1. Federal Aviation
AdministrationPart 21
Aircraft Certification
&
Type Certificates
•IA Seminar 3/9/13

2. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-2-NTC
Overview

3. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-3-NTC
Objectives
• Identify what the Aircraft Certification Service (AIR) is and
the roll the organization plays in aircraft maintenance.
• Identify what type design data is.
• Characteristics of a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).
• Identify some of the key documents that make up
Continued Airworthiness data, i.e., limitations, maintenance
manuals, and their changes.

4. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-4-NTC
Objectives, cont.
• Define “Airworthiness” and how it plays a roll in the IA’s
world.
• Recognize the categories of TCs and general
requirements that must be met for their issuance.
• How TCs relate to airworthiness certificates.

5. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-5-NTC
Aircraft Certification Service
(AIR)

6. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-6-NTC
FAA Regions Boundaries
Flight Standards Regions

7. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-7-NTC
Directorate Boundaries

8. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-8-NTC
Interconnected

9. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-9-NTC
Airworthiness
• Part 21.1 defines airworthiness
approval as:
“a document issued by the FAA for an
aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or
article which certifies that the aircraft,
aircraft engine, propeller or article
conforms to its approved design and is
in a condition for safe operation.”

10. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-10-NTC
Standard Airworthiness Certificate
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
1 NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS 2 MANUFACTURER AND MODEL 3 AIRCRAFT SERIAL
NUMBER
4 CATEGORY
5 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCE
This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. § 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to
which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe operation, and has
been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.
Exceptions:
6 TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43,
and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.
DATE OF ISSUANCE FAA REPRESENTATIVE DESIGNATION NUMBER
Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.

11. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-11-NTC
Airworthiness Links
• Standard Airworthiness Certificates
states:
“This airworthiness certificate is
effective as long as the maintenance,
preventive maintenance, and
alterations are preformed in
accordance with parts 21, 43, 91”

12. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-12-NTC
Part 21, 43, 91 Connection
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
1 NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS 2 MANUFACTURER AND MODEL 3 AIRCRAFT SERIAL
NUMBER
4 CATEGORY
5 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCE
This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. § 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe
operation, and has been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.
Exceptions:
6 TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the
FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance,
and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation
Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.
DATE OF ISSUANCE FAA REPRESENTATIVE DESIGNATION NUMBER
Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE
WITH APPLICABLE FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.

13. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-13-NTC
What does this have to do with IA’s?
CFR Part 65.95
Privileges and Limitations:
“Gives the IA the authority to inspect and
approve for return to service any aircraft
or related part or appliance after a major
repair or major alteration to it, in
accordance with Part 43.”

14. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-14-NTC
Return to Service Statements
CFR Part 43 gives the IA the authority to
make Return to Service Statements.
These statements attest to conformity.
What is Conformity?

15. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-15-NTC
• Definition Of The Term “Airworthy” for U.S. Type-Certificated (TC) Aircraft.
Although the term “airworthy” is defined in 14 CFR § 3.5(a), a clear
understanding of its meaning is essential for use in the FAA’s airworthiness
certification program. Below is a summary of the conditions necessary for the
issuance of an airworthiness certificate. A review of case law relating to
airworthiness reveals two conditions that must be met for an aircraft to be
considered “airworthy.” Title 49, United States Code (49 U.S.C.) § 44704(c) and
14 CFR § 21.183(a), (b), and (c) state that the following two conditions
necessary for issuance of an airworthiness certificate:
• a. The aircraft must conform to its type design. Conformity to the type
design is considered attained when the aircraft configuration and the engine,
propeller, and articles installed are consistent with the drawings, specifications,
and other data that are part of the TC. This includes any supplemental type
certificate (STC) and repairs and alterations incorporated into the aircraft.
• b. The aircraft must be in a condition for safe operation. This refers to the
condition of the aircraft relative to wear and deterioration, for example, skin
corrosion, window delamination/crazing, fluid leaks, and tire wear.

16. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-16-NTC
It all Start Here
The Birth Certificate of an
Aircraft
Type Certificate Data Sheet
(TCDS)

17. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-17-NTC
§21.41, Type Certificates
A type certificate is issued upon FAA approval of
Applicant design documentation for aircraft, engine, or
propeller.
The TC includes:
Type Design
(including the flight
manual containing
operating limitations,
instructions, and
other data)
Limitatio
ns that the
FAA imposes
on the
certificate
TC Data
Sheet
Airworthines
s &
Environment
al
Requirement
s

18. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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19. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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20. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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21. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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22. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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§21.31, Type design includes technical data —to define
an approved configuration and allow for its “reproducibility”
Design data
may
change, but
it must
undergo
FAA
approval
§21.31, Type Design

23. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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Changes in Type Design
Changes in type design may be due to:
• Product improvements
• Tooling changes
• Usage Changes
Change Requires
Some type of FAA engineering approval
Submission of revised/changed data

24. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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More About TCs
Eligibility, § 21.13 – Any interested person
Privileges, § 21.45 – May obtain:
Airworthiness Certificates;
Approval for Installation;
A Production Certificate, including approval of
replacement parts
Responsibilities,
§ 21.3 – Report malfunctions, failures and defects
§ 21.49 – Make the TC available to FAA & NTSB
§ 21.99 – Make design changes to correct unsafe
conditions

25. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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Requires FAA approval
§21.50, Instructions for Continued
Airworthiness
FAA can impose
limitations in
interest of safety
ICA
Airworthine
ss
Limitations
Section
(Typically in
Maintenanc
e Manuals) Chapters 4 or 5

26. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-26-NTC2-26
Changes to Airworthiness
Limitations
Airworthine
ss
Limitations
Section
Design Approval Holder must provide
changes to owners and make them
available to repair stations, etc.
[21.50(b)]

27. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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TC Categories
• Standard
• Primary
• Restricted
• Surplus military
• Import Products

28. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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§21.21, Standard US TC
§21.21, Issue of TC for Normal, Utility, Acrobatic,
Commuter, Transport Aircraft; Manned Free Balloons;
Special Classes of Aircraft; Aircraft Engines; Propellers
The applicant who meets the requirements of either
subparagraphs (a) or (b) is entitled to a TC

29. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-29-NTC
§21.24, Primary Category: Purpose
A means to create a source of simple, relatively
inexpensive, aircraft for recreational flying through—
• Simpler certification standards
• Streamlined process
• Means for owner to perform certain preventative
maintenance
• Not for carrying people or property for compensation or
hire

30. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-30-NTC
§21.21 & §21.24 Compared
Engines & propellers
Certification Basis
Showing & finding of
compliance:
TC’d separately
Rigid
Requires proposed
type design, detailed
substantiating data,
and statement of
compliance
TC’d as part of aircraft
Some flexibility
Requires certifying
statement of compliance
& summary report
What 21.2421.21
Regardless of the process, the FAA may still review data at its discretion

31. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-31-NTC
§21.25, Restricted Category
Special purpose operations, such as:
• Agricultural
• Forest and wildlife conservation
• Aerial surveying
• Patrolling
• Weather control
• Aerial advertising
• Operation specified by FAA
Two avenues for type certification
• Civil; purpose-built—21.25(a)(1)
• Surplus U.S. military—21.25(a)(2)

32. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-32-NTC
§21.25(a)(1) & (a)(2) Compared
Under 21.25(a)(1) Under 21.25(a)(2)
 Have no feature or characteristic that makes it unsafe
when operated within its prescribed limitations
 Meet noise standards of 14 CFR 36
(exception: special purpose)
Must meet airworthiness
requirements of a standard
category,
Exception: Those
inappropriate for the special
purpose
Accepted for use by the
military and found acceptable
for civilian use as “modified”
and with appropriate
limitations
I Part
21

33. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
SL-33-NTC
§21.27, Surplus Military
• Specifies the type certification of surplus aircraft of the
U.S. Armed Forces
No type
certificated
civil
counterpart?
Does have a
type certificated
civil
counterpart?
§21.27(a), allows surplus military
aircraft to be type certificated to
the airworthiness standards in the
table contained in §21.27(f)
§21.27(b), allows these surplus
military aircraft to be type
certificated to the standards for
that counterpart

34. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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§21.29, Import Products
Focuses on products
manufactured in a country
with an “agreement” (BAA
or BASA) with the US
Our approval is
dependent upon the
FCAA’s
FCAA FAA

35. Federal Aviation
Administration
Design Approval; New TCs
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Objectives Review