Firenze, Italy, 1421 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Multidimensional Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 ... 10 Seagram Building, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,1957

Multidimensional Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Multidimensional Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The value int ** int * int int ***a

C Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Expression Classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bitwise operators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lazy Logical Operators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],

Conditional Operator ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Side-effects in expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Pointer Arithmetic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Switch Statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],tmp = expr; if (tmp == 1) goto L1 else if (tmp == 5) goto L5 else if (tmp == 6) goto L6 else goto Default; L1: … goto Break; L5:; L6: … goto Break; Default: … goto Break; Break:

Switch Generates Interesting Code ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

setjmp/longjmp ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Space for a return address and registers (including stack pointer, frame pointer) Stores context, returns 0 Returns to context, making it appear setjmp() returned 1

The Macro Preprocessor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Macro Preprocessor Pitfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Macro Preprocessor Pitfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Macro Preprocessor pitfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Macro Preprocessor Pitfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nondeterminism in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nondeterminism in C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of C types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of C expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of C statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Main Points ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C language

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C language