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Evaluating Small Group Employer
                   Participation in New Mexico’s
    State Coverage Insurance Program

                       Anna S. Sommers, Laura Spicer, Asher Mikow, Jean Abraham

                                                                      AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting
                                                                                              June 30, 2009

                                                Funded by the State Health Access Reform Evaluation,
                                           a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

The Hilltop Institute was formerly the Center for Health Program Development and Management.
Overview of the NM SCI Program

Funding a “three-share” public/private partnership
   SCHIP funds (71%), state funds (18%), employer and
    individual premiums (11%)


Other Features
   Comprehensive benefit with $100K annual enrollee limit
   Contracts with 3 managed care organizations
   Insurance brokers market SCI to employers and
    individuals


                            -2-
Eligibility for SCI

   Employers
       Fewer than 50 employees
       May not have voluntarily dropped commercial HI in
        past 12 months
       May offer commercial HI alongside SCI plan

   Individuals
       Adults aged 19-64 and household income <200% FPL
       May not have dropped commercial HI in past 6 months
       May enroll directly or through employers



                             -3-
Premium Obligations in SCI by
Enrollee’s Income Bracket as of
August 2007


  Income Level         Individual       Employer
 0-100% FPL*            $0               $0
 101-150% FPL           $20              $75
 151-200% FPL           $35              $75


*The state has provided assistance with premiums for this income
bracket since August 2007.

                              -4-
Study Objective



 Identify factors that influence small
    employer’s decisions to participate in
    SCI.




                     -5-
Expanding Employer Participation:
Two Target Populations
 1. Employers who inquire about SCI but choose
    not to participate as a group

 3. Non-participating employers with workers who
    are enrolled in SCI (directly)




                     -6-
Option 1.
Target Inquiring Employers

    Data Sources
        Inquiring Employers (N=148)
          • Called for information between 9/07-4/08
          • Had not enrolled by 8/08
          • 75% response rate
        Newly participating employers (N=269)
          • Enrolled between 6/07-8/08
          • 88% response rate
        Samples are unweighted
        Descriptive and multivariate analysis using Stata 10.0

                                  -7-
Comparison of Unadjusted Means
                                          Participating Inquiring   HPC Employer
                                           Employers Employers       Survey 2005
Total FT & PT Employees                             %      %             %
0-5 employees                                     41.8   54.8**         52.4
6-20 employees                                    28.4    34.3          34.2
21-50 employees                                   22.4   5.5***         8.8
51 or more employees                               7.4    5.5           4.6
Region of State
Frontier                                          18.1   7.6***         8.2
Rural                                             38.0    40.0          33.2
Urban                                             44.0   55.9**         58.6
More than half of employees
                                                  36.3   24.5**         N/A
earn <$10/hr
Retain workers on contract                        16.5   26.7**         N/A

  Significant at *p<.10, **p<.05, and *** p<.01

                                                  -8-
Concerns that Applied to
    Business when Deciding to
    Participate in SCI
   About two-thirds of each sample reported at least
    1 of 5 administrative issues applied to their
    business.

   Inquiring employers were more likely to report
    concerns about the costs of SCI to the business




                           -9-
Maximum Amount a “Business Like
Yours Should Be Asked to Spend on
Health Care Coverage?

                  Participating               45.6%
                  Employers                         39.3%
 % of Employers




                                          ***
                  Inquiring Employers 30.8%
                                                              22.8% 22.2%
                                 18.0%
                  13.6%
                          7.7%


                     $0-49         $50-74          $75-100     $101 or more

                      *** Test of difference significant at p<.01

                                            -10-
Logistic Regressions to Identify
    Factors Associated with
    Participation
   Dependent variable is “had SCI service
    agreement”
   6% of inquiring employers had signed an
    agreement by the time of interview
   Explanatory variables: structural characteristics of
    employers (yrs. in operation, industry, region, for-
    profit, employee profile), and Max $ for coverage
   Estimated with Stata 10.0



                            -11-
Marginal Effects of Employer Characteristics
Associated with “Having a Service Agreement” to
Sponsor SCI
                                                       Percentage Point
            Key Explanatory Variables†                 Difference
Frontier county                                        15.2**
Rural county                                           3.8
Urban county                                           REF
Retaining workers on contract                          -11.6*
No contract workers                                    REF
0-2 full-time employees                                -19.5***
3-5 full-time employees                                -5.2
6 or more full-time employees                          REF
Most employees are low-wage (>50%)                     9.7
<51% of employees are low-wage                         REF
Max amount for coverage is $75 or more                 14.7**
Max amount is < $75                                    REF
 Significant at *p<.10, **p<.05, and *** p<.01
 †Other variables include: years in operation, employs seasonal workers, for-
 profit status, and industry.
                                     -12-
Option 2. Target Non-Participating
Employers with Workers
Enrolled in SCI
   Can we identify reasons why so man individuals
    enroll in SCI without group sponsorship?

   How many could potentially enroll through a
    group?




                         -13-
Methods


   Data Sources
       Random sample of SCI enrollees with no group sponsor
        (n = 1,160)
         • 36% of sample list had bad contact information
         • 64% consent rate among those contacted
       Weighted to account for non-response bias
         • (gender, age, premium bracket)
       Subsample of employed enrollees (n = 541)
       Descriptive analysis in Stata 10.0 using svy estimates



                                 -14-
60% of All Workers with no Group
Sponsor Work at a Firm of
50 or Fewer Employees
             51-75 employees

>75
employees


                         50 or fewer
                         employees




                 -15-
Almost All Workers Had Strong
Ties to Their Employer
   98% reported at least one characteristic:
     Permanent year-round employee
     Typically work 20 or more hours a week

     Worked at job 6 months or more

   55% reported at least one above AND
    works for small firm
       Represents 26% of all non-group enrollment


                          -16-
Half of Employed Enrollees Work for a
Business with No Offer of Coverage

                                Sample of Employed Enrollees
 Employer Offers Coverage (%)




                                     Size of Business

                                             -17-
Implications for Other States:


   Significant tradeoff between accessing federal $ and
    employer recruitment
       Requires adherence to burdensome application process
       Eligibility of workers (and cost to business) not transparent

   Some states use standards more transparent to employers
       Requires reliance on state funds

   Reaching smallest firms may require different strategies



                                   -18-
Implications for Federal Reform:


   De-linking federal $ from Medicaid/CHIP could allow use of
    more transparent/simplified eligibility standards

   Pay or play federal mandate could assist states in
    engaging larger employers
       Demonstrate ability to pay based on private offers
       Eliminate “free riding” low-wage workers who can’t afford offer




                                   -19-
About The Hilltop Institute

The Hilltop Institute at the University of Maryland,
Baltimore County (UMBC) is a nationally recognized
research center dedicated to improving the health and
social outcomes of vulnerable populations. Hilltop
conducts research, analysis, and evaluation on behalf of
government agencies, foundations, and other non-profit
organizations at the national, state, and local levels.
                 www.hilltopinstitute.org



                           -20-
Contact Information

   Anna S. Sommers, Ph.D., principal investigator
           asommers@hilltop.umbc.edu
                410-455-6280
              www.hilltopinstitute.org




 IRB Study Protocol # Y08AS36185 Expires 06/02/10

                         -21-

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Evaluating Small Group Employer Participation in New Mexico’s State Coverage Insurance Program

  • 1. Evaluating Small Group Employer Participation in New Mexico’s State Coverage Insurance Program Anna S. Sommers, Laura Spicer, Asher Mikow, Jean Abraham AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting June 30, 2009 Funded by the State Health Access Reform Evaluation, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation The Hilltop Institute was formerly the Center for Health Program Development and Management.
  • 2. Overview of the NM SCI Program Funding a “three-share” public/private partnership  SCHIP funds (71%), state funds (18%), employer and individual premiums (11%) Other Features  Comprehensive benefit with $100K annual enrollee limit  Contracts with 3 managed care organizations  Insurance brokers market SCI to employers and individuals -2-
  • 3. Eligibility for SCI  Employers  Fewer than 50 employees  May not have voluntarily dropped commercial HI in past 12 months  May offer commercial HI alongside SCI plan  Individuals  Adults aged 19-64 and household income <200% FPL  May not have dropped commercial HI in past 6 months  May enroll directly or through employers -3-
  • 4. Premium Obligations in SCI by Enrollee’s Income Bracket as of August 2007 Income Level Individual Employer 0-100% FPL* $0 $0 101-150% FPL $20 $75 151-200% FPL $35 $75 *The state has provided assistance with premiums for this income bracket since August 2007. -4-
  • 5. Study Objective Identify factors that influence small employer’s decisions to participate in SCI. -5-
  • 6. Expanding Employer Participation: Two Target Populations 1. Employers who inquire about SCI but choose not to participate as a group 3. Non-participating employers with workers who are enrolled in SCI (directly) -6-
  • 7. Option 1. Target Inquiring Employers  Data Sources  Inquiring Employers (N=148) • Called for information between 9/07-4/08 • Had not enrolled by 8/08 • 75% response rate  Newly participating employers (N=269) • Enrolled between 6/07-8/08 • 88% response rate  Samples are unweighted  Descriptive and multivariate analysis using Stata 10.0 -7-
  • 8. Comparison of Unadjusted Means Participating Inquiring HPC Employer Employers Employers Survey 2005 Total FT & PT Employees % % % 0-5 employees 41.8 54.8** 52.4 6-20 employees 28.4 34.3 34.2 21-50 employees 22.4 5.5*** 8.8 51 or more employees 7.4 5.5 4.6 Region of State Frontier 18.1 7.6*** 8.2 Rural 38.0 40.0 33.2 Urban 44.0 55.9** 58.6 More than half of employees 36.3 24.5** N/A earn <$10/hr Retain workers on contract 16.5 26.7** N/A Significant at *p<.10, **p<.05, and *** p<.01 -8-
  • 9. Concerns that Applied to Business when Deciding to Participate in SCI  About two-thirds of each sample reported at least 1 of 5 administrative issues applied to their business.  Inquiring employers were more likely to report concerns about the costs of SCI to the business -9-
  • 10. Maximum Amount a “Business Like Yours Should Be Asked to Spend on Health Care Coverage? Participating 45.6% Employers 39.3% % of Employers *** Inquiring Employers 30.8% 22.8% 22.2% 18.0% 13.6% 7.7% $0-49 $50-74 $75-100 $101 or more *** Test of difference significant at p<.01 -10-
  • 11. Logistic Regressions to Identify Factors Associated with Participation  Dependent variable is “had SCI service agreement”  6% of inquiring employers had signed an agreement by the time of interview  Explanatory variables: structural characteristics of employers (yrs. in operation, industry, region, for- profit, employee profile), and Max $ for coverage  Estimated with Stata 10.0 -11-
  • 12. Marginal Effects of Employer Characteristics Associated with “Having a Service Agreement” to Sponsor SCI Percentage Point Key Explanatory Variables† Difference Frontier county 15.2** Rural county 3.8 Urban county REF Retaining workers on contract -11.6* No contract workers REF 0-2 full-time employees -19.5*** 3-5 full-time employees -5.2 6 or more full-time employees REF Most employees are low-wage (>50%) 9.7 <51% of employees are low-wage REF Max amount for coverage is $75 or more 14.7** Max amount is < $75 REF Significant at *p<.10, **p<.05, and *** p<.01 †Other variables include: years in operation, employs seasonal workers, for- profit status, and industry. -12-
  • 13. Option 2. Target Non-Participating Employers with Workers Enrolled in SCI  Can we identify reasons why so man individuals enroll in SCI without group sponsorship?  How many could potentially enroll through a group? -13-
  • 14. Methods  Data Sources  Random sample of SCI enrollees with no group sponsor (n = 1,160) • 36% of sample list had bad contact information • 64% consent rate among those contacted  Weighted to account for non-response bias • (gender, age, premium bracket)  Subsample of employed enrollees (n = 541)  Descriptive analysis in Stata 10.0 using svy estimates -14-
  • 15. 60% of All Workers with no Group Sponsor Work at a Firm of 50 or Fewer Employees 51-75 employees >75 employees 50 or fewer employees -15-
  • 16. Almost All Workers Had Strong Ties to Their Employer  98% reported at least one characteristic:  Permanent year-round employee  Typically work 20 or more hours a week  Worked at job 6 months or more  55% reported at least one above AND works for small firm  Represents 26% of all non-group enrollment -16-
  • 17. Half of Employed Enrollees Work for a Business with No Offer of Coverage Sample of Employed Enrollees Employer Offers Coverage (%) Size of Business -17-
  • 18. Implications for Other States:  Significant tradeoff between accessing federal $ and employer recruitment  Requires adherence to burdensome application process  Eligibility of workers (and cost to business) not transparent  Some states use standards more transparent to employers  Requires reliance on state funds  Reaching smallest firms may require different strategies -18-
  • 19. Implications for Federal Reform:  De-linking federal $ from Medicaid/CHIP could allow use of more transparent/simplified eligibility standards  Pay or play federal mandate could assist states in engaging larger employers  Demonstrate ability to pay based on private offers  Eliminate “free riding” low-wage workers who can’t afford offer -19-
  • 20. About The Hilltop Institute The Hilltop Institute at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) is a nationally recognized research center dedicated to improving the health and social outcomes of vulnerable populations. Hilltop conducts research, analysis, and evaluation on behalf of government agencies, foundations, and other non-profit organizations at the national, state, and local levels. www.hilltopinstitute.org -20-
  • 21. Contact Information Anna S. Sommers, Ph.D., principal investigator asommers@hilltop.umbc.edu 410-455-6280 www.hilltopinstitute.org IRB Study Protocol # Y08AS36185 Expires 06/02/10 -21-